Book Of Daniel And The Apocryphal Daniel Literature (Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha) (Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha)

The Book of Daniel and the Apocryphal Daniel Literature

Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha Series Editors

Michael Knibb, Henk Jan de Jonge, Jean-Claude Haelewyck, Johannes Tromp Ediderunt

VOLUME 20

The Book of Daniel and the Apocryphal Daniel Literature by

Lorenzo DiTommaso

BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005

This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DiTommaso, Lorenzo. The book of Daniel and the apocryphal Daniel literature/by Lorenzo DiTommaso. p. cm. — (Studia in Veteris Testamenti pseudepigrapha, ISSN 0169-8125; v. 20) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-14412-9 (alk. paper) 1. Bible. O.T. Daniel—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Bible. O.T. Apocrypha. History of Susanna—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 3. Bible. O.T. Apocrypha. Bel and the Dragon—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 4. Daniel-Diegese—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 5. Syriac apocalypse of Daniel—Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Title. II. Series. BS1700.S78 vol. 20 [BS1555.52] 229’.91 s—dc22 [224’.506]

2005042079

ISSN 0169-8125 ISBN 90 04 14412 9 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoﬀ Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands

CONTENTS Tables .......................................................................................... Preface ........................................................................................ Acknowledgments ........................................................................ Abbreviations .............................................................................. Chapter One: The Apocryphal Daniel Literature: Parameters of the Study ...................................................................................... 1. The Apocryphal Daniel Literature .................................. 2. The Structure and Purposes of This Study .................... Appendix: Notes on Previous Research and Approaches .................................................................... Chapter Two: The Story of Daniel in the Book of Daniel and in the Daniel Legenda ................................................................ 1. The Story of Daniel and the Book of Daniel ................ 2. The Young Daniel ............................................................ 3. Chronology and the Kings of Babylon, Media, and Persia .......................................................................... 4. The Last Days, Death, and Burial of Daniel ................ 5. Observations and Conclusions .......................................... Chapter Three: The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses ...................... 1. Introduction ........................................................................ 2. The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses .............................. 2.1. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus ................ 2.2. The Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race ........................ 2.3. The Seventh Vision of Daniel ........................................ Excursus I: History, Prophecy, and the Dating of Apocalyptica ........................................ 2.4. The Vision of the Young Daniel .................................... 2.5. The Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam .......................................................... 2.6. The Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men .................. 2.7. The Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium .............. 2.8. The Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel ..........................

xi xiii xv xvii

1 1 14 20

39 39 57 67 76 80 87 87 97 97 99 100 104 108 113 123 125 126

contents

vi 2.9.

The Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City ........................................................ 2.10. Diegesis Danielis ............................................................ 2.11. The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel .......... 2.12. The Word of Daniel on the End of the World ............ 2.13. The Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors ........ 2.14. The History of Daniel (Qissa-yi Dàniyàl) .................. 2.15. Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel .......................................................... 2.16. The Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World ........................................................ 2.17. The Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar ...................... 2.18. The Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid ................................................................ Excursus II: The Figure of Daniel and the Arabic Muslim Daniel Apocalypses ............................ 2.19. The Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil .... 2.20. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete .................. 2.21. The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel .................................... 2.22. Nevu’ot Daniel ............................................................ 2.23. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel .......................... 2.24. The Book of Daniel (Dàniyàl-nàma) .......................... 3. The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses and the Genre “Apocalypse” .......................................................... Excursus III: Dead Sea 4Q “Pseudo-Daniel” ................ 4. The Book of Daniel and the Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses ........................................................................ 5. A Greek Apocryphal “Apocalypse of Daniel”? .............. Chapter Four: The Daniel Prognostica ............................................ 1. Ancient and Mediaeval Prognostica ................................ 2. Somniale Danielis .................................................................. 3. Lunationes Danielis ................................................................ Excursus I: The Figure of Daniel in Complex Lunations and Zodiacal Lunaries ................................ 4. Praedictiones Danielis ............................................................ 5. Daniel Prognostica from the East .................................... 6. General Observations ........................................................

126 130 141 144 145 151 155 158 162 171 172 174 178 179 184 186 193 195 206 209 224 231 231 236 259 277 279 283 298

Chapter Five: General Observations and Conclusions ...................... 308

contents Chapter Six: The Apocryphal Daniel Literature: Inventory and Bibliography ........................................................................ Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Aramaic ............................ i. The Prayer of Nabonidus ............................................ ii. and iii. Pseudo-Daniel a–c .......................................... iv. The “Son of God” Text ............................................ v. Aramaic-Hebrew Daniel-Poem [see Hebrew section] .... Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek ................ A. Greek Daniel Apocrypha in Antiquity and the Early Mediaeval Period .................................................... i., ii., and iii. The Greek Additions to the MT Book of Daniel ...................................................... i. The Prayer of Azariah and The Song of the Three Young Men ................................................................ ii. Bel and the Serpent .................................................... iii. Susanna .................................................................... Excursus: Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel ................ iv. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets .......... v. Praedictiones Danielis .................................................. v bis. Somniale Danielis and Lunationes Danielis [see Latin section] .................................................... B. Greek Daniel Apocalypses of the Byzantine Period ...... vi. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus ............ vii. The Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race .................... viii. The Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men ................ ix. The Oracle of the Prophet Daniel of Byzantium .......... x. The Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel ...................... xi. The Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City ........................................................ xii. Diegesis Danielis ........................................................ xiii. The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel [Greek and Slavonic] ............................................ xiv. The Word of Daniel on the End of the World ............ xv. Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel ........................................................ xvi. The Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World ...................................................... xvii. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete ................ xviii. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel [Greek and Slavonic] ..................................................................

vii

316 318 318 322 325 330 331 331 331 334 335 335 338 339 345 347 347 348 351 351 353 353 354 356 359 360 362 364 365 366

viii

contents

Excursus: Notes on and Manuscripts of Unidentiﬁed Greek Daniel Apocalypses .................... Excursus: Sundry Greek Daniel Apocrypha ................ Excursus: Daniel Legenda Preserved in the Palaea Historica .............................................................. Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin ................ i. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets [see Greek section] .................................................................. ii. Somniale Danielis [Greek, Latin, etc.] ................................ Excursus: Cy commence le livre des expositions et signiﬁcacions des songes .................................................... iii. Lunationes Danielis [Greek, Latin, etc.] ............................ iv. Ludus Danielis and Historia de Daniel representanda .......... Excursus: Sundry Latin Daniel Apocrypha .................. Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Syriac ................................ i. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets [see Greek section] .................................................................. ii. The Vision of the Young Daniel .......................................... iii. The Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam ................................................................ iv. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl [see Arabic section] .......................... v. Daniel Geomantic Texts [see Persian section] ............ Excursus: Sundry Syriac Daniel Apocrypha ................ Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Ethiopic ............ i. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets [see Greek section] .................................................................. Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Coptic .............. i. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] ................................ ii. The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel [Coptic and Arabic] ...... Excursus: Sundry Coptic Daniel Apocrypha ................ Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Hebrew .............................. i. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets [see Greek section] .................................................................. ii. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] ................................ iii. Aramaic-Hebrew Daniel-Poem .............................................. iv. Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar .................................... v. Nevu’ot Daniel .................................................................... vi. The Daniel-Tales in the Book of Yosippon ...................... vii. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl [see Arabic section] .......................... Excursus: The Additional Greek Material in the Post-Biblical Jewish Tradition ....................................

374 376 377 378 378 378 402 402 446 448 451 451 451 452 453 453 453 455 455 456 456 456 458 459 459 459 459 459 461 461 462 462

contents Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Persian .............................. i. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl [see Arabic section] .......................... ii. The History of Daniel (Qissa-yi Dàniyàl) ........................ iii. The Book of Daniel (Dàniyàl-nàma) ................................ Excursus: Daniel Geomantic Texts in the Persian, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Turkish Traditions ...................................................... Excursus: Sundry Persian Daniel Apocrypha .............. Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Arabic ................................ i. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets [see Greek section] ................................................................ ii. The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel [see Coptic section] ...... iii. The Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid .... iv. The Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil .......... v. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl [Syriac, Arabic, etc.] ........................ vi. The Book of Principles of Daniel the Sage (Kitab al-ußûl li-Dâniyâl al-˙akîm) or The Principles of Interpretation [of Dreams] of Daniel (Usul al-Ta’bir li-Dâniyâl ) .............. vii. Kitab al-Jafar .................................................................... viii. Qur"at Dâniyâl .................................................................. ix. Daniel Geomantic Texs [see Persian section] ............ Excursus: Sundry Arabic Daniel Apocrypha .............. Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Turkish .............................. i. Daniel Geomantic Texts [see Persian section] ............ Excursus: Sundry Turkish Daniel Apocrypha ............ Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Old and Middle English .... i. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] .............................. ii. The Junius Daniel ............................................................ iii. The Exeter Azarias ........................................................ Excursus: The Feast of Belshazzar in the Middle English Poem Cleanness .............................................. Excursus: Sundry Old and Middle English Daniel Apocrypha .................................................................. Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Irish .................................. i. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] .............................. ii. The Mors Danielis in the Deaths of the Chief Prophets .... Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Icelandic ............................ i. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] .............................. Excursus: Rauäúlfs þáttr .................................................. Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in the Mediaeval German Tradition ..............................................................................

ix 463 463 463 466

468 470 471 471 471 471 471 472

482 482 483 483 483 485 485 485 486 486 486 491 492 493 494 494 494 495 495 495 496

contents i. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] ................................ Excursus: “König Tyro von Schotten und Fridebrand sin Sun” .................................................... Excursus: The Figure of Susanna in the Medieval German Tradition ........................................................ Excursus: Die drei Jünglinge im Freuerofen .......................... Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in French .............. i. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] ................................ Excursus: Sundry French Daniel Apocrypha ................ Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Armenian .......................... i. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets [see Greek section] .......................................................... ii. Somniale Danielis [see Latin section] ................................ iii. The Seventh Vision of Daniel ................................................ iv. The Mors Danielis in The Names, Works, and Deaths of the Holy Prophets ............................................................ v. The Vita of the Three Children ............................................ vi. Daniel Geomantic Texts [see Persian section] .............. Excursus: Sundry Armenian Daniel Apocrypha ............ Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in the Slavonic Languages ............................................................................ i. The Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors ................ ii. The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel [see Greek section] .................................................................. iii. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel [see Greek section] .............................................................................. Excursus: Sundry Slavonic Daniel Apocrypha ..............

Indexes ........................................................................................ 1. Ancient and Mediaeval Sources ...................................... 2. Manuscripts Cited .............................................................. 3. Modern Authorities .......................................................... 4. Subjects ..............................................................................

496 496 497 497 498 498 498 499 499 499 499 502 502 503 503 504 504 507 507 507 509 509 519 532 543

TABLES Table I:

The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses: A Chronological Overview ......................................

Table II: A List of the Byzantine Emperors, 379–1180 ...... 194 Table III: The Daniel Apocalyptica: Generic Elements ........ 198

PREFACE The purpose of this volume is to illuminate the full extent of the ancient and mediaeval apocryphal Daniel literature, including the manuscript evidence, and to bring into focus certain issues fundamental to its three major types. The last such comprehensive survey, the entry on Daniel in J.P. Migne’s Dictionnaire des Apocryphes, was published in 1858, and of course much has changed since then. This volume is also the ﬁrst to examine the Daniel legenda, the apocryphal apocalypses, and the prognostica as discrete categories of texts and, signiﬁcantly, to evaluate their generic relationship to the biblical Book of Daniel. The study of apocryphal literature associated with or attributed to a speciﬁc biblical ﬁgure is fresh and vital, as is the study of the apocryphal and pseudepigrapha generally. This volume on the Daniel literature continues in the spirit of the investigation of the origins, purposes, and place of biblical apocrypha within the three Abrahamic traditions. My views on the basic nature and purposes of the Daniel apocrypha, which underpin Chapters One and Five, were ﬁrst aired in a 2003 lecture delivered during my tenure as NEH Research Fellow at the Center for Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies at Saint Louis University and in a 2003 paper presented at a conference at the Claremont Graduate University. Several minor sections in Chapters Two and Three reﬂect material discussed in my forthcoming article, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244) and the Book of Daniel,” Dead Sea Discoveries. An abbreviated synopsis of a portion of the material in Chapter Three, §§2, 3, and 5, will surface in the published version of a paper I delivered at a 2004 conference on “Apocalyptic Themes in Early Christianity,” which was the theme of the First Annual Pappas Patristic Institute Conference at the Holy Cross School of Theology. Portions of Chapter Four, §§2 and 3, appear in a very diﬀerent form in an article, “Greek, Latin, and Hebrew Manuscripts in the Vatican Library of the Mediaeval Prognostica Somniale Danielis and Lunationes Danielis,” Manuscripta 47/48 (2003–2004), 1–42. Finally, the Inventory of Chapter Six is based on—but radically augments in both content and scope—the information contained in the section

xiv

preface

on “The Daniel Pseudepigrapha” in my Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999 ( JSPSup 39; Sheﬃeld, 2001), 307–335. There is still much work left to do on the Daniel apocrypha, and particularly on the late antique and mediaeval Daniel apocalyptica, which is a complex and sometimes frustrating subject and one to which I expect to return in a series of future studies. My hope for this present volume, however, is that it clariﬁes the frequently confusing and sometimes contradictory data of the past centuries of scholarship and, through its own observations and conclusions, provides a ﬁrm foundation for further research.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My most profound gratitude is reserved for my research advisor at Yale, Professor John J. Collins. Although the faults of this volume are my responsibility alone, its strengths are the direct result of his unstinting guidance and trenchant comments and suggestions. This volume is the fruit of a two-year Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Postdoctoral Fellowship, which I held at Yale University from 2001 to 2003. I am indebted to the Research Council and to the Government of Canada for their generous ﬁnancial support, which enabled me to conduct my studies in economic security. I also wish to thank the Yale Divinity School and its chair, Professor Paul Stuehrenberg, for allowing me the privilege of becoming a Research Fellow at the School for the academic year 2001–2002. Although most of my two years at Yale was spent in research elsewhere, I cherish my time at the Divinity School and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, and the hours I spent rooting around the cramped, dark, wonderful nooks and crannies of the Sterling Library. Major ﬁnancial support was also provided by the National Endowment of the Humanities through the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Saint Louis University, where I was a 2003 NEH Research Fellow. I particularly wish to thank the director of the Center, Professor David T. Murphy, whose eﬀorts ensured that my time was both pleasant and productive. Further funding was provided by a 2002 Mellon Research Fellowship to the Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library, part of the Pius XII Memorial Library at Saint Louis University. I am indebted to Dr. Gregory Pass, the Librarian of the VFL, for his assistance and the use of the facility during my time there as a Mellon Fellow and during my later tenure as NEH Research Fellow. Thanks are due to the many scholars who freely provided their time and advice. These include: D. Cook for an oﬀprint of his article on the Arabic Revelation of Daniel and his assistance with some question regarding the Arabic Daniel tradition; N. van Deusen, who invited me to present a paper on Daniel at a conference at the Claremont Graduate University; S. L’Engle, who during my stay at

xvi

acknowledgments

the VFL freely shared her books and expertise about ancient and mediaeval magic and divination; M. Henze for his timely updates to issues regarding the Syriac Revelation of Daniel; S. Holmes for the text and details of the nineteenth-century Testament of Alexander the Great; J.C. Lamoreaux on information about dream interpretation in the Islamic tradition; M. Ben Sasson, who graciously sent me a preliminary transcription of the hitherto unedited Nevu’ot Daniel; P.O. Skjaervo for advice on the Sogdian Daniel fragment; M.E. Stone for assistance with the Armenian Daniel apocrypha and the study of apocryphal literature in general; M. Swoboda for information on Daniel and Russian liturgical drama; W. Treadgold, who shared his thoughts on Byzantium and kindly provided draft copies of two forthcoming essays; and M. de Wit for her insights regarding the Latin manuscript tradition of the Somniale Danielis. C. Gruber, D. King, J.E. Lowry, D. Riedel, S.H. Rivzi, and B. Wheeler provided advice on the Syriac and Arabic Daniel prognostica by way of their response to my query on the electronic list H-Mideast-Medieval. Additional assistance was provided by Mr. J. Costin and by Mr. K. Penner, and by the helpful staﬀ of the many libraries and institutions across North America and Europe where I spent much of the past few years. My thanks goes to E.J. Brill, academic publishers, and to the editors of Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha, for accepting this volume in their series. An addition word of thanks must go to Dr. J. Tromp for his keen editorial eye and for information on several very diﬃcult issues of manuscript and bibliographic identiﬁcation. Finally, to my darling wife, Diane N. Mason Labrosse, as always, I owe everything. Montréal October 2004

ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations of ancient texts and of the most common serials and series follow those suggested by the Journal of Biblical Literature. For those serials and series not listed there see the “List of Abbreviations, §III” in L. DiTommaso, A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850– 1999 ( JSPSup 39; Sheﬃeld Academic Press (T&T Clark/Continuum), 2001), 33–82 at 42–81. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations of the Hebrew and Aramaic (MT) text of the Book of Daniel are drawn from W. Baumgartner, “Librum Danielis,” Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (edd. K. Elliger and W. Rudolph; Stuttgart, 31987 [edd. W. Rudolph and H.P. Rüger]). Quotations from the LXX Greek versions (both OG and yÄ) are taken from J. Ziegler, Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum graecum 16.2: Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco (Göttingen, 1968). Unless otherwise indicated, versiﬁcation and the enumeration of the chapters of the Book of Daniel follow the MT version, which of course is divided into twelve chapters. The Greek Additions are referred to by their individual names (e.g., “Bel and the Dragon”) or in a collective sense as the “Greek Additions” or simply the “Additions.” English translations of the Hebrew and Aramaic text of the Book of Daniel and Greek text of the Book of Daniel and the Greek Additions vary. I often use my own translations of the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek text, but a few times have occasion to employ the excellent English translation included in J.J. Collins, Daniel. A Commentary on the Book of Daniel (Hermeneia; Minneapolis, 1993). Examples of the latter are always distinguished by the use of quotation marks. Quotations in Greek and English of Book Ten of Josephus’s Jewish Antiquities are drawn from R. Marcus, Josephus VI: Jewish Antiquities, Books IX–XI (LCL; Cambridge/London, 1937). The Greek text or English translation is cited by section (§§186–281), while Marcus’ notes on the text are usually identiﬁed in the footnote by his surname and are cited by page.

xviii

abbreviations

Unless otherwise indicated, English translations of words and passages from other ancient and mediaeval languages are my own. Supplementary Abbreviations a, b, etc.

[column] a, b, etc. [fol. 23ra = folio 23 recto, column a] Add. Additional [MS or cod.] ar. cod. arabi, arabicus, etc. aram. Aramaic arm. cod. armeni, Armenian, etc. BHG Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia cod(d). [MS] codice(s) col(s). column(s) copt. cod. copti, Coptic, etc. eth. cod. ethiopici, Ethiopic, etc. expl. explicit fol(s). folio(s) fr. French, français, etc. germ. German, germanicus, etc. gr. cod. greci, Greek, etc. heb. cod. ebraici, Hebrew, etc. incip. incipit inscr. inscriptio Inventory The Inventory/Bibliography, which is Chapter Six of this work ital. cod. italiani, Italian, etc. 1(1). line(s) lat. cod. latini, Latin, etc.

LXX MS(S) MT n.a. n.s. No(s). OG Or. p(p). pers. r re slav. supp. syr. yÄ

turk. v v(v).

Septuagint manuscript(s) Masoretic Text [of Daniel] nouvelle acquisition [MS or cod.] new series number(s) Old Greek version [of Daniel] Oriental [MS or cod.] page(s) cod. persiani, Persian, etc. recto regarding, concerning [MS or text] cod. slavi, Slavonic, etc. supplement [series (MS or cod.)] cod. siriaci, Syriac, etc. Theodotion-version [of Daniel] cod. turchi, Turkish, etc. verso verse(s)

The abbreviations of manuscript sigla are my own, although I have attempted to conform somewhat to the guidelines suggested by the journal Manuscripta. I understand that current practice normalises sigla in the light of national tendencies or individual institutions (e.g., MS for manuscripts in British libraries, ms for those in French, HS or Hs for those in German, and so on). This process seems somewhat self-defeating to me, if only because it is futile to worry about national standards when so many of the manuscripts in any given national library were not products of that nation at all (e.g., the codices Palatini in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana—apud Heidelberg!). I have, however, attempted to reproduce faithfully the shelf marks can be unintelligible to those unfamiliar with the conventions (e.g., the shelf marks “Cott. Tib. A. iii, art. 26” or “Pal. lat. 235 f. 39va–c: where does one start if one does not know that the ﬁrst refers

abbreviations

xix

to a British Library codex and the second to a Vatican one?), I have attempted to reproduce the shelf marks in full. That being said, I have abbreviated the names of the great libraries, museums, and other manuscript repositories: Berlin, DSB Berlin, SBPK Cambridge, CCC Cambridge, PC Cambridge, TC Cambridge, UL Erfurt, WBS Firenze, BML Heidelberg, UB København, UB Leipzig, U-B London, BL Manchester, JRL Milano, BA München, BSB München, UB Oxford, Bod [SC ] Paris, BNF St. Gallen, SB Città del Vaticano, BAV Barb. Ottob. Pal. Reg. Urb. Vat. Venezia, BM Wien, ÖNB

Deutsche Staatsbibliothek [now incorporated in SBPK] Staatsbibliothek Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz Corpus Christi College Pembroke College Trinity College University Library Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek der Stadt Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Universitätsbibliothek Universitätsbibliothek Universitäts-Bibliothek British Library [olim British Museum] John Rylands (University) Library Biblioteca Ambrosiana Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Universitätsbibliothek Bodleian Library [Summary Catalogue number] Bibliothèque Nationale de France Stiftsbibliothek Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana (codices) Barberiniani (codices) Ottoboniani (codices) Palatini (codices) Reginenses (codices) Urbinates (codices) Vaticani Biblioteca (nazionale) Marciana Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

The dates assigned to the manuscripts reﬂect the information contained in catalogues or secondary sources. Roman numerals refers to a centuries, Arabic ones to speciﬁc dates, the latter usually but not always denoting that the manuscript is dated internally. All dates appear in brackets after the manuscripts shelf numbers and foliation and may be assumed to refer to the Common Era (ce) unless otherwise indicated (bce or ah). E.g.: Cambridge, TC cod. O.1.57 [olim C.1] fols. 119r–124r [xv] London, BL cod. Royal 8.E.x., fols. 114v–117r [c. 1315]

I have attempted to reproduce the text, titles, incipits, and explicits of manuscripts and secondary sources exactly as they appear in the

abbreviations

manuscripts of their transcriptions (exception: I normalise standard abbreviations in most manuscripts), and only rarely do I indicate variant or obsolete orthography with the word sic. Since spelling is rarely consistent in mediaeval manuscripts, this means that some non-English text might appear mispelled.

CHAPTER ONE

THE APOCRYPHAL DANIEL LITERATURE: PARAMETERS OF THE STUDY 1. The Apocryphal Daniel Literature This study examines the ancient and mediaeval apocryphal literature concerned with or attributed to the ﬁgure of Daniel the prophet, and investigates the manner in which this literature is conceptually related to the biblical story of Daniel.1 Every post-biblical legend about Daniel and every text which was composed, circulated, or copied under his name is in some way connected to this biblical story. The purposes for which these apocrypha were created and the reasons why they were speciﬁcally associated with the ﬁgure of Daniel cannot be fully understood without reference to the content and forms of the story. The story of Daniel is told in the biblical book that bears his name. Daniel is an interpreter of dreams, a solver of mysteries, and a seer of visions. He is the Daniel of the lions’ den, of the writing on the wall, of the giant golden statue, and of the cryptic future revelations. A young exile from Jerusalem after the Babylonian conquest, his insight and his skill as a dream interpreter enable him to become the chief wise man at the court of the great and fearsome ruler, King Nebuchadnezzar. Although the story of Daniel tends to lack the subtle nuances of character associated with the more developed biblical ﬁgures of David, Jeremiah, or Paul, it nevertheless remains a compelling and complex one, no doubt due in part to

1 On the subject of Daniel as a prophet (cf. Matt 24:15 and Jos., Ant., 10.11.7 (§§266–268)), see R.D. Wilson, “The Book of Daniel and the Canon,” Princeton Theological Review 13 (1915), 352–408; K. Koch, “Is Daniel Also among the Prophets?” Int 39 (1985), 117–130 [reprinted = Interpreting the Prophets (edd. J.L. Mays and P.J. Achtemeier; Philadelphia, 1987), 237–248]; and J. Barton, Oracles of God. Perceptions of Ancient Prophecy in Israel after the Exile (New York/Oxford, 1986), esp. 35ﬀ. For an overview of the discussion in the rabbinic literature, see L. Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews (see note 66, infra), 6.413–414, re note 76. Note that the formal phrase “Daniel the Prophet” also appears in the Dead Sea text 4Q174 1–3 ii 3–4 and as part of the titles of many of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha.

chapter one

the sheer strangeness of the visionary chapters of the book, but also because it presents Daniel in those essentially human situations to which all persons can relate. Daniel is the model of the triumph of knowledge over ignorance and of steadfast faith in the face of oppression and mortal peril. The Book of Daniel consists of two types of material radically distinct in form and content. Chapters 1–6 record a series of lively episodes about Daniel, his companions, and their life at the court of King Nebuchadnezzar and his successors. These “court tales”2 are purely narrative and are related in the third person. The narrative displays a clear chronological sequence and contains several editorial devices that connect the episodes. The focus of the court tales is on the present, and although there are instances where from the perspective of the Babylonian setting of the Book the attention shifts to a relatively limited exposition of the future, these instances always appear in the context of a second-party dream or vision that requires interpretation by Daniel. Chapters 7–12 on the other hand describe Daniel’s revelatory visions of the future and are properly called apocalypses. The visions are related in the ﬁrst person, not the third, and involve interpretation by an angelic mediator. The perspective of the visions is meta-historical and their focus is ﬁrmly on the future. In these chapters there is no mention of Daniel’s life, his friends, or his situation in Babylon, and even the underlying chronology of the Book is pared down to a few brief statements that preface each vision. The text of the Book of Daniel one ﬁnds in Hebrew Bibles is commonly called the Masoretic text (MT). MT Daniel is written in two languages, Hebrew, and a cognate language, Aramaic, which was the lingua franca of the Middle East from the Persian period well into Hellenistic and Roman times. The appearance of Aramaic is most unusual in the Hebrew Bible, however, and in fact only one other biblical book, Ezra, contains this odd mixture of two languages. Stranger still, in the Book of Daniel these two languages are not coincident with the two types of material, the court tales and the visions.3 2 The classic study remains W.L. Humphreys, “A Life-Style for the Diaspora: A Study of the Tales of Esther and Daniel,” JBL 92 (1973), 211–223. 3 Court tales: MT Daniel chapters 1–6; Visions: Daniel 7–12; Hebrew: MT Dan 1:1–2:4a, 8:1–12:13; Aramaic: 2:4b–7:28.

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The disjunctive nature of this and other internal evidence suggests that MT Daniel is a composite work, the result of a complicated process of composition and redaction that incorporated what for its author/redactor4 were both contemporary and older materials.5 In addition, it is widely held that it was not composed during the time of its sixth-century bce setting in the Babylonian Exile,6 but rather reached its present form around the year 164 bce, sometime around the end of the crisis precipitated by the actions of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes.7 I will have more to say about the Book of Daniel and its constituent parts in subsequent chapters of this study. There is the danger, however, that this skeleton model of the nature and composition history of MT Daniel unintentionally simpliﬁes what in reality was a complex process which scholars only partially understand. For example, MT Daniel is not the only witness8 to the biblical story of Daniel. Although the fragments of the eight Dead Sea copies of the Book “reveal no major disagreements against the Masoretic text,”9 4 F.H. Polak observes that the person responsible for the ﬁnal form of the MT Book of Daniel should not be considered merely either as revisor nor redactor, but rather as “the ﬁnal author of a multi-layered book” (“The Daniel Tales in Their Aramaic Literary Milieu,” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings (BETL 106; ed. A.S. van der Woude; Leuven, 1993), 249–265 at 265). The term “author/ redactor” communicates both the authorial and editorial functions equally. 5 The best overview of past research and most convincing synopsis of the process of the composition of the Book of Daniel is outlined in J.J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia; Minneapolis, 1993), 24–38. For a more recent and diﬀerent views of this process, see R.G. Kratz, “The Visions of Daniel,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden, 2001), 91–113, and, in the same volume, R. Albertz, “The Social Setting of the Aramaic and Hebrew Book of Daniel,” 171–204. It seems almost certain that the author/redactor of MT Daniel had at his disposal a ﬁve-chapter version of the court tales, the tales which with editing would become MT Daniel 2–6. 6 More speciﬁcally, from the time when King Nebuchadnezzar ordered some of the royal and noble youths to be educated for service in his kingdom (1:3–4) to the early years of the reign of Cyrus the Great (10:1), shortly before this king’s decree to restore the Jews to the land of Israel. 7 With a gloss added at 12:11–12 shortly before the rededication of the Temple. 8 As R.T. McLay correctly reminds us, “the MT is a witness to the HB [Hebrew Bible] just like the OG” (The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research (Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 2003), 7 [italics added]). 9 P.W. Flint, “The Daniel Tradition at Qumran,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden, 2001), 329–367 at 331. The idea that these eight fragmentary texts were all copies of MT Daniel is perhaps in one case erroneous: Flint observes that 4Q116 (4QDane) might have included only part of MT Daniel (apud E. Ulrich, et al., Qumran Cave 4.XI: PsalmsChronicles (DJD 16; Oxford, 2000), 287).

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the Old Greek (OG)10 Daniel 4–6 presupposes an underlying text that diﬀers signiﬁcantly from the proto-Masoretic Vorlage.11 In addition, MT Daniel was part of a much broader cycle of Hellenisticera Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Daniel texts, some of which circulated in more than one version or are preserved today in reworked forms and/or in a language which might not be original.12 At the same time, however, the formation of MT Daniel and the acceptance of parts or the whole of it as authoritative13 initiated the process whereby it and its translations were eventually considered canonical. More importantly, the authoritative status of the biblical Book established the conditions under which the later Daniel material could have been judged substantively and conceptually apocryphal.14 The adjective stems from the Greek plural noun tå épÒkrufa

10 The term “Old Greek” or “OG” is used “to designate a text that in the judgment of the scholar represents the original [Greek] translation of a [biblical] book” (McLay, Use of the Septuagint, 6). 11 K. Koch, “Stages in the Canonization of the Book of Daniel,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden, 2001), 421–446 at 426. 12 The story of Susanna is a case in point here. On the argument for a Semitic original, see C.A. Moore, Daniel, Esther, and Jeremiah (AB 44; Garden City: Doubleday, 1977), 81–84. J.T. Milik has argued that 4Q551 preserves an Aramaic tale related to Susanna, but the supporting evidence for the claim is quite circ*mstantial (“Daniel et Susanne à Qumrân,” De la Tôrah au Messie: mélanges Henri Cazelles (edd. M. Carrez, et al.; Paris: Desclée, 1981), 337–359 at 355–357). 13 Although Koch is correct in stating that the reference to the story of the three youth in the ﬁery furnace (Dan 3; cf. Chapter Two, §1) at 1 Macc 2:59–60 “does not necessarily presuppose a canonical status” for the Book of Daniel, its does presume an authoritative status, and this is the status with which I am concerned here (“Stages in the Canonization,” 425). On the issue of authority, see E. Ulrich, “From Literature to Scripture: Reﬂections on the Growth of a Text’s Authoritativeness,” DSD 10 (2003), 3–25, and also the sources in the following note. 14 The process of the establishment of a canon of authoritative writings (Scripture) is one to which much literature has been devoted. See R.T. Beckwith, “The Formation of the Hebrew Bible,” Mikra. Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity (ed. M.J. Mulder; CRINT 2.1; Assen/Philadelphia, 1988), 39–86. The process by which the Book of Daniel came to regarded as authoritative is not the subject of any sustained treatment in any of the articles in the otherwise ﬁne collection by L.M. McDonald and J.A. Sanders, eds., The Canon Debate (Peabody, 2002), nor is the Book of Daniel or its interpretation addressed in A.J. Hauser and D.F. Watson, eds., A History of Biblical Interpretation. Volume 1: The Ancient Period (Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 2003). The idea of biblical apocrypha in any given setting depended upon many things, including the Bible used (LXX, Vulgate, Ethiopic, etc.) and the relationship between a society and its sacred literature. For example, F.J. Thomson observes that “the Russian Church had no real notion of the canon of Scripture: in theory there was a distinction

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(literally, “the hidden [things]”) and, in its common usage, presumes an explicit or implicit authority against which it is considered and measured.15 Even if the Book of Daniel was not deemed canonical by every Jewish or Christian group until the close of the ﬁrst century ce, there is ample evidence that it (or parts of it) were understood to be authoritative by many diﬀerent communities at least as early as the close of the second century bce.16 What is more, the bulk of the Daniel apocrypha that is the subject of this study was composed in late antiquity or in the Middle Ages, periods where the Book of Daniel, in all its many reﬂexes and translations, was considered canonical by any measure of the term. The Book of Daniel, therefore, was the sun around which the planets of the Daniel apocrypha coalesced and revolved, and is the touchstone by which the form and content of the full corpus of this apocrypha may be identiﬁed, labeled, and understood.17 With this in mind, the Daniel apocrypha may be deﬁned formally as the body of literature which was composed in the light of an authoritative between it and apocrypha and pseudepigrapha but not in practice” (“The Nature and Reception of Christian Byzantine Culture in Russia in the Tenth to the Thirteenth Centuries and Its Implications for Russian Culture,” Slavica Gandensia 5 (1978), 107–139 at 108). 15 This is how this term is understood throughout this study. 16 Koch, “Stages in the Canonization.” 17 I now prefer to describe this corpus of literature with the designation “apocrypha” rather than “pseudepigrapha”, even though I employed the latter in my Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999 ( JSPSup 39; Sheﬃeld, 2001) and still utilise it throughout the present volume to refer to strictly pseudepigraphic texts. One advantage of “apocrypha” is that it is not restricted to such pseudonymously attributed texts, but can refer also to the post-biblical legenda about a biblical ﬁgure such as Daniel. In addition, the term “pseudepigrapha” (or “pseudo-anything”) can imply an inherent spuriousness and deliberate fakery. Although in most cases it is impossible to know the precise motivations of an author who creates a fake work, I argue in Chapter Four that the authors and copyists of the Daniel prognostica did not so much pseudonymously (and so deliberately falsely) attribute their work to Daniel than they actually believed, in a retroactive and scholarly sense, that the root of these texts actually went back to Daniel and to the science he codiﬁed while he was at the Babylonian court. In other words, these authors and copyists felt that the Daniel prognostica were actually the product of the prophet, many dozens of generations removed. Similarly, one could argue that the constant recycling of apocalyptic oracles in Byzantine-era texts attributed to Daniel might imply that those who produced and read these texts truly felt that the original oracles could have been the product of the prophet’s pen. See my preliminary thoughts on the sociological place of these oracles in Chapter Three, §3; I will have occasion to develop these thoughts in a future essay on the Byzantine Daniel apocalyptica speciﬁcally (see the Preface).

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story of Daniel and which recounts the life and deeds of Daniel the Prophet and/or is pseudonymously attributed to him.18 Among the earliest and best-known of these Daniel apocrypha are the so-called Greek Additions to Daniel, which are part of the ancient Greek witnesses to the Book of Daniel but which are not found in MT Daniel.19 The Additions probably date from the second century bce20 and likely were originally composed in Hebrew or Aramaic.21 They consist of the textually independent tales of Susanna and of 18

This deﬁnition might seem to break down somewhat when we include the aforementioned Hellenistic-era cycle of Daniel texts within the compass of the category. For example, how can we speak of the biblical inﬂuence on apocryphal literature when in some cases the latter precedes the former? My response is three-fold. First, the vast bulk of the Daniel apocrypha discussed in the present volume is chronologically and conceptually post-biblical, so the use of the term is appropriate. Second, it is my belief that the authority accorded the biblical story of Daniel was also, to a lesser degree, ﬁrst granted to the ﬁve-chapter, proto-MT version of the court tales. Indeed, the composition history of the Book presupposes this fact; see L. DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244) and the Book of Daniel,” DSD [forthcoming]. Third, LXX Daniel is in one sense part of the apocryphal Daniel corpus and in another sense part of the biblical Book of Daniel which exerted such an inﬂuence on the later Daniel apocrypha. We can speak, therefore, of LXX Daniel as being both “apocryphal,” in that the Greek additions (OG and yÄ) were composed in the light of at least some of the court tales, and “biblical,” in that LXX Daniel was the most important of all the witnesses to the story of Daniel by virtue of its tremendous inﬂuence in early and mediaeval Christianity. With only a few exceptions, however (such the Seventh Vision of Daniel, which is found in some Armenian Bibles), nothing else was added to the biblical story of Daniel after the era of the composition and transmission of the LXX. 19 On the subject of the Book of Daniel in the ancient Greek versions, see Chapter Two, passim. 20 The terminus ante quem is provided by the date of the translation of the Book of Daniel into Greek, which occurred around 100 BCE (cf. 1 Maccabees, which was written at about this time and which at 2.59–60 refers to Daniel 3 and 6). Susanna probably dates from this time (Moore, Daniel, Esther, and Jeremiah, 92) or perhaps slightly later (D.W. Clanton, Jr., “(Re)dating the Story of Susanna: A Proposal,” JSJ 34 (2003), 121–140; n.b. his survey of the range of scholarly opinion). Collins suggests that Bel and the Dragon was composed in the ﬁrst quarter of the second century BCE, but admits that his argument is very tentative (Daniel, 418). The date of the “Song of the Three Children” may be the late third century BCE or anytime during the second century BCE, and largely depends on how one understands the relationship between verse 29 [52] and Tobit 8:5. Several verses probably alluding to Antiochus Epiphanes and the desecration of the Temple indicate that the “Prayer of Azariah” was composed around the time of the ﬁnal redaction of MT Daniel. 21 See, esp., K. Koch, Deuterokanonische Zusätze zum Danielbuch (2 vols.; AOAT 38.1–2; Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1987). See also the summaries of the arguments for and against Semitic originals for the Greek Additions in Collins, Daniel, 199, 202–203, 409–412, and 427–428. It should be mentioned that the majority of past authorities assume Greek originals for at least some of the Additions.

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Bel and the Dragon, both of which feature Daniel, as well as the lengthy interpolation between what in the Aramaic are verses 23 and 24 of MT Daniel 3, including the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Children. The tales of Susanna and of Bel and the Dragon are encountered in various places in the Greek Bibles and in the ancient translations which were based on these Bibles, depending on the version consulted.22 As for modern translations, the Greek Additions are lumped together with the rest of the Apocrypha in most Protestant Bibles, but are included as part of the Old Testament in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles. More pre-Christian Daniel apocrypha are preserved among the Dead Sea Scrolls. In addition to the eight partially preserved copies of MT Daniel,23 fragments survive of three Aramaic texts associated with the story of Daniel:24 the Prayer of Nabonidus (4Q242), 4QPseudoDaniel a–b (4Q243/244), and 4QPseudo-Daniel c (4Q245). Sometimes a

22 Susanna: before Daniel 1 in yÄ; after Daniel 12 in OG, the Vulgate, and the Syro-Hexaplaric; after Bel and the Dragon in Papyrus 967. Bel and the Dragon: after Daniel 12 in yÄ; after Susanna in the OG, the Vulgate and the Syro-Hexaplaric; after Daniel 12 in Papyrus 967. See Collins, Daniel, 3, 409, 427, and Chapter Two, §3. 23 On the use of the term “copies” in this regard, see note 9, supra. 24 The Aramaic text 4QFour Kingdoms is preserved in two partially overlapping copies (4Q552 and 4Q553) and contains perhaps part of a direct speech and almost certainly an (angelic?) interpretation of a dream or vision. The relevant portion of this short and fragmentary document is an interpretation concerning the meaning of four trees. The trees, we are told, are kingdoms, and although three kingdoms are mentioned before the text breaks oﬀ, the name of only the ﬁrst, Babylon, is preserved. That we only know the name of the ﬁrst kingdom of 4QFour Kingdoms is unfortunate, for if we knew the names of the others we might be able to date the text provisionally. There are several reasons 4QFour Kingdoms might be classiﬁed as a Daniel apocryphon: the text is in Aramaic, like the other Qumran Daniel apocrypha; it in part describes a seer’s dream or vision and its interpretation; the subject of the dream or vision seems to be a king (4Q552 1 i 8) who is addressed in the vocative (as indicated by the use of the emphatic state of the noun (aklm); it seems to contain the four-kingdom schema (cf. Daniel 2); its references to God as the Most High; and the reference to trees as kingdoms might be paralleled in King Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, in which he was a tree (Daniel 4). Flint argues, however, that the text’s four kingdom schema of Babylon-Persia, Greece, Rome (?), and the eschatological kingdom of God represents a signiﬁcant diﬀerence from the Babylon/Media/Persia/Greece schema of the Book of Daniel (“Daniel Tradition at Qumran,” 362–363). On the other hand, whether the second kingdom in the schema of 4Q552–553 is actually Greece is very uncertain. For the text, see also R. Eisenman and M.O. Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered (New York, 1992), 71–73 (where the text is called 4Q547 and is assumed to be from one copy only), and F. García Martínez and E.J. Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (2 vols.; Leiden/New York/Köln, 1997–1998), 1102–1107.

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fourth composition, 4QApocryphe de Daniel (4Q246), commonly referred to as the “Son of God” text, is included as well.25 As with the other Dead Sea Aramaic texts, these four Daniel apocrypha were probably not products of the Qumran community, however this term is understood.26 None of the four Dead Sea texts appear in MT or LXX Daniel, although the Prayer of Nabonidus seems to preserve fragments of an older, more conservative form of the episode of the madness of Nebuchadnezzar in MT Daniel 4,27 and so dates to the period before 164 bce and possibly as early as the third century bce. I have argued elsewhere that the text preserved in 4Q243/244 also might be dated to the decades between the ﬁrst appearance of ﬁve-chapter version of the court tales and the ﬁnal redaction of MT Daniel,28 while 4Q245 contains historical allusions indicating its

25 On all four texts, see Chapter Three, Excursus III: “Dead Sea 4Q ‘PseudoDaniel’.” 26 The standard view about the Qumran Aramaic manuscripts in general is that because they contain so few distinctly sectarian doctrines, they represent texts that were imported into the community and preserved in the caves. See S. Segert, “Die Sprachenfragen in der Qumrangemeinschaft,” Qumran-Probleme (ed. H. Bardtke; Berlin, 1963), 315–339; and, more recently, J.A. Fitzmyer, “The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Origins: General Methodological Considerations,” The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Faith. In Celebration of the Jubilee Year of the Discovery of Qumran Cave 1 (edd. J.H. Charlesworth and W.P. Weaver; Harrisburg, 1998), 1–19) [= The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Origins (Cambridge/Grand Rapids, 2000), 1–16 at 8]; idem, “Aramaic,” The Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (edd. L.H. Schiﬀman and J.C. VanderKam. Oxford, 2000), 48–51 at 50; and J. Frey, “The New Jerusalem Text in Its Historical and Traditio-Historical Context,” The Dead Sea Scrolls Fifty Years after their Discovery. Proceedings of the Jerusalem Congress, July 20–25, 1997 (edd. L.H. Schiﬀman, et alii; Jerusalem, 2000) 800–816 at 809. On the speciﬁc terminology of the Qumran texts, see D. Dimant, “The Qumran Manuscripts,” Time to Prepare the Way in the Wilderness. Papers on the Qumran Scrolls by Fellows of the Institute for Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1989–1990 (edd. D. Dimant and L.H. Schiﬀman; STDJ 16; Leiden, 1995), 23–58 at 27–29. One Aramaic text, however, seems to preserve the characteristic sectarian dualism: 4Q548 (4QVisions of Amram (?)), where in fragments 1 and 2 i there is reference to the two ways and terms like akwçj ynb (4Q548 1 11, 13, and 16). B.Z. Wacholder posits that all the Qumran Aramaic texts predate the formation of the Qumran community and were preserved by it because they were part of its “ancestral patrimony,” i.e., texts that “anticipated the formation of the sect and its doctrine” (“The Ancient Judaeo-Aramaic Literature (500–164 BCE). A Classiﬁcation of Pre-Qumranic Texts,” Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls. The New York University Conference in Memory of Yigael Yadin (ed. L.H. Schiﬀman; JSPSup 8; Sheﬃeld, 1990), 257–281 at 273). It should be noted that Wacholder wrote just before the majority of the Cave 4 Aramaic texts emerged in the public eye. 27 J.J. Collins, “Prayer of Nabonidus,” Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3 (DJD 22; Oxford, 1996), 83–93 at 87. 28 DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244).” J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint,

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text is a product of the latter half of the second century bce.29 The Greek Additions and these fragmentary Dead Sea texts represent the sum total of the autonomous Daniel apocrypha30 that can be positively dated to the Second Temple period.31 All of this literature is Jewish and all of it was composed originally in Hebrew or Aramaic. The total is not particularly great when compared to the number of apocryphal texts attributed during this period to some of the other biblical ﬁgures, but neither is it insigniﬁcant. We should recall that the Book of Daniel was the latest book to have been included in the Hebrew Bible and that the ﬁgure of Daniel was a recent addition to the collective consciousness of Second-Temple Jewry as compared to the more traditional ﬁgures of Adam, Joseph, Moses, or Isaiah. For a relative newcomer, then, the ﬁgure of Daniel quickly caught the imagination of Second-Temple writers. There is a distinct possibility, too, that even more pre-70 Daniel apocrypha once existed. The Jewish historian Josephus, for example, in his Jewish Antiquities refers to the “books” (in the plural) that Daniel wrote (§§267–269), which to my mind suggests something other than the Greek Additions32 or a truncated version of MT Daniel which for “Pseudo-Daniel,” Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3 (DJD 22; Oxford, 1996), 95–163 at 137–138, observe that 4Q243/244 could have been written at any time from c. 200 BCE to 63 BCE. 29 Collins and Flint, “Pseudo-Daniel,” 158. 30 That is, not including the rewriting and augmentation of the Daniel story that appears in Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities and the Lives of the Prophets, although the ﬁnal form of the Vita Danielis in the latter is a Byzantine-era creation. On these texts see Chapter Two. 31 Some claims have been made that apocryphal Daniel apocalypses (viz., the Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel and the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam) either were products of Second-Temple Judaism or preserve material from that period (see Chapter Three, §§2.4 and 5). In my opinion these claims are false: the earliest extant apocryphal Daniel apocalypses date from the fourth or ﬁfth centuries CE, and these are Byzantine Greek apocalyptica, not the two Syriac ones. 32 Pace Marcus (Ant., 305 note e), who proposes that Josephus might have been referring to the “various apocryphal additions to the book of Daniel current in his time, either in Heb.-Aram. or Greek” when he employed the plural. C.T. Begg suggests that “Josephus’s reference to Daniel’s books/writings intends to further the parallelism between him and Josephus” (“Daniel and Josephus: Tracing Connections,” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings (ed. A.S. van der Woude; BETL 106; Leuven, 1993), 539–545 at 543 note 19). If the implication of this argument is that Josephus stretched the truth for the sake of the parallelism, it then presumes that his audience would be unaware of the extent of Daniel’s writings. Is it possible that Josephus understood the court tales of Daniel 1–6 and the visions of 7–12 as separate books?

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several centuries might have circulated throughout the Eastern Mediterranean.33 Only a small proportion of the Daniel apocrypha seems to have been composed in the second, third, or fourth centuries ce, the period running approximately from the restoration of the Roman Empire under the Flavians to the time when it was irrevocably split in two. Why there should be such a great gap in the creation of apocryphal Daniel literature is unknown. Certainly the Book of Daniel itself was not ignored: besides its multi-faceted inﬂuence on early Jewish34 and Christian thought,35 it was the subject of signiﬁcant commentaries or studies by several scholars and theologians, including 33 There is some evidence, however slight, that early, abbreviated, or paraphrastic forms of the Book of Daniel were produced and/or circulated in a limited fashion throughout antiquity. There is ample evidence suggesting the existence of a ﬁvechapter, pre-MT Daniel collection of court tales, but no evidence for its presence in the years after 164 BCE. An early version of Dan 3:31–6:29 might have circulated as an Aramaic “Book of Daniel” for many decades prior to its redaction and assimilation into MT Daniel (the theory is discussed in Collins, Daniel, 37), and it is possible that a version of what is now MT Daniel 1–7 circulated independently as well. We also have to account for the possibility that 4Q116 represents an abbreviation of MT Daniel (see note 9, supra). Post-MT Daniel abbreviations or paraphrases might have circulated in the ﬁrst few centuries CE afterwards; see Chapter Three, §2.4, on the “Little Daniel” of Ebed-Jesu and its importance to our understanding of the Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel. The evidence of the Sogdian Daniel fragment supports the idea that paraphrastic versions of at least part of the Book of Daniel were produced, although it is diﬃcult to draw more speciﬁc conclusions here (on the Sogdian Daniel, see the Excursus of the same name in the Inventory of Chapter Six). Note, too, the comments of W.E. Crum concerning a Coptic fragment of the Book of Daniel: “A very small leaf on which Daniel xi 38 and xii 9 are discernable, though it is hard to see how all the intervening passage could be accommodated on so minute a page” (BJRL 5 (1918–1920), 498). One solution to the problem as outlined by Crum (but by no means the only solution) would be to posit that the Coptic text is paraphrase of Daniel 11 and 12. 34 B. Fischer, “Daniel und seine drei Gefährten in Talmud und Misrasch. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Legenden über die Personen des Alten Testaments in der haggadischen Literatur” (Diss: Bern, 1906); D. Satran, “Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation of the Fourth Chapter of the Book of Daniel” (Diss: Hebrew University, 1985); Collins, “The History of Interpretation. A. The Jewish Tradition,” Daniel, 72–89; and M. Henze, The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar. Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4 ( JSJSup 61; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1999). 35 See the sources cited in the previous note, and P.M. Casey, Son of Man: The Interpretation and Inﬂuence of Daniel 7 (London, 1979); J. Gammie, “A Journey through Danielic Spaces: The Book of Daniel in the Theology and Piety of the Christian Community,” Int 39 (1985), 144–156; R. Bodenmann, Naissance d’une exégèse: Daniel dans l’église ancienne des trois premiers siècles (BGBE 28; Tübingen, 1986); A. Yarbro Collins, “The Inﬂuence of Daniel on the New Testament,” in Collins, Daniel, 90–112; and Collins, “The History of Interpretation. B. The Christian Tradition: 2. Postbiblical Developments,” Daniel, 112–123, esp. 112–117.

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Hippolytus of Rome, Origin, Porphyry, and Jerome.36 It simply might be the case that Daniel apocrypha were indeed produced but did not survive. All the same, I think that a case might be made that the extant material evidence is relatively faithful and that perhaps something characteristic to the Book of Daniel and the Daniel apocrypha which relates to their fundamental purposes might explain the presence of the gap in the apocryphal record. I will return to the problem of this gap in Chapter Five. For whatever reason, the last century of the Roman Empire in the West represents another turning point in the history of the production of Daniel apocrypha, where over the next thousand years scores of new texts were composed. These late antique and early mediaeval Daniel apocrypha37 are preserved in the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions and were produced or copied in almost every language into which these traditions historically took root. The range of languages in which this literature appears is staggering. Daniel apocrypha exist in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Armenian, Old Slavonic, Old English and Middle English, Old Irish, Old Icelandic, and various early versions of French, Italian, and German. The two notable exceptions are

36 J.S. Assemanus, Ephraem Syri opera omnia quae extant (Roma, 1740), 5.214–232; A. Mai, [fragments of Polychronius’ Commentary on Daniel] in Scriptorum veterum nova collectio (Roma, 1825), 1.3.1–27; Migne, PG 56.193–246 ([Pseudo-]Chrystostom), 70.1462 (Cyril of Alexandria), 81.1255–1546 (Theodoret of Cyr); PL 96.1347–1362 (Peter the Archdeacon); N. Bonwetsch, Studien zu den Kommentaren Hippolyts zum Buche Daniel und Hohen Liede (Leipzig, 1897); J. Lataix, “Le commentaire de S. Jérôme sur Daniel,” RHLR 2 (1897), 164–173, 268–277; M. Le Fèvre, Hippolyte, Commentaire sur Daniel (SC 14; Paris, 1947); G. Archer, Jr., Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel (Grand Rapids, 1958); F. Glorie, Jerôme. Commentarium in Danielem (CCSL 75A; Turnhout, 1964); M. Richard, “Les diﬃcultés d’une édition du Commentaire de S. Hippolyte sur Daniel,” RHT 2 (1972), 1–11; idem, “Le chapitre sur l’église du Commentaire sur Daniel de Saint-Hippolyte,” RHT 3 (1973), 15–18; P.M. Casey, “Porphyry and the Book of Daniel,” JTS 27 (1976), 15–33; J. Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel: A Study of Comparative Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the Hebrew Bible (CBQMS 7; Washington, 1978). On the commentaries and postilla on Daniel, see also Chapter Two, note 49. 37 For the purposes of this study, I set the boundary between the ancient and mediaeval worlds at 476 CE in the Latin West (the ﬁnal collapse of the Western Roman Empire) and 621 CE (AH 1) in the Greek East (the traditional data assigned to the Hegira of Mohammad, which was followed shortly thereafter by the Arab invasions), although it must be stressed that these boundaries are quite arbitrary. The division between the mediaeval world and early modern one is the mid-ﬁfteenth century in both the West and the East and is marked by the invention of printing, the re-emergence of nationalism, and the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

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Ethiopic38 and Georgian, although again we must always account for the fact that texts did not always survive into the modern world and so their existence remains hidden from us. Some of this late antique and mediaeval material was distributed widely throughout mediaeval Europe and the Near and Middle East. The oneirocritical Somniale Danielis, for example, survives in multiple languages and several recensions across over 150 manuscript copies and dozens of incunabula, and is part of a much broader tradition linking Daniel with the interpretation of dreams and meteorological and astrological phenomena. Other texts, however, never seemed to have circulated beyond very restricted circles whose boundaries were circ*mscribed by the vicissitudes of geography, language, or theology, or by some other factor, important at the time but which has been long since forgotten. The majority of the Daniel apocalyptica, for example, are preserved in a single language only, and, in some cases, in a single manuscript copy. The scope of this apocryphal Daniel literature is similarly impressive. There are Daniel texts where the action is related in the ﬁrst person and there are third-person episodes about Daniel’s life and times. There are Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles, Daniel astronomical and geomantic texts, Daniel mystery plays, and Daniel dream manuals. There are full-blown narratives involving the prophet, poems about him, and shorter traditions, embedded in a variety of formats, that touch on a particular aspect of his life, deeds, or death. There are even tales that revolve around other ﬁgures from the Book of Daniel, such as Nebuchadnezzar, the three youths from the ﬁery furnace, and Susanna. In short, the realia of the manuscript evidence suggests that, with the sole exception of Adam,39 no other ﬁgure from the Hebrew Bible had attributed to or associated with it more ancient and mediaeval apocryphal literature. Despite the existence of so much and such diverse apocryphal Daniel literature, all of it may be classiﬁed by means of only three 38

On the subject of Ethiopic texts, see the short note on BL cod. Or. 496 in the Inventory of Chapter Six. 39 And possibly Ezra and Moses, although there is no way to be certain until a full account of the corpus of the apocrypha pertaining to each ﬁgure is tallied. On the research regarding the Adam apocrypha, see note 115, infra. We must also not forget that we are dealing only with extant texts or, if a text has been lost, a reference to that text. Much from the ancient and mediaeval worlds has been lost without a trace, and there is always an element of uncertainty when one assesses whether one ﬁgure was more popular than another.

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separate categories: the Daniel legenda, the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, and the Daniel prognostica. Over the course of the next three chapters, I will argue that the biblical Book of Daniel, particularly with respect to the two types of literature it preserves (viz., third-person narrative and ﬁrst-person revelatory vision), provided the principal source of inspiration for the structure and content of the ﬁrst two categories and was the primary, if indirect, inspiration for the third.40 The legenda are third-person, post-biblical narratives which retell and augment the story of Daniel as it appears in Daniel 1–6. With a few exceptions, none of it is pseudepigraphic, nor does it tend to deal with descriptions of future events. Some legenda are relatively short texts, others are the length of the Book of Daniel itself, while still others are embedded in larger compositions such as the Lives of the Prophets. The Daniel legenda can encompass both expansions of and additions to the biblical narrative, and quite often both sorts of reworking are present in the same texts. The apocalyptic apocrypha, in contrast, are ﬁrst-person compositions pseudonymously attributed to Daniel.41 There are over two dozen texts, which in form and focus resemble the descriptions of revelatory visions in Daniel 7–12. They are primarily concerned with the political events and historical ﬁgures of the author’s past and present and with the events of his immediate and long-term future. This information is communicated to the reader by means of a vision on the part of Daniel that is frequently but not always interpreted by a mediating ﬁgure.

40 The three categories of apocrypha listed here by no means exhaust the avenues for the transmission of post-biblical traditions about the ﬁgure of Daniel. Apocryphal data are found in annalistic form in the mediaeval Christian and Islamic histories of the biblical prophets and in the prologues to the Book of Daniel, the last a common feature of Western manuscript Bibles. Another source of ancillary Daniel material are the additions or explanations embedded in the many ancient and mediaeval translations of the Book of Daniel (outside autonomous narratives such as the Greek Additions) or which appear in the higher criticism of the antique and mediaeval commentaries and postilla. Finally, works of art also communicate the story of Daniel; see Chapter Two, notes 50 and 152. 41 This attribution is nearly always explicit, although sometimes certain texts are attributed to Daniel in one manuscript and to “historical” ﬁgures such as (Pseudo-) Methodius or Leo the Wise in others. Note, however, that it is never the case that a post-biblical apocalyptic text is attributed to Daniel in one manuscript and to another biblical ﬁgure in another manuscript.

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Like the apocalyptica, the Daniel prognostica are pseudepigraphic. But where the apocalyptic texts are concerned with the meaning of past and future history as it relates to a community’s contemporary situation, the prognostica are essentially personal fortune-telling texts.42 As a result, beyond the explicit attribution to Daniel their ﬁrst-person nature is much more implied than constantly aﬃrmed by the sort of ﬁrst-person pronouns and verbal forms that tend to characterise the apocalyptic texts. The distinction between the categories of Daniel apocrypha is extremely rigid, just as it is between the types of material within the Book of Daniel. None of the Daniel legenda concern themselves in any detail with describing Daniel during the period in which he experienced his visions, nor are any of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses especially interested in the multitude of facts about Daniel that one encounters in MT Daniel 1–6 or the Greek Additions. Just as in the biblical Book of Daniel, the legenda and the apocryphal apocalypses almost seem as if they have in mind two radically diﬀerent ﬁgures of the prophet.43 Likewise, the Daniel prognostica pay little attention to the particulars of Daniel’s life and almost none at all to apocalyptic visions and their interpretations. There are no apocryphal psalms pseudonymously attributed to Daniel, no hymns, odes, or songs, no lamentations, no meditations, no prayers, no annalistic histories or chronologies, no hortatory speeches, no wisdom literature or philosophical tractates, and no testaments.44 Again, this state of aﬀairs is entirely the result of the inﬂuence of the Book of Daniel upon all subsequent Daniel apocrypha. 2. The Structure and Purposes of This Study To purpose of this study is two-fold: i) to illuminate the full corpus of the ancient and mediaeval Jewish, Christian, and Islamic apoc42 For a fuller discussion of this and other dissimilarities between the focus of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha and that of the Daniel prognostica, see Chapter Four, §1. 43 The prognostica, too, preserve their own internal consistency and formal autonomy. See Chapter Four, §§2 and 3 for more details on the signiﬁcance of the setting in Nebuchadnezzar’s reign of the Prologue to the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis. 44 It is also noteworthy that, with the exception of the genre “testament,” most of the apocryphal literature composed in these other genres is not especially concerned with revelatory information about the future.

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ryphal Daniel literature; and ii) to identify and address the issues fundamental to its three major types: the legenda, the apocryphal apocalyptic material, and the prognostica. Although previous scholarship has addressed speciﬁc texts or discrete portions of the Daniel apocrypha, the present study represents the ﬁrst attempt to identify and evaluate the complete body of texts and to clarify the state of their manuscript evidence. In addition, this study is the ﬁrst to distinguish among the types of apocryphal Daniel literature and to examine them from a generic perspective, not only on their own terms as apocrypha, but also, signiﬁcantly, with respect to the relationship between the biblical Book of Daniel and the forms, content, and overall tenor of each type. Why were some texts attributed to Daniel? Why did other texts devote so much eﬀort to retelling the biblical story of the prophet? At the risk of repeating myself, this is a subject that has not witnessed much in the way of past scrutiny. Accordingly, an accent on the introductory and on the bibliographic characterises this study, particularly in the attempt to circ*mscribe the parameters of the three types of apocrypha. At the same time, however, this study is meant to be considerably more than either an Einleitung or a bibliography, and thus there is a strong emphasis throughout its core chapters on the interpretation and analysis of the literature, particularly in matters pertaining to the manner in which the ﬁgure of Daniel was both articulated and employed. The chronological range of this study extends from the second century bce, when MT Daniel attained its ﬁnal form in the context of the cycle of Hellenistic-era Daniel texts, until the close of the ﬁfteenth century of the Common Era, the ﬁnal ﬁve decades of which witnessed the fall of Byzantium in the east and the critical transition from the manuscript codex to the printed book in the west. To be sure, the production of apocryphal literature did not terminate with the invention and spread of the printed word,45 nor did the

45 The Testament of Alexander the Great, which was composed in the ﬁrst half of the nineteenth century by a Greek nationalist monk is a good example of the survival of the very ancient genre of the apocalyptic testament. The Book of Mormon is perhaps the most famous modern apocryphon that is an autonomous, narrative expansion of the biblical record (rather than a reinterpretation of it, such as Mary Baker Eddy’s Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures or Rev. Sun Myung Moon’s Divine Principle).

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manufacture of manuscripts suddenly cease.46 The introduction of printing, however, and other developments in technology, culture, society, and economics throughout Western Europe signal the gradual progression from the Middle Ages to the early modern period and mark the advent of the liberal, humanistic, capitalistic, and scientiﬁc modern perspective.47 Chapter Two concerns the story of Daniel as it is told in the Book of Daniel (principally in the court tales) and in the Daniel legenda. It would be impossible within the conﬁnes of this study to identify and evaluate every single instance where an ancient or mediaeval post-biblical text reworks, deviates from, ampliﬁes, or augments the biblical story of Daniel. Instead, the focus of the chapter is on the broad contours of this relationship, and especially on the way in which the legenda resolve the tension between, on the one hand, the authoritative status of the Book of Daniel and, on the other hand, the fact that such reworkings, deviations, ampliﬁcations, and augmentations were part of an ongoing process that integrally included the biblical story. Although every expression of the Daniel story was composed or redacted for its own purposes, the post-biblical legenda consistently exhibit the same concerns with this story that we ﬁnd in the biblical witnesses to the Book of Daniel. For example, both the biblical Book and the post-biblical legenda are obsessed with issues related to the story’s chronology, including the identiﬁcation of the various foreign monarchs, since their reigns provide markers by which the relative and the absolute chronologies of the story are established. They are also concerned with ﬁlling in the story’s gaps, particularly regarding Daniel’s early years, his conduct at various points in the story, and his last days and death. What we ﬁnd is that the reasons the various legenda have for addressing these concerns, inasmuch as they may be deduced from the evidence, are often the same as that which underscored the composition/redaction of the biblical forms of the story.

46 There are, for example, Ethiopic (Falasha) paper manuscripts of pseudepigraphic texts that were copied in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some of which were made expressly at the request of European scholars. There are many Greek manuscripts, too, which date from the same centuries, often the products of monasteries. 47 The change is perhaps most noticeable in the decline of the practice of the copying of the Daniel prognostica; see Chapter Four, §6.

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Chapter Three is dedicated to the post-biblical apocalyptic literature attributed to Daniel, a category which encompasses both apocalypses proper and apocalyptic oracles. The ﬁrst part of the chapter is devoted to the basic identiﬁcation of the texts. Over a century of intermittent scholarship on this body of literature has created confusion concerning not only the number and names of these texts, but also state of their manuscript evidence. Compounding the matter is the fact that several texts have been published only recently, while many others remain unedited, known only on the basis of a passing mention in a manuscript catalogue. In order to remedy this situation, the chapter presents a systematic investigation of these apocalyptic texts that clariﬁes but also augments the work of the previous scholarship, especially the studies of Alexander, Berger, Denis, DiTommaso, García Martínez, Haelewyck, Halkin, Macler, Pertusi, Schmoldt, and Stegmüller.48 Particular attention is devoted to each text regarding the issues of the date of composition, the presentation of the ﬁgure of Daniel, and the generic qualities of the text. Moreover, and unlike previous scholarship, the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha are discussed in an approximate chronological order. In itself, this primary work on this apocalyptic literature is important: an updating and clariﬁcation of the identiﬁcation of the texts and the manuscript evidence is very much a desideratum, and the presentation of even a rudimentary chronological presentation is critical for the primary sequence of their composition. The second half of the chapter, however, analyzes the texts thematically. Our enquiry begins with an investigation of whether (and to what degree) this apocalyptic literature may be classiﬁed under the rubric of the genre apocalypse. From here we move to an examination of the relationship between the texts and the Book of Daniel. What did it mean for a text to be pseudonymously attributed to Daniel, speciﬁcally? In other words, were there good reasons why Daniel, rather than some other biblical ﬁgure, was chosen as the vehicle by which a certain type of information was communicated? Was this apocalyptic literature a response to a distinctive type of historical situation? The chapter concludes with a preliminary discussion on the impact that our clariﬁcation and expansion of the material evidence of the extant texts might have on the commonly-held thesis that many of them are in fact versions of or based on one early Greek apocalypse. 48

On this scholarship, consult the Appendix to this chapter.

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Chapter Four investigates the issues of identiﬁcation and analysis surrounding the surprisingly rich and diverse body of Daniel prognostica, which represents a stream of apocryphal literature that had a less formal relationship to the biblical tradition about Daniel than the legenda or the post-biblical apocalyptic texts. Major sections in this chapter are devoted to the Somniale Danielis, the Lunationes Danielis, the Praedictiones Danielis, and the sundry Daniel prognostica from the east, the most important of which is the anthological treatise known as the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl. The Somniale and the Lunationes are preserved in many copies and in multiple languages and were among the most popular compositions in mediaeval Western Europe. In contrast to the research on the apocryphal apocalypses, where much eﬀort is devoted to the preliminary task of identifying the texts, in the case of the Somniale and the Lunationes the previous scholarship has been relatively excellent in this regard. As a result, our interest in the textual situation of both compositions is largely limited to the exploration of the full scope of their manuscript evidence, the result of which is reported in the Inventory of Chapter Six. My principal interest in the Somniale and the Lunationes in Chapter Four is their relationship with the biblical Book of Daniel, which, I argue, centers on the ﬁgure of Daniel and the ways it was understood in the post-biblical world. The situation is slightly diﬀerent for the Praedictiones Danielis and the Daniel prognostica from the East, which have been comparatively understudied to the point that it is clear to me that no one understands the full extent of the corpus. Accordingly, more time is spent on simply outlining the extent of the evidence, which is presented as a preliminary survey designed to precipitate interest in this diverse and little-known class of texts. One of my preliminary conclusions is that the little-known Praedictiones Danielis is either related to or is a Greek version of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, although it must be stressed that this conclusion awaits veriﬁcation by means of a detailed study of the relevant texts. Chapter Four ﬁnishes with some observations about the Daniel prognostica in general. Chapter Five oﬀers observations and conclusions regarding the Book of Daniel and the apocryphal Daniel literature as a whole. Chapter Six contains the Inventory of texts and manuscripts and the Bibliography of the primary and secondary literature devoted to them. Previous survey studies on the Daniel apocrypha have tended to be derivative and somewhat myopic. One result is that the same

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data are simply recycled time and again, introducing a new generation of scholars to the same material. Another result is that certain texts or types of texts have received more attention than others. A handful of apocalypses, for instance, have been accorded the lion’s share of scholarship, while the apocalyptic texts in general have been the subject of far more enquiry than the legenda and prognostica. The situation is the same for the monographs and editions dedicated to a speciﬁc text or group of texts. Apocalyptic and prognostic texts in particular are frequently mislabeled and/or conﬂated, and the record of their manuscript evidence is often incomplete. This Inventory, which is inseparable from and in many ways a codiﬁcation of the research in Chapters Two, Three, and Four, is meant to provide scholars with comprehensive account of the Daniel apocrypha.49 Each text in the Inventory is identiﬁed, named, and described.50 This task alone is sometimes daunting, given that a signiﬁcant minority of the Daniel apocrypha have been known by diﬀerent, conﬂationary, or inaccurate names. The manuscript evidence for each text is thoroughly presented, including the title of each manuscript, its incipit (if the manuscript is not anacephalous) and explicit, and the catalogue references. In some cases, such as with the Lunationes Danielis and the Somniale Danielis, where the number of manuscript copies runs well into the hundreds, the list of the extant primary evidence represents the latest word on the subject. In other cases, such as with the apocalyptic literature, the list of texts and manuscripts, while a signiﬁcant advance over previous studies, still awaits the ﬁnal word which can be oﬀered only after an examination by autopsy of all the manuscript evidence. Finally, each text is provided with a complete and annotated list of the editions, translations, and secondary studies. In its totality, therefore, the Inventory represents a fresh and more complete understanding of the extent of the apocryphal Daniel literature, correcting and greatly expanding on the work of past generations of scholarship while adding signiﬁcantly more in the way of information about new texts, sources, and manuscripts. 49 In this it represents a radical expansion and clariﬁcation of the section on the “Daniel Pseudepigrapha” in my Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research; see note 98, infra. 50 As with previous surveys and bibliographies of this material, the texts in this ﬁnal chapter are arranged according to the language in which they are preserved rather than by reference to genre, content, date, provenance, or faith.

chapter one APPENDIX

NOTES ON PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND APPROACHES A. The Apocryphal Daniel Literature Over the centuries, scholarly interest in biblical apocrypha has waxed and waned with regularity.51 Many of the major discoveries of apocryphal texts were made in the six decades before 1914, a golden era which also saw the publication of much signiﬁcant and lasting secondary literature, culminating in the appearance of the great pre-war German and English collections of translations.52 Alternately, the study of biblical apocrypha virtually disappeared in the subsequent six decades, with only a few bright lights illuminating an otherwise darkened landscape. The last twenty-ﬁve years, however, have witnessed an astonishing rebirth of the ﬁeld. In every way, the current research on apocryphal texts is rich in scope, excellent in quality, and international in character. The history of the study of the Daniel apocrypha very much mirrors that of the ﬁeld of apocryphal literature in general.53 The apocryphal traditions about Daniel ﬁrst were systematically collected by J.A. Fabricius, the father of modern pseudepigrapha research. Best known for his monumental works of classical bibliography,54 Fabricius’ pioneering 1722/3 compendium, the Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti, contains over three hundred separate entries that are arranged alphabetically on the basis of the biblical ﬁgure to which each text is pseudonymously attributed.55

51 On the history of scholarship, see J.H. Charlesworth, “A History of Pseudepigrapha Research: The Re-Emerging Importance of the Pseudepigrapha,” (ANRW. 2.19.1; Berlin/New York, 1979), 54–88; idem, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament. Prolegomena for the Study of Christian Origins (SNTSMS 54; London/New York, 1985), 6–26; L. DiTommaso, “A Report on Pseudepigrapha Research since Charlesworth’s Old Testament Pseudepigrapha,” JSP 12.2 (2001), 179–207. 52 E. Kautzsch, ed., Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (2 vols.; Tübingen, 1900); R.H. Charles, ed., The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English (2 vols.; Oxford, 1913). 53 I will concentrate on those studies that inventory or examine this literature in its entirety, many of which are survey-style in nature. Excluded from the review are the editions, translations, and secondary studies that focus primarily on a speciﬁc text, theme, or tradition. These will be referred to in the appropriate sections in later chapters of this study. 54 Most importantly, the Bibliotheca graeca, sive notitia scriptorum veterum graecorum (14 vols., 1705–1728, but revised and continued by G.C. Harle (Hamburg, 1790–1809)) and the Bibliotheca latina (1697; revised and enlarged to 3 vols., 1721–1722). 55 J.A. Fabricius, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti (2 vols.; Hamburg, 21722–1723 [orig. 1713]). The second edition of this text is almost always cited in the research. The ﬁrst volume contains 240 entries, the second another eighty-six, plus four texts. The Daniel material appears at 1.1124–1140.

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The chapter on the Daniel apocrypha is particularly valuable, not so much for its completeness but for its citations of pre-eighteenth-century sources. In it we ﬁnd the section “Vita Danielis & Prophetia Apocrypha” (§223), which details traditions concerning Daniel drawn from the Chronicon Paschale and the Chronography of John Malalas; “Conjectorius Danielis, sive Somniorum interpretatio sub Prophetae illius nomine jactata” (§224), a complex section on the Somniale Danielis and several other oneirocritica associated with Daniel, plus a reproduction of the ﬁrst few stanzas of the Old German poem, “König Tyro von Schotten und Fridebrand sin Sun,” which mentions Daniel; and the sections “Prognosticon Danielis lingua Syriaca” and “Visiones Danielis” (§§225–226), both of which contain brief notes on their respective subjects. It is unclear whether the Daniel apocrypha listed in these sections are a selection of texts chosen by Fabricius or in fact represent the sum total of texts that were available and known to him. Fabricius’ presentation of the apocryphal texts set the stage for all subsequent survey studies. His choice of material was guided by an inclusive philosophy rather than an exclusive one, a philosophy that many modern studies would do well to emulate. He accepted both the texts attributed to and the traditions about the biblical ﬁgures, and did not artiﬁcially restrict the latitude of his study on the basis of either language or chronology. At the same time, however, his study reads more like a collation of notices et extraits than a penetrating analysis of the texts or the underlying dynamics of their transmission history and their understanding of the ﬁgure of Daniel. Still, his work remains important not only in that it is the starting-point of all subsequent research, but also because it remains an invaluable record of the manuscript evidence at the time. Over a century later, J.-P. Migne and his collaborators compiled the Dictionnaire des apocryphes, a digest of texts, legends, and fragments related to biblical ﬁgures and related topics that, despite the pervasive typographic errors and the dated quality of its material, still handsomely repays careful study.56 The article on Daniel in the Dictionnaire is patently reworked from Fabricius. It is a valuable mine of information nonetheless, full of references to manuscripts, apocryphal texts, and legends about the prophet.57 Its overarching intent is to provide the sum total of the knowledge on the topic and includes the post-biblical Susanna literature, which Migne felt ought to be considered part of the Daniel apocrypha. The presentation of this material is completely unsystematic—brief notes to diverse manuscripts or printed books are scattered among longer passages quoted from texts or paraphrased from Fabricius. It thus resembles more a desultory collection of notes on various topics and writings than a methodical study. Missing from the endeavour is a systematic analysis of the information.

56 J.-P. Migne, Dictionnaire des Apocryphes, ou Collection de tous les livres apocryphes relatifs à l’Ancien et au Nouveau Testament (2 vols.; Paris, 1858). 57 “Daniel,” vol. 1, cols. 185–192.

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The careful scientiﬁc study of the Daniel apocrypha began only in the last decade of the nineteenth century. A. Vassiliev,58 Klostermann,59 and V.I. Istrin60 each published editions of various Byzantine Greek apocalypses attributed to Daniel. But it was F. Macler, with his 1895 Faculté de Théologie protestante de Paris thesis, Les Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel, and the series of later articles revised from it, who oﬀered the ﬁrst attempt to present a signiﬁcant portion of the Daniel apocrypha in an academic format.61 Although the great bulk of his work is devoted to the presentation of the translations of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, Macler’s primary analytic interest with them is generic. As he remarks, “L’intérêt principal que présente l’étude de nos Apocalypses est de faire ressortir la longue durée de ce genre littéraire. L’inspiration apocalyptique fournie par la livre de Daniel n’est même pas épuisée par le Moyen Age. L’histoire de l’apocalyptique ne doit pas s’arrêter à la plus jeune des Apocalypses de Daniel; pour en avoir une vue d’ensemble; il faut poursuivre jusqu’à nos jours.”62 In the same year, W. Bousset published his monograph on the origins and development of the ﬁgure of the Antichrist63 and, ﬁve years later, an equally inﬂuential article on eschatology in the Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche.64 These two works represent, among other things, a watershed in the understanding of the history of the development of eschatological speculation in early Christian apocrypha. In them Bousset discusses many of the late antique and early mediaeval apocalypses, including (more in his article than in his monograph) the few apocryphal Daniel apocalypses that had been identiﬁed up to that time. Although Bousset does not comment on

A. Vassiliev, Anecdota Graeco-Byzantina (Moskva, 1893). E. Klostermann, Analecta zur Septuaginta, Hexapla und Patristik (Leipzig, 1895). 60 V.M. Istrin, “OÚÍo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰´Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍÓÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ´‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰´Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3) (Moskva, 1897), 253–329; idem, “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ 59

èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰´Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚyaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰´Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” COIDRMoskva 184 (1898.1) (Moskva,

1898), 135–162. On the arrangement of Istrin’s work, see Chapter Three, note 32. For a long time the editions of Vassiliev (note 58) and Istrin remained relatively unknown to Western scholars. 61 F. Macler, Les Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel (Paris, 1895); “Les Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. I [Introduction] + II. L’Apocalypse persane de Daniel,” RHR 33 (1896), 37–53; “Les Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. III. L’Apocalypse copte de Daniel,” RHR 33 (1896), 163–176; “Les Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. IV. L’Apocalypse arménienne de Daniel,” RHR 33 (1896), 288–309; “L’Apocalypse arabe de Daniel: publiée, traduite et annotée,” RHR 49 (1904), 265–305. 62 Macler, Apocalypses apocryphes, 16. 63 W. Bousset, Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche (Göttingen, 1895) [rep. Hildesheim, 1983]. English translation = The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore (trans. A.H. Keane; London, 1896) [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter (AART&T 24; Atlanta, 1999)]. 64 Bousset, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie,” ZKG 20 (1900), 103–131, 261–290.

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the development of these apocryphal apocalypses per se, he attempts to distinguish among the separate texts (to the point of assigning them idiosyncratic names) and oﬀers some thoughts on their inter-relationship and to the development of certain themes.65 None of the Daniel apocrypha was included in the aforementioned prewar collections of the German and English translations of the biblical apocrypha. Virtually the only voice heard in the long silence that descended on the ﬁeld after 1914 was that of L. Ginzberg, whose multi-volume Legends of the Jews—a classic work by any measure of the term—included many scattered references to Daniel and a dedicated chapter on the ﬁgure of Daniel and the Babylonian Exile.66 A compendium of the later Jewish tales that grew up around the characters from the Hebrew Bible and arranged in their traditional biblical sequence, the Legends is noted not only for the sweeping breadth of the material which it includes, but also for its magniﬁcent and detailed endnotes, which reveal clearly Ginzberg’s copious and painstaking scholarship. Although its lack of systematic presentation can frequently tax one’s patience, particularly if one is searching for the appearance of a speciﬁc datum within a tradition complex, this shortcoming is more than compensated for by the sheer pleasure of reading each chapter and working through its notes. As with the rest of the Legends, the section on the legends that circulated around the prophet Daniel is presented in a synthetic narrative, with little attempt to keep the various sources separate or to appraise their relative worth. Moreover, the Legends includes references not only to texts attributed to Daniel, but also to miscellaneous data and traditions about him, which Ginzberg gleaned from various rabbinic, gaonic, and other sources. For these reasons, the section on Daniel in the Legends, although technically neither a scholarly assessment of the material nor an interpretation of it, remains a valuable source-book on the later Jewish traditions and texts concerning the prophet.67

65 One result of this and the other early scholarship on the Daniel apocrypha was the gradual formation of a loose consensus, which posited that there existed only one original Greek Daniel apocalypse and that the Greek, Armenian, and Slavonic apocalypses extant in manuscript copies represent various versions of this original text. This consensus has been remarkably persistent and often appears in reworked form in the scholarship from the late twentieth century. In Chapter Three, however, I will argue that this consensus is incorrect, since it is based on a seriously incomplete knowledge of the full range and scope of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. 66 L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews (trans. H. Szold and P. Radin; 6 vols.; Philadelphia, 1909–1938). Rep. Baltimore/London, 1998. Index (vol. 7) by B. Cohen. The section on Daniel covers, with some interruptions, pages 326–350 of volume 4. 67 The methodology of Ginzberg’s Legends, as G. Vermes accurately noted, was “to collect all the that available material from every possible source, and paying no attention to chronological data, to contruct a synthesis of the various interpretations” (Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies (SPB 4; Leiden, 1961), 1).

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H. Schmoldt’s 1972 dissertation, “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision’,” which he submitted to the Evang.-Theologische Fakultät der Universität Hamburg, marks the beginning of the revival of interest in the apocryphal Daniel literature.68 It is the ﬁrst in a quartet of excellent studies on the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses that were written in the period from 1972 to 1988, a group that also includes K. Berger’s monograph on the Diegesis Danielis, P.J. Alexander’s unfortunately incomplete volume on the texts and history of the Byzantine apocalyptic matrix in general, and A. Pertusi’s study of the theme of the end of the world in the Byzantine tradition. Schmoldt’s dissertation also remains one of the very few studies which discuss a signiﬁcant portion of the apocryphal Daniel literature beyond that which is naturally circ*mscribed by the boundaries of language, viz., both the Syriac apocalypse The Vision of the Young Daniel (Vom jungen Daniel ) and several of the Greek Daniel apocalypses of the Byzantine period. Although devoted primarily to the presentation of the editions and translations of these apocalypses, the dissertation also discusses the identiﬁcation of and relationship among the manuscripts, including an extremely valuable section on “Die übrigen griechischen Schriften unter dem Namen Daniels.” A brief but essential history of research prefaces the study. For all of its inherent importance to the ﬁeld, however, Schmoldt’s dissertation was never published and thus for many years remained largely unknown outside certain circles within German scholarship. As a result, Berger’s 1976 monograph on the Diegesis Danielis has become more or less the standard work on the subject of apocryphal Daniel apocalypses,69 even though its focus remains ﬁrmly on the Diegesis alone and does not include a detailed examination of it in the light of the other Byzantine Daniel apocalypses. (This criticism was ﬁrst leveled in M.E. Stone’s trenchant but not unfavourable review of the book in the Journal of Biblical Literature.)70 Berger’s attention returns consistently to the common topoi of Byzantine apocalypses in general, including the Antichrist, a topic which has perhaps unfairly dominated the study of Christian apocalypses since Bousset. Besides its ﬁne edition of and commentary on the Diegesis, what has proven most useful for scholars is the book’s exhaustive survey of the Byzantine apocalyptic tradition in particular and the apocryphal Jewish and Christian literature in general. In particular, his exhaustive list of ancient and mediaeval apoc-

H. Schmoldt, “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgegabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte” (Diss: Hamburg, 1972). 69 K. Berger, Die griechische Daniel-Diegese. Eine altkirchliche Apokalypse. Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar (SPB 27; Leiden, 1976). 70 JBL 98 (1977), 609–610 at 610: “This Daniel apocalypse is one of a number of works associated with this ﬁgure: Berger records 15 diﬀerent items in his list of sources. It would have been helpful if the Daniel apocalypse edited by Berger had been set in its place in this literature . . .”

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alyptic texts71 has been highly inﬂuential in shaping conceptions as to the range and identities of the Daniel apocalypses.72 Unfortunately left unﬁnished at the time of his death in 1977, Alexander’s volume, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, remains a classic in its ﬁeld and is arguably the most important book ever written on the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses.73 Alexander traces the history of the Byzantine apocalypses from the decline of the Sibylline tradition in the Dark Ages of the seventh century through the appearance of the Syriac (and later Greek) apocalypses attributed to Pseudo-Methodius to several key Daniel apocalypses and a number of other texts of the high Byzantine period. Many translations and paraphrastic overviews of key texts are included. In the second part, Alexander examines three of the most common themes in this and other late antique and mediaeval literature, those of the “Last Roman Emperor,” “Gog and Magog,” and the “Legend of the Antichrist.” In this last theme he builds upon the work of scholars such as Bousset (supra). The overall picture that Alexander paints is one where texts and themes were deliberately used and re-used. D. deF. Abrahamse reﬂects that, “Byzantine apocalypses were indeed written for consolation in times of trouble, and they reﬂected the hopes and despairs of contemporaries in very concrete historical events. The localization of these texts shows how often apocalyptic hopes arose in the fringes of Byzantine society, where the threats of invasion were the greatest, and in response to events whose importance has long since receded out of historical memory. As they were transmitted from one portion of the empire to another, and translated from language to language, themes developed in response to immediate concerns and localities or out of a simple misunderstanding of the text. With all its unlikely sources, however, perhaps the main impression of the Byzantine apocalyptic tradition . . . is the extent to which it remained a concrete and creative source for the expression of political and religious thought throughout the

“Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der weniger bekannten im folgenden zitierten zumeist pseudepigraphen Schriften apokalyptischen oder visionären Inhalts” (Berger, Die griechische Daniel-Diegese, xi–xxiii). Stone (see previous note) implies that the “188 items” of “vision texts [that] Berger cites” are from the Byzantine period. It is very minor point, to be sure, but it does reveal the scope of the tradition history against which Berger sets his study of the Diegesis. A check of these 188 items reveals that they are not simply Byzantine texts but comprise a list of ancient and mediaeval apocryphal material in general. 72 In particular, Berger’s list of Daniel apocrypha supplements (but does not always supersede) the information contained in F. Stegmüller, Repertorium biblicum medii aevi (Madrid, 1950) and F. Halkin, Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca (3 vols.; SubH 8a; Bruxelles, 31957). On the subject of the identiﬁcation of the Daniel apocalypses in these studies—and the problems with these identiﬁcations—see Chapter Three. 73 P.J. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition (ed., with intro. by D. deF. Abrahamse; Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 1985). Alexander’s ﬁrst work on the subject is the equally classic article, “Medieval Apocalypses as Historical Sources,” American Historical Review 73 (1968), 997–1018.

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early medieval world.”74 Alexander did not live long enough to investigate the full implications of his fundamental point about the way in which Byzantine apocalypses recycled their material, but it remains, I think, the starting point for any future comprehensive study of the topic. Alexander’s other arguments about the composition and provenance of the speciﬁc Daniel apocalypses are too numerous and dense to be summarised in a short paragraph or two, and I will address them at length in Chapter Three. A. Pertusi’s book, Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo, is the last of the aforementioned quartet of studies on the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses that were written in the period from 1972 to 1988. As with Alexander’s Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, the work was printed after the death of its author, having been edited for publication by E. Morini.75 As its title indicates, this volume concerns the themes of the end of empire and the end of the world as they are expressed in the Byzantine apocalyptic texts, for some of which Pertusi provides critical editions and translations. In fact, several of these texts were hitherto unedited, and thus this volume provides a valuable service to process of the identiﬁcation of the full corpus of the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses.76 Pertusi’s book is particularly valuable with respect to the oft-neglected topic of the points of contact among the many Byzantine apocalypses. In addition to this research on the apocalyptic apocrypha, the past three decades have witnessed much new work on the Daniel apocrypha as a whole, including the fragments of the Daniel apocrypha that were discovered in Qumran Cave 4. F. García Martínez, for example, presents a synthetic edition and translation of these fragments along with a comprehensive canvass of the mediaeval Daniel texts.77 His aim is to introduce this literature to scholars in general. To this end, he lists many of the Daniel apocrypha known to scholarship, arranged according to the language in which they survive, along with a brief overview of the manuscript evidence and a description of each text. Moreover, this article is the ﬁrst study to discuss the Qumran texts in the light of the later Daniel literature. Its conclusion, although summary in nature, oﬀers several interesting observa-

Ibid., 8. A. Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente (Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3; Roma, 1988). 76 On the subject of Byzantine apocalypses, see W. Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme (edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes; BBA 55; Amsterdam, 1990), 304–322, and idem, “Liudprand von Cremona (Legatio cap. 39–41) und eine bisher unbeachtete west-östliche Korrespondenz über die Bedeutung des Jahres 1000 AD,” BZ 93 (2000), 435–463, esp. 439–443. 77 F. García Martínez, “Notas al margen de 4QpsDaniel Arameo,” AO 1 (1983), 193–208 [= “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran (STDJ 9; Leiden, 1992), 137–161]. The English translation is cited throughout this chapter. 75

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tions.78 First, García Martínez observes that “all the works examined oﬀer the same basic apocalyptic scheme: a discourse on history in the form of an oracle, vision, reading of a text, etc., followed by an eschatological section in which the ﬁgure of the Antichrist plays a leading role” (160). Next, he posits that, with the exception of the Syriac and Persian texts, both of which he understands to be Jewish, the later Daniel apocalypses are Christian works that were composed originally in Greek, that deal primarily with Byzantine history and the reaction to the Islamic conquest, and that incorporate elements from both the biblical Book of Daniel and the New Testament, especially the schema of the four kingdoms (Daniel 2 and 7). Finally, he concludes that there is no relationship between the Qumran Daniel texts and any of the later Daniel apocrypha, although he oﬀers no comment on the relationship among the later Daniel apocrypha.79 Although his reconstruction of the text of the Qumran Daniel material has since been superseded by later and more complete editions of the fragments, and even though his survey basically recapitulates the work of other scholars, García Martínez’ article remains an excellent introduction to the Daniel apocrypha. A.-M. Denis’ Introduction à la littérature religieuse judéo-hellénistique 80 is a magisterial, two-volume study which, despite its title, is devoted to the full spectrum of the Jewish and Christian apocryphal literature of the ancient and early medieval worlds. This book is not only a worthy successor to Denis’ ground-breaking 1970 volume81 but also represents the zenith of Frenchlanguage scholarship on the apocryphal literature in general. Indeed, and in several ways, this Introduction may be characterised as a thoroughly systemised

78 Ibid., 160–161. It should be mentioned, however, that García Martínez ignores a few of the apocalyptic and all the non-apocalyptic texts pseudonymously attributed to Daniel, and so his conclusions on this “apocalyptic scheme” apply only to certain of the post-biblical Daniel apocalypses. Moreover, even within his restricted sample, there are exceptions to his conclusions on the structure of the texts. 79 In his wide-ranging work on the post-biblical Jewish and Christian apocalyptic writings (Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum (WMANT 82; Neukirchen, 1999)), G.S. Oegema touches brieﬂy on the Daniel apocalypses. The presentation is very much a surveystyle report that is based on previous research, in the manner of García Martínez’ article. Unlike García Martínez, however, Oegema does not oﬀer much in the way of observation about these texts or their relationship. 80 A.-M. Denis, Introduction à la littérature religieuse judéo-hellénistique (Turnhout, 2000). 81 A.-M. Denis, Introduction aux pseudépigraphes grecs d’Ancien Testament (SVTP 1; Leiden, 1970). This book re-introduced the study of the full corpus of the apocryphal texts and traditions, including the well-known pseudepigrapha like 1 Enoch, 2 Baruch, and 4 Ezra and also the lesser-known texts and citations of lost texts. This “inclusive” approach to apocryphal texts had been a hallmark of the scholarship of Fabricus and Migne (on whom, see supra), and most particularly of M.R. James, witnessed not only in his Apocrypha Anecdota (I: T&S 2.3; Cambridge, 1893; II: T&S 5.1; Cambridge, 1897) and his Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament (TED 1, Palestinian Jewish Texts 14; London/New York, 1920), but also (and this fact is often forgotten) in his numerous and excellent catalogues of the manuscript collections in British universities, museums, and other repositories.

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and vastly revised and updated edition of Migne’s Dictionnaire des apocryphes. In both the 1970 and 2000 volumes, Denis reviews the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses in a discrete section entitled “Les Apocalypses de Daniel.” In 1970, the section appears as a the book’s ﬁnal chapter (309–314). In the 2000 volume, published posthumously through the eﬀorts of J.-C. Haelewyck, the section is greatly expanded (1291–1304) and is appended to the ﬁnal chapter, which is devoted to those apocryphal texts and traditions that are now known only through citations by later (usually patristic) authors.82 Unfortunately, and in the manner of García Martínez’ study,83 Denis does not present much more than a roster of the texts and brief summaries of the contents of each, almost all of which are based entirely on previous research. The footnotes are particularly detailed, however, and in them Denis oﬀers several interesting observations regarding the manuscript evidence of each text and its contents. Despite the title of the section, Denis also includes a discussion of the Qumran Daniel apocrypha, the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, and (very brieﬂy) the other Daniel apocrypha besides the apocalypses. In his edition of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam,84 M. Henze oﬀers a solid introduction to the Daniel apocalypses, although his list of texts is largely derivative and tends to conﬂate many of the relevant texts.85 Taking his bearings from J.J. Collins’ oft-cited deﬁnition of the genre “apocalypse,” Henze posits that few of the Daniel apocalypses actually ﬁt this deﬁnition.86 In addition, he argues that while certain traditions appear frequently among the Daniel apocalypses in the many languages in which they are preserved, this circ*mstance is due more to borrowing from a common stock rather than to “mutual dependencies or textual borrowings” among these apocalypses in particular. The sole exception to this lack of co-relationship is observed in the close connexion between this Revelation and the Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel, one of the texts edited by Schmoldt. These are meaningful observations and will be addressed in detail in Chapter Three.

82 This chapter represents an updating of a long-standing concern with the subject of references to lost or otherwise unknown apocrypha. One of the ﬁrst such studies, still quite valuable, is M.R. James’ Lost Apocrypha (see previous note). Cf. J.H. Charlesworth’s Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research (SCS 7; Missoula, 1976 [reprinted with a Supplement; Ann Arbor, 1981]). Note also that there are several places throughout Denis’ two volumes where very brief reference is made to Daniel apocrypha outside the apocalypses and to the inﬂuence of the Book of Daniel on other texts. 83 See supra. 84 M. Henze, The Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel. Introduction, Text, and Commentary (TSAC 11; Tübingen, 2001). The editio princeps is found in M. Slabczyk, Apokalipso de Daniel Profeta en la Lando Persio kaj Elamo. Sirian tekston, Esperanton tradukon kaj Komentarion (Wien, 2000), with the translation and commentary in, most curiously, Esperanto. 85 Ibid., 2–11, with the list of texts at 3–5. 86 See my comments on the entire issue of the Daniel apocalyptica and the genre apocalyptic in Chapter Three, §3.

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The Daniel apocrypha have not been well-represented in the profusion of collections of translations of biblical apocrypha that have appeared over the past quarter century.87 In fact, the only appearance to date of a Daniel apocryphon in any of these collections is G.T. Zervos’ translation of the Diegesis Danielis, which appears in the ﬁrst volume of J.H. Charlesworth’s important anthology,88 although the series Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistischrömischer Zeit plans to include in a future issue a translation of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam.89 There are several reasons for this relative lack of attention. As I mentioned, the Greek Additions tend to be included in modern Bibles, while the Qumran Daniel fragments generally appear only in collections of the Dead Sea texts. As for the late antique and mediaeval Daniel apocrypha, chances are that they are largely unknown to scholars who work primarily in the ﬁelds of ancient Judaism and Christianity or, if they are known, are deemed to have been composed well outside the chronological restriction of a collection devoted to ancient biblical apocrypha. At the other end of the spectrum, secondary and survey works on mediaeval literature and folk legends tend to mention the Daniel apocrypha only en passant.90 Commentaries on the Book of Daniel traditionally and perhaps unsurprisingly limit their discussion of the apocryphal Daniel literature to the Greek Additions, which, when included, are treated as part of the biblical text, albeit a portion peculiar to the Greek Bibles of antiquity. This characteristic is true both for the older and for the more recent commentaries.91 Collins’ 1993 Hermeneia commentary on the Book represents a departure from the norm, however. It contains a long and valuable section that covers the Jewish and Christian understanding of the Book of Daniel from 87 P. Sacchi, et alii, eds., Apocriﬁ dell’Antico Testamento (5 vols.; Torino/Brescia, 1981–2000); J.H. Charlesworth, ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume I: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments (New York, 1983); idem, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume II: Expansions of the “Old Testament” and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (New York, 1985); H.D.F. Sparks, ed., The Apocryphal Old Testament (Oxford, 1984); A. Díez Macho, ed., Apócrifos del Antiguo Testamento (5 vols.; Madrid, 1984–1987); M. de Jonge, ed., Outside the Old Testament (CCWJCW 4; Cambridge, 1985); A. Dupont-Sommer and M. Philonenko, eds., La Bible. Écrits intertestamentaires (La Bibliothèque de la Pléiade; Paris, 1987; and the many volumes in the series Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistischrömischer Zeit (Gütersloh). 88 G.T. Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel,” The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume 1, 755–770. 89 Noted in DiTommaso, “Report,” 182 note 9. 90 There is the chance that English introductions to and translations of some or most of the Daniel pseudepigrapha (apocalypses and prognostica) will be included in the projected volume, More Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, which will be edited by R. Bauckham and J. Davila. 91 Older: see, among others, J.A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel (ICC; New York, 1927); newer: see, among others, J.E. Goldingay, Daniel (WBC 30; Dallas, 1989); G.W. Buchanan, The Book of Daniel (Mellen Biblical Commentary 25; Lewiston, 1999).

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antiquity to modern times, including a thorough essay on the inﬂuence of Daniel on the New Testament by A. Yarbro Collins.92 Although the main thrust of the section is the history of interpretation, Collins pays special attention to the Qumran Daniel apocrypha, the Jewish historian Josephus’ presentation of the life of Daniel, and, to a lesser degree, the Jewish and Christian apocryphal Daniel literature of the mediaeval period. Many of the bibliographic surveys include the apocryphal Daniel literature, although, as with the commentaries on the Book of Daniel, more often than not their interest is limited to the Greek Additions.93 That being said, there are several studies that include a larger percentage of the full corpus of the Daniel apocrypha. Two ﬁne older examples are F. Stegmüller’s Repertorium biblicum medii aevi 94 and F. Halkin’s Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca (with supplements),95 the latter being the more valuable study for our purposes. Both of these works contain checklist-style information about the identities of the apocryphal Daniel literature and the manuscript evidence, and both present identical diﬃculties. Texts are frequently mislabeled, manuscripts and titles are occasionally conﬂated, and the information presented is often so severely abbreviated that the primary function of both works as handbooks of ready and useful information is severely impaired.96 J.-C. Haelewyck’s 1998 Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti 97 and my own 2001 Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999 98 are two more recent examples of such bibliographic works that include the majority of the Daniel apocrypha. The former concentrates on listing only the versions and editions of each text, while the latter is much more in the way of a comprehensive bibliography. Generally speaking, both books are useful research tools, but not without their faults with respect to the study of the Daniel apocrypha. Although its function is to serve as a basic bibliographic record only (and in this it is superb), Haelewyck’s survey nevertheless suﬀers from

92 Yarbro Collins, “The Inﬂuence of Daniel on the New Testament,” in Collins, Daniel, 90–112. 93 See, inter alia, G. Delling, Bibliographie zur jüdisch-hellenistischen und intertestamentarischen Literatur 1900–1965 (TU 106; Berlin, 1969) [revised as Bibliographie zur jüdischhellenistischen und intertestamentarischen Literatur 1900–1970 (with M. Maser; TU 1062; Berlin, 1975)]; C.A. Evans, Noncanonical Writings and New Testament Interpretation (Peabody, MA, 1992); A. Lehnardt, Bibliographie zu den jüdischen Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit ( JSHRZ 6.2; Gütersloh, 1999). Note that J.H. Charlesworth’s The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research (SCS 7; Missoula, 1976) [second edition = The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research. With a Supplement (SCS 7; Ann Arbor, 1981)] contains a section on some Byzantine Daniel apocrypha. 94 (8 vols., plus supplements; Madrid, 1950). 95 F. Halkin, Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca (3 vols.; SubH 8a; Bruxelles, 31957); Auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae (SubH 47; Bruxelles, 1969); Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae (SubH 65; Bruxelles, 1984). 96 See my comments on both works throughout Chapter Three. 97 J.-C. Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (Turnhout, 1998), 203–211. 98 L. DiTommaso, A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999 ( JSPSup 39; Sheﬃeld, 2001), 307–335.

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incomplete or contradictory information regarding the identiﬁcation of the Daniel texts, their editions, and the manuscript evidence. For its part, the Bibliography, while more encyclopedic than the Clavis, does not always distinguish clearly enough among the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses nor does it account for the full range of the apocryphal Daniel texts, especially with respect to those unpublished texts known only from their appearance in manuscript catalogues. Several characteristics are common to the previous research on the Daniel apocrypha. To begin, the primary function of much of it simply has been to catalog the texts. Of course, the manner in which this function is eﬀected and the importance that it receives varies from study to study, but certain data appear regularly, including the identiﬁcation of each text (an operation that often includes assigning it a speciﬁc name), the list of the manuscript evidence for that text, a description of its contents, and a brief history of the previous scholarship. More often than not the scope of the discussion is a circ*mscribed group of texts (such as the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses or the Daniel texts preserved in Islamic tradition) rather than the larger complex of which it is a part, and even in these cases the analysis tends to be summary and the observations preliminary. The net result is that these presentations of the Daniel material frequently have an introductory quality to them—to one degree or another, they are meant to acquaint scholars with a comparatively unfamiliar corpus of material. The previous research has also been inclined to focus on certain texts or text types rather than on the entire corpus. For example, the strictly pseudepigraphic texts—i.e., those texts that are pseudonymously attributed to Daniel—have had far more attention paid to them in past studies than have the post-biblical tales and traditions about the prophet. In addition, even within the compass of the Daniel pseudepigrapha the emphasis has been largely on the study of the apocalypses rather than the prognostica. There are a number of reasons for these developments. First, the general study of the genre apocalypse and of apocalyptic literature has been the source of intensive scrutiny for several generations.99 Second, the study of apocalyptic themes and images has played a large role in several of the areas that are speciﬁcally important to the study of the Daniel apocrypha. The study of the Antichrist ﬁgure in early Christian apocalypses, for instance, has sometimes involved the examination of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha.100 Similarly, the Greek Daniel apocalyptic writings have been crucial

The literature of this topic is too vast to summarise in a footnote, encompassing not only the ancient Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature, but later medieval and even modern apocalypses. A good starting point is the three-volume collection of essays on the topic: The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism (edd. J.J. Collins, B. McGinn, and S.J. Stein; New York, 1998). 100 Bousset, Der Antichrist. G.C. Jenks’ ﬁne study, The Origins and Early Development of the Antichrist Myth (BZNW 59; Berlin/New York, 1991), does not extent past the second century CE and so does not touch on the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. On the topic, see now B. McGinn, Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human

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to shedding light on the Byzantine reactions to the speed and ferocity of the Muslim conquests in the ﬁrst centuries after the Prophet Muhammad’s death. At the same time, however, although they are generally mentioned in the lists of the Daniel apocrypha, many of the lesser-known apocryphal apocalypses rarely ﬁgure into the discussion of this material. If some texts have enjoyed a certain priority, others have been relatively ignored, at least within the context of the study of the Daniel apocrypha as whole. The Greek Additions to Daniel, for example, are almost always never included in such studies. Modern scholars generally conceive the Greek Additions as belonging to the “biblical” Book of Daniel, as opposed to the other, “extra-biblical” or “intertestamental”101 category of Daniel texts. In other words, there is a scholarly preconception that there exist two sorts of Daniel material that one may examine, namely, that which is in the Bible and that which is not in the Bible. The Greek Additions tend to be discussed under the former category, the rest of the Daniel apocrypha under the latter. As a result, a false chronological divide was frequently assumed between the biblical Book of Daniel, which was rightly seen as precipitating out of Hellenistic-era Judaism, and the Daniel apocrypha, which without the Greek Additions were understood to be products of a much later mediaeval Christianity and Judaism. The eﬀects of this assumption, however, have been partially ameliorated by the discovery of the fragmentary Daniel apocrypha preserved at Qumran, which have reminded scholars of the antiquity of the production of apocryphal literature as it is related to the ﬁgure of Daniel and underscored the fact that the relationship among the cycle of Hellenistic-era Daniel tales, the Book of Daniel, and the Daniel apocrypha is neither simple nor strictly linear. Another category of Daniel texts which rarely makes its appearance in the previous research is that of the prognostica, including, most notably, the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis, which were among the most popular non-biblical texts in mediaeval Europe. The fact that their attention to the ﬁgure of Daniel is normally limited to a declarative phrase or sentence in the incipit might account for the fact that these prognostica have been comparatively ignored by scholars of apocryphal texts. In addition, prognostica are as a rule repetitive and formulaic, and do not oﬀer the sort of interesting information concerning the life of the prophet or the course of future-time events that one normally associates with the stories about or visions of Daniel. Furthermore, prognostica traditionally fall within the province of those who study magic, divination and geomancy, astronomy and astrology, medicine, and other such “scientiﬁc” disciplines.102 Not Fascination with Evil (San Francisco, 1994); L.J. Lietaert Peerbolte, The Antecedents of Antichrist: A Traditio-Historical Study of the Earliest Christian Views on Eschatological Opponents ( JSJSup 49; Leiden, 1996); and G.W. Lorein, The Antichrist Theme in the Intertestamental Period ( JSPSup 44; London/New York, 2003). 101 A bankrupt term in any sense. 102 See S.M. Oberhelman, “The Oneirocritical Literature of the Late Roman and Byzantine Eras of Greece: Manuscript Studies, Translations and Commentaries to

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much attention has been devoted to their literary or tradition-historical aspects and consequently they remain comparatively unknown to those who study ancient and mediaeval apocryphal literature. The net result is that the Somniale Danielis and similar texts are usually considered to be little more than generic fortune-telling literature which by chance were attributed to Daniel and which could as easily have been associated with Ezra, Joseph, Solomon, or even non-biblical ﬁgures such as Galen, Merlin, or Alexander. But nothing could be farther from the truth—there are many deﬁnite reasons why texts such as the Somniale and the Lunationes are attributed to Daniel speciﬁcally, reasons whose ultimate source are located in the Book of Daniel. In the scholarly works that list or discuss the full corpus of the post-biblical Daniel literature, the texts are most often organized according to their language of composition rather than by their genre, provenance, date of composition, or religious tradition. The net eﬀect is that such presentations of the Daniel apocrypha inevitably have a vaguely artiﬁcial quality to them. To employ an analogy, it would be as if the history of classical music from Mozart to modern times were strictly segregated along ethnic lines—“German Music,” “Italian Music,” “French Music,” and so on—rather than arranged diachronically, the latter being far more sensitive to cross-cultural inﬂuences and historical circ*mstances. Certain studies, however, will include speciﬁc Daniel apocrypha in the context of a broader survey of the literature of a particular faith, such as the medieval Jewish literature, the Byzantine Christian apocalyptic literature, or the Islamic Arabic writings.103 A further characteristic of the previous research is its tendency to be derivative, which is an unsurprising function of the methodological problems posed by such a wide-ranging and diverse corpus of material. Specialists in the ancient world, for example, will not normally possess a secondary expertise in Islamic, Byzantine, or late western medieval culture, and thus the bulk of the mediaeval apocrypha will fall outside their conceptual horizon. On the other hand, experts in the vulgar literature of the late Middle Ages very likely will know little more than the educated layperson about the Greek Additions or the Qumran material. This problem is especially acute in the realm of apocalyptic eschatology. Scholars familiar with SecondTemple and New Testament eschatological themes and motifs have no real

the Dream-Books of Greece during the First Millennium ad, with Greek and English Catalogues of the Dream-Symbols and with a Discussion of Greek Oneiromancy from Home to Manuel the Palaeologian,” (Diss: Minnesota, 1981). 103 See, e.g., A. Jellinek, çrdmh tyb. Bet ha-Midrasch. Sammlung kleiner Midraschim und vermischter Abhandlungen aus der ältern jüdischen Literatur (6 vols.; 1853–1877 [rep. Jerusalem, 1967]); K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur von Justinian bis zum Ende des oströmischen Reiches (527–1453) (edd. A. Ehrhard and H. Gelzer; HAW 9.1; München, 21897); S.A. Arjomand, “Islamic Apocalypticism in the Classical Period.” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture (ed. B. McGinn; New York, 1996), 238–283; R. Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 13; Princeton, 1997).

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need to consult the apocalypses of the seventh to tenth centuries. Conversely, specialists in Syrian or Byzantine Greek Christianity frequently make conclusions about Jewish and Christian apocalyptic eschatology that are clearly based on a few primary sources and a smattering of the survey secondary literature. With respect to language skills, it is unlikely that many mediaevalists are competent in Aramaic, Armenian, or Coptic, while only a few biblical scholars will be able to read Old English or Arabic. Some of the better-known texts (the Greek Additions, a few of the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses, or the Somniale Danielis) have been the subject of scholarship for centuries, a fair amount of which is one or two hundred years old and generally relatively diﬃcult to locate.104 Other texts, such as the Qumran Daniel apocrypha, the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid or the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam, have only very recently come into the public eye and are relatively unknown outside the conﬁnes of their immediate discipline. In fact, a good many of the apocalyptic texts attributed to Daniel remain unpublished, their existence noted only by a passing reference in a manuscript catalogue. Finally, and most critically, there is much confusion on the level of identiﬁcation of the texts themselves, including the fundamental requirements concerning the isolation of the manuscript evidence for each text. B. The Study of Apocryphal Literature One characteristic of the modern research on apocryphal texts is that works devoted to the literature speciﬁc to one ﬁgure from the Hebrew Bible are not as common as the evidence would warrant. In another essay I have termed such works “cluster” studies, since they examine clusters of texts and traditions attributed to or associated with a particular ﬁgure.105 Although the works of Fabricius, Migne, and Denis and the bibliographic surveys concentrate on such clusters, to one degree or another these are all more in the way of catalogues or rosters of texts than a detailed investigation.106 Ginzberg’s Legends is somewhat of an exception to the rule, but it, too,

104

Especially the pre-Revolution Russian scholarship. DiTommaso, “Pseudepigrapha Research since Charlesworth.” 106 Indeed, rarely addressed are the methodological issues concerning the study of the apocryphal literature associated with a particular biblical ﬁgure or the questions pertaining to what should or should not be included in such a study. A typical example is J. Barton’s ﬁne essay on the post-biblical expressions of the prophet Jeremiah (“Jeremiah in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha,” Troubling Jeremiah (edd. A.R.P. Diamond, et al.; JSOTSup 260; Sheﬃeld, 1993), 306–317). Barton discusses the apocryphal traditions of Jeremiah as a historical ﬁgure, seer, wonder-worker, and eschatological ﬁgure, but one looks in vain for a reconstruction of the postbiblical rationale that lies behind these various trajectories of interpretation. The only indication that there may be a diﬀerence between one stream of this Jeremiahtradition and another is when Barton distinguishes between the material that is closer in content to the Book of Jeremiah and those traditions he calls “free-ﬂoating.” 105

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oﬀers more in the way of synthetic narration than systematic analysis. Far more common are the monographs that track the origins and development of a particular theme throughout the literature.107 G. Vermes’ ground-breaking examination of the post-biblical traditions associated with the patriarch Abraham is one of the ﬁrst post-War studies on biblical apocrypha devoted to a ﬁgure from the Hebrew Bible.108 Vermes labels his approach a “retrogressive historical study,” which he deﬁnes as “a study which takes as its point of departure a comparatively late midrashic compilation with greatly developed traditions, and which determines, by means of the older material, the history and origin of all its constituent elements.”109 The ﬁrst part of his study seeks to understand the story of Abraham in the Sefer ha-Yashar in the light of the origins and development of these “constituent elements,” while the second part is an attempt to identify the haggadic developments of this story as it is expressed in the Qumran fragments of the Genesis Apocryphon and with reference to other SecondTemple literature. The goal of the study is to understand the processes whereby the biblical story about a speciﬁc ﬁgure was altered, emended, or augmented.110 Most importantly, Vermes stresses the way that such later literature is “organically bound” to the biblical text. Whether it seeks to anticipate exegetical questions and “to solve problems in advance”111 or whether it is crafted “to make the biblical story more attractive, more real, more edifying, and above all more intelligible,”112 this literature is, to one degree or another, both a response to and a re-articulation of the biblical antecedent. R.A. Kraft’s article, “‘Ezra’ Materials in Judaism and Christianity,”113 is another early attempt to examine the cluster of what he labels “traditions” and “literature” that are associated with a speciﬁc ﬁgure from the Bible. He concentrates his eﬀorts on the ﬁgure of Ezra the scribe and the way that this ﬁgure was understood and articulated in the biblical and extrabiblical traditions and literature. Throughout his study, Kraft is concerned with the seminal issue, “How did various authors come to grips with the question, ‘Who was Ezra?’.” Since Ezra was considered a historical ﬁgure by these authors, there is a correspondingly strong historiographic ﬂavour 107 Jenks’ Origins and Early Development of the Antichrist Myth (see note 100, supra) and Henze’s The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar (see note 34, supra) are prime recent examples of such scholarship. 108 Vermes, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism, 67–126. 109 Ibid., 67 note 1. 110 It should be remembered that Vermes’ work on these post-biblical interpretations of the ﬁgure and story of Abraham is conducted within the context of his larger concern with the historical development of ancient Jewish exegesis as a whole, and his speciﬁc conclusions (228–229) are limited to the study of Jewish exegesis through the Second Temple and late antique periods. 111 Ibid., 95. 112 Ibid., 125. 113 R. Kraft, “‘Ezra’ Materials in Judaism and Christianity,” ANRW II.19.1 (Berlin/New York, 1979), 119–136.

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to Kraft’s observations and conclusions. At the same time, and similar to the case with Daniel, there arose a host of apocryphal writings associated with Ezra that were concerned with revealing or foretelling the future, although Kraft does not delve into this area too much. More important is the fact that he oﬀers some postulates regarding the origins and development of the transmission of the traditions and literature, suggesting that perhaps, even at the earliest stages, “respective traditions about a priestly Ezra and a prophetic Ezra developed independently.”114 In this observation Kraft foreshadows the conclusion in this study that the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha and the Daniel prognostica developed independently, with each tradition rooted in the biblical presentation of the ﬁgure of Daniel but evolving along a radically diﬀerent trajectory. Another ﬁgure that has been the subject of intensive study is that of Adam, and the primary vehicles by which the fruits of this study have been expressed are the many articles and books on the topic by M.E. Stone and G.A. Anderson.115 The research here is too great and the scope too large to permit anything but a summary statement on it. In a nutshell, these two scholars have thoroughly examined the history of the apocryphal Adam traditions and literature (particularly, in the case of Stone, with respect to the many and various Armenian texts and versions), with an eye to clarifying the complicated history of the transmission of both the texts and the themes. Many other ﬁgures have been the subject of similar attention, including Seth,116 Enoch,117 Balaam,118 Joseph,119 Moses120 and Jeremiah.121 114

Ibid., 134. See, most recently, Stone, A History of the Literature of Adam and Eve (SBLEJL 3; Atlanta, 1992); idem, “The Fall of Satan and Adam’s Penance: Three Notes on The Books of Adam and Eve,” JTS 44 (1993), 143–156; idem [with Anderson], A Synopsis of the Books of Adam and Eve (SBLEJL 5; Atlanta, 1994 [revised, 1999]); idem, Texts and Concordances of the Armenian Adam Literature. Volume 1: Genesis 1–4. Penitence of Adam. Book of Adam (SBLEJL 12; Atlanta, 1996); and idem, A Concordance of the Armenian Apocryphal Adam Books (Hebrew University Armenian Studies 1; Louvain, 2001). See the essays by Stone and Anderson in Literature on Adam and Eve. Collected Essays (edd. G. Anderson, M.E. Stone, and J. Tromp; SVTP 15; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 2000). Note now M.D. Eldridge, Dying Adam with His Multiethnic Family: Understanding the Greek Life of Adam and Eve (SVTP 16; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 2001). 116 A.F.J. Klijn, Seth in Jewish, Christian and Gnostic Literature (NovTSup 46; Leiden, 1977). 117 J.C. VanderKam, Enoch: A Man for All Generations (SPOT; Columbia, SC, 1995), an excellent work that covers the ﬁgure of Enoch in ancient Jewish and Christian literature. 118 J.T. Greene, Balaam and His Interpreters: A Hermeneutical History of the Balaam Traditions (BJS 244; Atlanta, 1992), which attends to the entire range of the Balaam traditions from ancient to modern. 119 M. Niehoﬀ, The Figure of Joseph in Post-Biblical Jewish Literature (AGAJU 16; Leiden/New York/Köln, 1992), but limited to the ﬁgure of Joseph in Philo, Josephus, and the Genesis Rabbah. 120 S.J. Hafemann, “Moses in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha: A Survey,” JSP 7 (1990), 79–104. A modern comprehensive history of the late antique and mediaeval Moses literature has yet to be written. 121 See note 106, supra. 115

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Three more recent studies examining the apocryphal texts and traditions associated with a particular biblical ﬁgure are worth a more detailed exposition. The ﬁrst is The Apocryphal Ezekiel (2000), a slim but densely-packed volume edited by Stone, B.G. Wright, and D. Satran.122 The book is divided into two parts, the ﬁrst concerned with the fragments of the ancient text(s) attributed to Ezekiel, which traditionally has been called the Apocryphon of Ezekiel, and the second devoted to the apocryphal traditions about the prophet. The most remarkable aspect of this book is its wide-ranging and largely inclusive scope, which admits not only the Ezekiel legenda and the Ezekiel pseudepigrapha, but also ancillary information about Ezekiel, such as minor biographical traditions relating to the prophet, brief notices concerning the location of his tomb, and information preserved in graphic form (e.g., the wall-paintings of Dura-Europus). Despite such an inclusive scope, the study is (deliberately) arbitrary to some degree and incomplete in several areas. For example, in the introduction to the book the editors note that some traditions were excluded: the Coptic, Slavonic, and Old Irish Ezekiel materials, the Ezekiel texts preserved in the early forms of the vernacular languages of Western Europe, and both the Islamic and the mediaeval Jewish sources. Moreover, with the exception of the overall thrust in the ﬁrst part of the book to establish the parameters of the Apocryphon of Ezekiel (and perhaps other texts), there is little systematic analysis of the Ezekiel apocrypha as a whole, nor a discussion of the underlying methodology by which texts and traditions were included, excluded, and categorised. The second recent study is P.A. Torijano’s 2002 Solomon the Esoteric King.123 The subject of this volume are the ways in which the ﬁgure of Solomon was understood and articulated in Hebrew Bible and the post-biblical ancient and mediaeval Jewish and Christian literature. Torijano demonstrates that, even as early as the time of the Chronicler, who emphasized certain aspects and downplayed others, the ﬁgure of Solomon the King was molded and reworked to ﬁt speciﬁc needs and expectations. Later, Jewish writers of the Hellenistic period added the dimension of divinely-endowed wisdom to the regal picture, in eﬀect crafting Solomon as the model of the Hellenistic king. Still later, and partly as a result of syncretistic inﬂuences from the Hermetic traditions and rustic astrological speculations (i.e., the same crucible from which would spring the Daniel prognostica), the attribute of divine wisdom was expanded to include the functions of the exorcist, the magicians, and the astrologer. Solomon the Esoteric King is an example of a successful study of the literature revolving around a biblical ﬁgure. Torijano employs nearly the full range of texts attributed to and traditions about 122 (SBLEJL 18; Atlanta, 2000). The volume also includes contributions from T. Bergren, M. Bregman, E. Chazon, L. Hogan, B. Hus, T.M. van Lint, J.E. Wright, and K. Wright. 123 P. Torijano, Solomon the Esoteric King. From King to Magus, Development of a Tradition ( JSJSup 73; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 2002). On the subject of the ﬁgure of Solomon in the Slavonic tradition, which Torijano does not address, see K. Bondar, “King Solomon as Told in Russian Apocryphal Texts,” Tirosh 4 (2000), 154–160 [in Russian].

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Solomon, and is careful to demonstrate thoroughly how the traditions about Solomon in some ways persisted and in other ways were remolded and reworked by later authors and redactors. The third recent work is J.E. Wright’s 2003 Baruch ben Neriah: From Biblical Scribe to Apocalyptic Seer, which traces the way in which the ﬁgure of Baruch moved from scribe to sage to seer in the ancient Jewish and Christian literature.124 Vermes’ study on the post-biblical Abraham texts, Kraft’s article on the Ezra materials, Stone’s work on the Adam literature, and the three aforementioned recent studies all share an approach that is inclusive rather than exclusive, encompassing both texts attributed to and traditions associated with biblical ﬁgures. In addition, they all seek to uncover the links between the post-biblical literature and their biblical referents. The present study very much follows in their path in this respect.

124 J.E. Wright, Baruch ben Neriah: From Biblical Scribe to Apocalyptic Seer (SPOT; Columbia, SC, 2003).

CHAPTER TWO

THE STORY OF DANIEL IN THE BOOK OF DANIEL AND IN THE DANIEL LEGENDA 1. The Story of Daniel and the Book of Daniel In the Hebrew Bible, the story of Daniel the Prophet is told primarily in the ﬁrst six chapters of the Book of Daniel.1 In these chapters Daniel is always addressed in the third person—this is a tale told about the life and times of Daniel, not one that Daniel himself tells.2 The story opens in the third year of Jehoiakim, king of Judah; by modern reckoning, sometime around the end of the sixth century bce.3 Jerusalem has surrendered to the besieging Babylonian armies under their all-powerful monarch, Nebuchadnezzar (MT Dan 1:1). Among the spoils of war that the victorious Babylonians transport

The last six chapters of MT Daniel are overwhelmingly concerned with the substance and interpretation of his apocalyptic visions and contain little personal information about Daniel. The vision in Daniel 7 is set in the second year of the reign of King Belshazzar (7:1), while that of Daniel 8 occurs one year later, adding that at the time Daniel is located at Susa in the province of Elam, beside the canal called Ulai (ylwa) (8:1–2). Daniel 9 is set in the ﬁrst year of the reign of Daniel the Mede (9:1), while the ﬁnal revelation of Daniel 10–12 takes place alongside the River Tigris [see J.J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia; Minneapolis, 1993), 373, on the name of this river] in the third year of the reign of Cyrus the Persian. This near-total lack of personal data is also a characteristic of the Daniel prognostica and the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha, which if they relate some biographic information almost always limit it to notices about the time and place where the vision took place. The two notable exceptions are the ﬁrst-person autobiographies that preface the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet and the Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl. The autobiographical sections of these apocryphal apocalypses will be discussed throughout this chapter. For a discussion of their apocalyptic vision sections, see Chapter Three, §2.5 and §2.14, respectively. 2 There are portions of Daniel 4 where King Nebuchadnezzar communicates the story in the ﬁrst person, but even here Daniel is always referred to in the third person. 3 On the problems associated with the chronology of and the identity of the ﬁgures in Dan 1:1–2, see §3, infra. The principal deportations to Babylon occurred in 597 BCE (2 Kgs 24:14) and 587/586 BCE (2 Kgs 25:11–13); a number of those who remained ﬂed to Egypt sometime around the year 582 BCE after the murder of Gedaliah (2 Kgs 25:25–26; cf. Jer 41:1–15).

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home are gold and silver Temple vessels and a group of young prisoners of royal and noble stock (1:2). The young captives are placed under the stewardship of the chief eunuch of the court, where for three years they will be given food and shelter and trained in the language and literature of their Babylonian masters. The hope is that they will eventually serve the king and his far-ﬂung kingdom in various capacities as functionaries and advisors (1:3–5). Among the deportees are Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, who as part of the process of cultural assimilation are assigned Babylonian names by the chief eunuch of the court. Thus Daniel becomes Belteshazzar,4 and his three companions, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (1:6–7). Despite his immersion into Babylonian court life, the young Daniel remains steadfast to the food restrictions of his heritage and refuses to eat the foreign fare. The oﬃcial responsible for the training and well-being of his noble charges fears punishment should Daniel begin to appear wan and maltreated from a lack of food (1:8–10). Daniel in turn bargains with the oﬃcial, proposing that for ten days he and his companions be given only vegetables and water, after which time the oﬃcial would inspect them and judge accordingly (1:11–13). The oﬃcial agrees, and after the set number of days examines Daniel and his companions. To his surprise, the oﬃcial discovers that they appear markedly healthier than the youths who ate the regular fare.5 As a result, Daniel and his companions henceforth receive vegetables and water only (1:14–16). Three years later, their training now complete, the chief of the eunuchs presents the young captives to King Nebuchadnezzar, where they are admitted into the royal service. God, however, gives them “proﬁciency in all literature and wisdom” and bestows upon Daniel 4

rxaçflb (var. rxç-, rxça-, raxç-): see MT Dan 1:7, 2:26, 4:5, 6, 15, 16, and 5:12. The Greek versions of the Book of Daniel preserve the name Baltãsar and so do not distinguish it from the name of Nebuchadnezzar’s crown prince and heir; cf. Baltãsarow at Josephus, Ant., §189, etc. The discrepancy in the LXX is addressed in, inter alia, the Vita Danielis 4.5, where we are told that Nebuchadnezzar called Daniel “Baltasar” because he wanted to make him joint heir with his children. In reply, Daniel said, “Far be it from me to leave the heritage of my fathers and cleave to the inheritances of the uncircumcised” (translation apud D.R.A. Hare, “The Lives of the Prophets,” The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume II: Expansions of the “Old Testament” and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (New York, 1985), 2.379–399 at 390). 5 These other youths could be non-Jews who are undergoing the same civil-service training, or they could be other Jews who do not follow Daniel’s adherence to his heritage.

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a special “insight into all dreams and visions” (1:17–18).6 As a result, the king soon recognises that Daniel and his companions are “ten times better” than all the wise men in his kingdom, and so honours them and makes them privy to the kingdom’s aﬀairs (1:19–20).7 MT Daniel 2 is set in the second year of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign.8 One night the Babylonian king is visited by a disturbing dream and upon wakening summons his wise men (2:1). The king commands them to tell him the substance of his dream and its interpretation, promising great rewards for success but terrible punishment for failure (2:2–6). The terriﬁed wise men dissemble, beseeching the king to ﬁrst disclose the nature of his dream. Nebuchadnezzar, however, is relentless in his royal purpose and prerogative. He repeats his command, whereupon the wise men confess that no one on earth could possibly do such a thing (2:7–9). Incensed, Nebuchadnezzar issues a royal decree: all the wise men of his kingdom are to be located and thereupon put to death (2:10–12). As wise men, Daniel and his companions fall under the compass of the king’s decree. Daniel learns of the situation at court from the chief executioner, a man named Arioch, and through him gains an audience with the king (2:13–15). After assuring Nebuchadnezzar that he will fulﬁl all the requirements of the royal decree, Daniel returns to his house and with his three companions prays9 to God for assistance (2:16–18). God responds with a vision of the night

6 For more on the nature and extent of this proﬁciency (and on how they were understood in the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and the Daniel prognostica), see Chapter Three, §2, passim, and Chapter Four, §§2 (particularly), 3, 4, and 5. 7 The text could be read as a continuous action, i.e., Nebuchadnezzar tested Daniel and his companions, found them ten times better than his regular wise men, and so honoured them and made them his counsel. To my mind, though, the Hebrew phrase ˚lmh ynpl wdm[yw (“and they stood before the king”) suggests that there is a break in the action and that the God-given proﬁciency of Daniel and his companions only becomes apparent to the king while they functioned in the royal service. Collins translates the phrase “and they were admitted to the king’s service,” which also gives this sense that the movement from training to honoured advisors was a two-stage process (Daniel, 128). The information that Daniel and his companions were not part of the king’s immediate retinue in Daniel 2 (after all, they were not present during the king’s initial summoning of his wise men) is somewhat at odds with the claim in this chapter that Nebuchadnezzar proclaims Daniel and his companions ten times better than the rest of wise men. 8 On the chronological discrepancy between this datum and the claim that Daniel and his companions were trained at court for three years, see §3, infra. 9 The action is implicit.

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(aylylAyd awzjb)10 that reveals the mystery to Daniel, who responds with a short doxology on the goodness and power of God (2:19–23). Daniel returns to Arioch and is re-admitted into the king’s presence (2:24–25),11 where he announces that God has revealed the mystery to him (2:26–28). Daniel tells the king of his dream of a mammoth statue of fearsome appearance: its head was fashioned of ﬁne gold, its breast and arms of silver, its loins and thighs of bronze, its legs of iron, and its feet partly of iron and partly of clay (2:29–33). Suddenly a stone, hewn not by human hands, struck the statue on its composite feet and shattered them. The rest of the statue thereupon crumbled to pieces and the detritus blew away like chaﬀ in the wind, while the stone became a great mountain which ﬁlled the entire earth (2:34–36). The interpretation of the dream, Daniel reveals, is that the giant statue represents a sequence of human kingdoms. The head of ﬁne gold is the mighty king himself, the breast and arms of silver represent the kingdom that is to follow, which is inferior to Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon, the loins and thighs of bronze are a third kingdom, which will rule the entire earth, and the legs of iron are a fourth kingdom, which is as strong as the iron that shatters bronze (2:37–40). The composite feet and toes represent a divided kingdom, partly strong and partly brittle,12 while the stone that struck the feet and became a great mountain is the Kingdom of God that stands at the end of history (2:41–45). The chapter ends with Nebuchadnezzar honouring Daniel and acknowledging the power of his God. The king gives Daniel authority over the province of Babylon and appoints him chief of the wise men. In addition, and at Daniel’s request, the king also promotes Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego to positions of authority (2:46–49). In MT Daniel 3 the focus of the narrative shifts from Daniel to his three companions. Nebuchadnezzar orders a giant golden statue erected and commands that all the people in his kingdom must fall

The Aramaic has the deﬁnite article. The narrative is somewhat choppy at this point. Arioch’s words to Nebuchadnezzar imply that the king has never met Daniel. The name Belteshazzar (instead of Daniel) is used at 2:26. 12 Here and in other places there are discrepancies between what appears in the dream and what is explained in its interpretation. Nothing is said of the toes of the feet in the former, the meaning of which in the interpretation has been taken to refer to dynastic marriages between the Seleucids and Ptolemies or to a more general intermingling of races (see the discussion in Collins, Daniel, 170–171). 11

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to their knees and worship it upon hearing the sound of musical instruments.13 Anyone who disobeyed was to be cast immediately into a ﬁery furnace (3:1–7). Certain Babylonians seize the opportunity to use the king’s decree to their advantage. They inform Nebuchadnezzar that Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego—who are now these important administrators—have disobeyed the royal command and did not fall on their knees and worship the statue at the appointed signal (3:8–12). The angry king summons the three Jews and asks whether the charge is true. They reply in the aﬃrmative, adding that they will never worship the statue and, besides, God will save them should the king follow his own decree and cast them into the ﬁery furnace (3:13–18). Naturally this reply infuriates Nebuchadnezzar. The king instructs several of his soldiers to bind the three men and to cast them into the furnace, which upon his order has been stoked to such a raging ﬁrestorm that the hapless soldiers are themselves consumed by the intense heat and ﬂames while carrying out their sovereign’s order (3:19–23). But when Nebuchadnezzar peers into the door of the furnace, he sees an amazing sight. There, walking unbound in the midst of the conﬂagration were Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, plus a fourth man, who is like an angel (ˆyhlaArbl, literally “like a son of the gods”)14 (3:24–25). The king commands the three Jews to exit the furnace. They obey, and the king and all his counselors are amazed to ﬁnd that not a hair or an item of clothing of theirs has been singed (3:26–27). Nebuchadnezzar blesses the God of the three Jews, announcing that henceforth no one will be allowed to blaspheme this God, and once again promotes Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (3:28–30). The focus returns to Daniel in chapter 4, the beginning and end portions of which are in the form of a ﬁrst-person epistle addressed from King Nebuchadnezzar to all his subjects. The epistle begins with an address formulation and a short doxology (3:31–33),15 after which the king tells his strange tale. He was in his palace when he 13 The date is not speciﬁed, but the statement that the three Jews are in positions of authority (3:12) presupposes the notice that they were put in such a position (2:49). 14 The perspective is Nebuchadnezzar’s. 15 The MT story of Nebuchadnezzar and his dream of the great tree actually begins at 3:31–33, but for the sake of convenience I identify it with Dan 4.

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had a frightful dream (4:1–2). Summoning his wise men, he found none of them could interpret it (4:3–4). At that point Daniel arrived and so Nebuchadnezzar related the contents of his dream to him in the hope that the one who had in him the spirit of the holy gods (ˆyçydq ˆyhla jwr)16 could reveal the mystery (4:5–6). He had seen a tree, Nebuchadnezzar recounted to Daniel, a tree that stood great and tall, with beautiful foliage and bountiful fruit. Suddenly a Watcher (ry[) had appeared and had proclaimed that the tree would be cut down, its foliage stripped bare, and its fruit scattered. The root, however, would remain intact. The Watcher had also announced that the beast17 would henceforth be fettered among the wild grasses that were his feed and under the dew of heaven, his heart having been changed from a man’s for a period of seven years (4:7–14). This was the king’s dream, and he ordered Daniel to interpret its meaning (4:15). At this point the narrative voice of the story changes to the third person. Daniel ponders the dream for a while, clearly disturbed by its meaning, but the king prompts him to reveal the interpretation, regardless of whether it foretells good or ill (4:16). Daniel reluctantly explains that the tree which stands great and tall is none other than Nebuchadnezzar himself, who will be driven from human society and for seven years be made to live like a wild beast, eating grass and living without shelter (4:17–22a). The reason for the radical change in fortune is to strip the king of his arrogant belief that he, and not God, is the responsible for his success as king. God is in complete control of the processes of history—he alone decides which kingdoms rise and which ones fall. Daniel concludes by suggesting that the king postpone the inevitable by almsgiving and by showing mercy to the poor (4:22b–24).18

16 Again, the plural “gods” is understandable because the perspective is Nebuchadnezzar’s. 17 The abrupt change from tree imagery to beast imagery is one of the more perplexing aspects of Daniel 4. 18 These two and half verses are loaded with problems and meanings. I have suggested that the core cause of Nebuchadnezzar’s punishment is his unwillingness to accept God’s hand in his kingdom’s success, which harkens back to the way that the great and tall tree has lush foliage and much fruit (4:17–18) and anticipates the king’s comments regarding his role in causing his kingdom to prosper (4:27). In my opinion, this is an example of the distinction made in the ﬁnal form of MT Daniel between, on the one hand, the relationship between God and individuals, wherein faith is rewarded and the element of free will remains eﬃcacious and, on the other

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One year later Nebuchadnezzar is walking in his palace and musing aloud on how he alone has caused his capital and kingdom to become exceedingly mighty (4:25–27). No sooner are the words from his mouth than a voice calls down from heaven. The voice informs him that the kingdom will pass from him and that for the next seven years he will live apart from human society like a beast of the ﬁeld. Then all that which Daniel had interpreted from the king’s dream comes to pass, even to the point where the king’s hair and nails grew long, like an animal’s (4:28–30). The narrative voice reverts to the ﬁrst person with the return of the epistolary form in verse 31. Nebuchadnezzar relates that after he regained his senses after the allotted seven years, he praised the power of God and acknowledged his complete dominion over earthly aﬀairs. His kingdom was then returned to him, his splendour and majesty were restored, and his counselors and nobles again sought him out (4:31–33). The epistle and the chapter terminate with another doxological statement (4:34). MT Daniel chapter 5 takes place in the years after the death of King Nebuchadnezzar. Babylon is now ruled by his son, Belshazzar. The tale is set at a great banquet which Belshazzar is giving for his nobles and harem (5:1). The king, ﬂush with wine, rashly orders that the Temple vessels of silver and gold—which had been part of his father’s spoils of war—be retrieved from storage and brought to the banquet. There the king and his nobles, consorts, and concubines drink wine from the sacred vessels, all the while toasting the idols of their own gods (5:2–4). All of a sudden a disembodied hand materialises out of thin air and writes several words on the wall of the palace before disappearing. Belshazzar is so terriﬁed at the sight that his knees literally began to knock together (5:5–6). He calls for his wise men, but none of them is able to read the writing,19 much less decipher its meaning, hand, the relationship between God and world history, which is comparatively more deterministic. The nature of the former relationship is implicit throughout the court tales of Daniel 1–6 and explicit here in Daniel 4 and at 11:40–45; that of the latter relationship is clear from Daniel 2, 4, and 7–12, with the contrast clearly drawn between it and the Deuteronomic theology of history at Daniel 9. On Daniel chapter 9 and the Danielic theology of history in general, see L. DiTommaso, “4QPseudoDaniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244) and the Book of Daniel,” DSD [forthcoming]. 19 The writing on the wall is, presumably, in the archaic, palaeo-Hebrew script, which of course none of the Babylonian wise men would have been able to read. On the possibility of polylinguism—within the conceptual context of the Book, of

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and the king is profoundly disturbed (5:7–9). The Queen enters the banquet hall and suggests that her husband summon the one named Belteshazzar. This man, the queen explains, is knowledgeable and has the spirit of the holy gods (ˆyçydq ˆyhla jwr)20 in him. Moreover, he is reputed to be able to interpret dreams and reveal mysteries and was the one whom Belshazzar’s own father once appointed chief of all the wise men of the kingdom (5:10–12a). Daniel is duly summoned and his identity conﬁrmed. The king then explains his problem and promises honour and high authority—the chance to be one of only three men who oversee the entire kingdom—if Daniel is able to solve the mystery (5:12b–16). Daniel replies that he does not want the gifts, but will still read the writing and make its interpretation known (5:17). Before he does this, however, he explains to the king the reason for the writing: unlike his father, Nebuchadnezzar, who humbled himself before God after having been forced for seven years to live like a wild beast and apart from human society, King Belshazzar has never humbled his heart, but rather has exalted himself against God, drinking with his nobles and concubines from the Temple vessels and toasting lifeless idols (5:18–23). For this reason, Daniel reveals, the mysterious hand appeared and wrote the words mînè, mînè, tîkèl, ûparsîn (lqt anm anm ˆysrpw) on the wall (5:24): mînè —God has numbered your kingdom and brought it to an end; tîqèl—you have been weighed on the scales and found wanting; pîrès—your kingdom is now divided and given to the Medes and the Persians (5:25–28).21 course—recall that if the author of the ﬁnal form of MT Daniel felt that Daniel and his three companions needed to be educated in the language and literature of the most important power in the region (Dan 1), it is very unlikely that the Babylonian wise men would have known of the script of what must have been a second-rate kingdom like Judah. That post-exilic Jews would have actually known of and been able to write the palaeo-Hebrew script is conﬁrmed by its use in a few Dead Sea Scrolls, wherein the divine name is written in it. Most interestingly, one such example is 4Q243, one of the fragmentary Aramaic Daniel texts found at Qumran (see the previous note). On the use of palaeo-Hebrew at Qumran, see K.A. Mathews, “The Background of the Paleo-Hebrew Texts at Qumran,” The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth (edd. C. Meyers and M. O’Connor; Winona Lake, 1983), 549–568. The mediaeval Chronicles of Jerahmeel oﬀers the wonderfully anachronistic explanation that while the letters were written in Hebrew characters, the writing was Aramaic (§67.3). 20 The perspective is the Queen’s. Again (cf. 3:25 and 4:6), the explanation is presumably meant as one that would be given by a polytheistic Babylonian. 21 This brief synopsis smooths over several diﬃculties in the text and between this text and the text in the other witnesses. See Collins, Daniel, 250–252.

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Despite this dire warning and Daniel’s initial refusal to accept a reward, King Belshazzar fulﬁls his royal promise, honouring Daniel and promoting him to the high position. That very night Belshazzar is killed, and the Babylonian kingdom passes into the hands of Darius the Mede (5:29–30; 6:1).22 In MT Daniel chapter 6, the new king, Darius, restructures the Babylonian governmental apparatus, appointing 120 satraps and three principal administrators. Daniel is one of the three, and by virtue of his distinguished record and exceptional spirit is soon singled out by the king to become the chief minister of the entire kingdom (6:2–4). As usual, the native Babylonians are jealous of this Jew. Unable to fault Daniel as an administrator, they seek to attack him indirectly, through his religion (6:5–6). The Babylonians approach King Darius and encourage him to pass a law stating that whoever supplicates a god or human for the next thirty days will be thrown into a den of lions (6:7–10). Daniel knows that this new law is in eﬀect, but nevertheless goes to his house and prays to God, making supplication before Him. His enemies, waiting to spring their trap, witness this and speedily return to report their news to Darius. They ﬁrst ask the king to conﬁrm his law and then, triumphantly, inform him that Daniel has transgressed it (6:11–14). Darius is upset and seeks to exonerate Daniel, but the Babylonians remind the king of the letter of the law and Darius reluctantly compels himself to enforce it (6:15–16). Darius commands that Daniel be cast into the lions’ den, but before the stone is placed over its opening and the exit sealed, the worried king assures Daniel that his God will save him (6:17–18). Darius returns to his palace and spends a sleepless night there, alone and in fasting. As soon as the dawn breaks, the king rushes back to the lions’ den and calls down to Daniel, asking him if his God had been able to save him from the great cats (6:19–21). Daniel answers from the den and tells the king that God had sent an angel to shut the mouths of the lions. Darius is overjoyed and orders Daniel removed from the den, and he is examined and found unmarked. Then Darius orders all Daniel’s slanderers cast into the den with their wives and children, whereupon they are promptly devoured by

22 The MT story of Belshazzar’s feast and the hand-writing on the wall actually ends at 6:1, but for the sake of convenience I identify it with Dan 5.

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the ravenous beasts (6:22–25). The chapter concludes with a brief epistle from King Darius to his subject peoples that they should tremble and fear the God of Daniel, and a note that Daniel prospered in the reign of Darius the Mede and in the reign of Cyrus the Persian (6:26–28). Although each chapter of MT Daniel 1–6 is a self-contained tale, the narrative across the six chapters as a whole is linked by multiple editorial devices which betray the redactive nature of the ﬁnal form of the Book and which are identiﬁed by their unifying function and consistent editorial design.23 The most important of these devices was the imposition of a chronological framework into which the narrative was situated. Short introductions to every episode in the Book inform the reader precisely when and where the action occurs. In this way—and allowing for the fact that two languages were involved, that two radically diﬀerent genres had to be integrated, and that the author/redactor of the Book worked with a combination of received and original material—a collection of tales involving the ﬁgure of Daniel became a sustained, coherent narrative about him.24 The patently redactive nature of the ﬁnal form of MT Daniel also reminds us that the Book was part of a broad cycle of Hellenisticera Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek writings attributed to or associated with Daniel. Some of these writings circulated in more than one version or are preserved in reworked forms and/or in a language that might not have been original. The tales of Susanna and of Bel and the Dragon, for example, which although might be ver-

The recurring reference to Daniel’s Babylonian name, Belteshazzar, the appearance of which in the narrative seems awkward and contrived, suggesting a deliberate harmonisation of multiple story-complexes, including one whose protagonist was this Belteshazzar. Other indications of the redactive hand are the anticipatory notations such as the remark that Belshazzar appointed Daniel to one of the three top posts in the kingdom (5:29), which adumbrates Daniel’s position within the administrative structure under Darius in Daniel 6, and the note that Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were promoted to high positions in the province of Babylon (2:49), which sets the scene for the action of Daniel 3. See also §2, infra, on Daniel 1. 24 To my mind, the most convincing model of the composition of MT Daniel is the one which has been proposed by J.J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), 24–38, and most recently accepted by E. Ulrich, “From Literature to Scripture: Reﬂections on the Growth of a Text’s Authoritativeness,” DSD 10 (2003), 3–25. For a slightly diﬀerent view, see R.G. Kratz, “The Visions of Daniel,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden: Brill, 2001), 91–113. The composition of the Book of Daniel is a subject to which I will return in a future study.

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sions of older, Semitic stories,25 are not found in MT Daniel but rather in the Greek witnesses to the Book of Daniel26 and its translations, particularly the Latin.27 Other writings, such as the Aramaic Prayer of Nabonidus, preserve older or variant forms of tales that were eventually included in diﬀerent versions in MT Daniel and the Greek Bibles, a fact which is underscored by the multiple diﬀerences between the Aramaic and Greek texts at Daniel 4–6.28 There are also several highly fragmentary Aramaic Dead Sea scrolls which mention the ﬁgure of Daniel or whose themes and vocabulary reﬂect those of the MT Book but which were never included in either the Hebrew or the Greek Bibles. My point is that MT Daniel simply represents one stage—albeit the most important stage —of an ongoing and frequently overlapping dynamic process wherein the story of Daniel was told and, in the telling, employed as a vehicle to relate various messages.29 Underscoring this point are two seemingly contradictory ideas. On the one hand, the “story of Daniel” was never completely stable or monolithic. It did not exist in an ideal form relative to which all the ancient and mediaeval expressions of it were merely imperfect copies or versions. Nor can we say that MT Daniel 1–6 ever functioned as this ideal form, since it was itself the precipitate result of a long history of redaction that was eﬀected in the context of i)

25 The story of Susanna is a case in point here. On the argument for a Semitic original, see C.A. Moore, Daniel, Esther, and Jeremiah (AB 44; Garden City: Doubleday, 1977), 81–84. 26 As R.T. McLay reminds us, the MT and LXX must be understood to be witnesses to the Hebrew Bible (The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research (Grand Rapids/Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2003), 7). 27 On the Greek Additions, see Chapter One, notes 20 and 21. 28 K. Koch, “Stages in the Canonization of the Book of Daniel,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden: Brill, 2001), 421–446 at 426. For their part, the eight fragmentary Dead Sea copies of Daniel “reveal no major disagreements against the Masoretic text” (Flint, “The Daniel Tradition at Qumran,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden: Brill, 2001), 329–367 at 331). Because the ﬁnal form of MT Daniel is separated from OG Daniel by perhaps only two or three short generations, it is entirely proper to speak of these two witnesses as being products of the same era (so L.F. Hartman and A.A. DiLella, The Book of Daniel (AB 23; Garden City: Doubleday, 1978), 78). yÄ Daniel was produced perhaps ﬁfty or a hundred years after this time, but, as Collins notes, it, too, must be dated before the end of the ﬁrst century bce (Daniel, 11). 29 This is not to say that the tellings and re-tellings of the Daniel story possess no entertainment value (n.b. §5, infra). But they are neither ﬁction nor folktale.

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older traditions involving the ﬁgure of “Danel”30 and, more importantly, ii) this constellated heaven of a roughly contemporary, Hellenisticera cycle of Daniel texts. On the other hand, the swift acceptance of MT Daniel as authoritative31 eﬀectively ﬁxed the narrative structure, the character of the ﬁgure of Daniel, and a good proportion of the elements of the story. The fact that this acceptance neither rendered all the elements of the story inviolate nor suppressed the dynamic process by which the story was continually told and retold32 is seen most clearly in the form of LXX Daniel, which in turn ﬁxed a slightly diﬀerent version of the story.33 But the framework of the form and content of the Daniel story was established by the authoritative status of MT and LXX Daniel in a way it never had before. All post-biblical renditions of the Daniel story are in a sense retellings of the biblical version, regardless of their degree of drift from it. In a nutshell, the process by which the story of Daniel was told and retold is characterised by a dynamic aspect and by a static aspect. The relationship between the Book of Daniel and the postbiblical Daniel legenda,34 which is the subject of this chapter, is entirely a function of this process.

30 Ezek 14:14, 20; 1 Enoch 6.7, 69.2; Jub 4.20. N.b. the ﬁgure of Danel in ancient Ugaritic mythology; cf. J. Day, “The Daniel of Ugarit and Ezekiel and the Hero of the Book of Daniel,” VT 30 (1980), 174–184. 31 This is implied by, among other things, the c. 100 BCE date of the OG Book of Daniel, the seemingly authoritative status of the ﬁgure of Daniel at Qumran, and the fact that Daniel and his three companions are included in the list of Jewish heroes at 1 Macc 2:59–60 (also c. 100 BCE) but not in the earlier list (c. 180 BCE) at Ben Sira 44–49. See E. Ulrich, “From Literature to Scripture: Reﬂections on the Growth of a Text’s Authoritativeness,” DSD 10 (2003), 3–25, esp. 6 note 5, where he states his preference for the term “authoritative” in place of “canonical” regarding collections of Scripture in the second century BCE. 32 Nor did it interfere with the production of other, non-narrative literature attributed to Daniel but which did not tell the story of Daniel, such as the apocryphal apocalypses and the prognostica. 33 Hence, LXX Daniel is in one sense part of the Daniel legenda in that the OG and yÄ witnesses to the text were composed in the light of the MT Book and obviously incorporated material foreign to it, but in another sense biblical in that both MT and LXX Daniel formed this authoritative text from which the many later Daniel legenda took their inspiration (n.b., esp., the popularity of the story of Susanna in the Middle Ages; see notes 87 and 152, infra). 34 The use of the term “legenda” serves multiple purposes. First, it reinforces the idea that all the court tales (biblical and post-biblical) are in a sense “court legends” and are primarily aimed at ediﬁcation and concerned with the wonderful (see the discussion in Collins, Daniel, 44–45). At the same time, however, I wanted to

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The labels “Biblical Midrash” and “Rewritten Bible” are frequently used to describe the genre of literature of which the Daniel legenda are a part. G. Vermes deﬁnes the former as “a narrative that follows Scripture but includes a substantial development of supplements and interpretative developments,”35 while G.J. Brooke identiﬁes the latter as “any representation of an authoritative scriptural text that implicitly incorporates interpretative elements, large or small, in the retelling itself.”36 Although both deﬁnitions are perfectly appropriate as broad descriptions, neither is free from diﬃculty. The use of the term “Biblical Midrash,” in particular, may imply a type of formal interpretative approach which is inappropriate in the case of mediaeval Christian or Islamic Daniel legenda, and for this reason I prefer the label “Rewritten Bible.” Both deﬁnitions also fail in contexts where the authority of the scriptural referent is in question, since both presuppose that the midrash or rewritten text was informed by and thus composed after its scriptural referent. The dilemma is obvious when we consider a text such the aforementioned Prayer of Nabonidus, which if it truly predates the ﬁnal form of MT Daniel cannot be considered either a midrash on or a rewriting of MT Daniel 4. That being said, however, the bulk of the Daniel legenda is of a late enough date to assume the unambiguous precedence and thus the authority of its scriptural referent.37 There is also the matter of the degree to which any post-biblical text may deviate from its biblical antecedent and still be considered within the compass of the genre (whatever term is preferred). Some scholars favour a comparatively narrow interpretation which covers only those writings whose narratives closely follow the biblical story, such as Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities, the Liber antiquitatum biblicarum of Pseudo-Philo, or Jubilees.38 Other authorities prefer a more expansive

highlight the diﬀerences between the legenda and the Book of Daniel, diﬀerences which are a function of their unique relationship which, as I will outline below, exhibits both these static and dynamic aspects. Both the Book of Daniel and the Daniel legenda are articulations of the story of Daniel, but the latter were also composed in the light of the former, and so in this respect are legends about the biblical Daniel that have been told and told again. 35 G. Vermes, “Biblical Midrash,” The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (edd. G. Vermes, et alii; Edinburgh, 1986), 3.308–341 at 326. 36 G.J. Brooke, “Rewritten Bible,” Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (edd. L.H. Schiﬀman and J.C. VanderKam; Oxford, 2000), 777–781 at 777. 37 This true also of the vast majority of biblical apocrypha in general. 38 P.A. Alexander, “Retelling the Old Testament,” It Is Written: Scripture Citing

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deﬁnition which embraces literature associated with a biblical ﬁgure or setting but which is not as closely tied to the details of the biblical story.39 Such distinctions have not been lost upon scholars. J.H. Charlesworth, for example, divides the texts in the second volume of his Old Testament Pseudepigrapha into two categories, “Expansions of the ‘Old Testament’” and “Legends.” The former is essentially what we have deﬁned as “Rewritten Bible,” while the latter refers to texts such as the Letter of Aristeas, which do not focus on a biblical narrative as such, but which are located in a biblical setting or are otherwise peripherally related to biblical events.40 G.W.E. Nickelsburg highlights the distinction in a similar fashion. His category, “The Bible Rewritten and Expanded,” contains texts that are “closely related to the biblical texts, often expanding, paraphrasing, and implicitly commenting on them.” In contrast, his category, “Stories of Biblical and Early Post-Biblical Times,” is deﬁned as “an older type of narrative, which is only loosely connected with biblical traditions about Israel’s past. Often this connection involves little more than the historical setting . . . and some ﬁgure(s) from the past.”41 With respect to the Daniel apocrypha speciﬁcally, Nickelsburg includes the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three in the former category and Daniel chapters 1–6, the Prayer of Nabonidus, and the tales of Susanna and Bel and the Dragon in the latter. Yet the Daniel legenda tend to resist such simple classiﬁcations, and in fact demonstrate a far wider diversity of form, content, presentation, and degree to which they reﬂect the biblical text than such classiﬁcations would connote. Some legenda are autonomous units (e.g., the Aramaic Dead Sea text 4Q243/244 and the Latin Ludus Danielis), others preface longer works attributed to Daniel (the Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl ), while still others are embedded in Scripture. Essays in Honour of Barnabas Lindars, SSF (edd. D.A. Carson and H.G.M. Williamson; Cambridge, 1988), 99–121. 39 Vermes, “Biblical Midrash”; Brooke, “Rewritten Bible.” 40 J.H. Charlesworth (ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume II: Expansions of the “Old Testament” and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (New York, 1985), 5. 41 G.W.E. Nickelsburg, “Stories of Biblical and Early Post-Biblical Times” and “The Bible Rewritten and Expanded,” Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period. Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Qumran Sectarian Writings, Philo, Josephus (ed. M.E. Stone; CRINT 2.2; Assen/Philadelphia, 1984), 33–87 and 89–156 [quotations are from page 33].

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thematic texts that are only partly devoted to his story (the Mors Danielis in the Irish Deaths of the Chief Prophets). Although many Daniel legenda closely follow the biblical story of Daniel, some, such as Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities, cover most or all the material in the court tales,42 while others focus on discrete chapters only, such as the Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets, which concentrates on Daniel 4, the retelling of the Daniel story in the Chronicle of John Malalas, which retells Daniel 5 and 6, or the brief section devoted to Daniel in the Byzantine Greek Palaea historica,43 which covers Daniel 6. Some Daniel legenda are greatly ampliﬁed renditions of speciﬁc episodes from the biblical story. The Greek Prayer of Azarias and the Old English Daniel are representative of the type, with the latter going so far as to make the ﬁgure of King Nebuchadnezzar the focus of the poetic retelling of the court tales and relegating Daniel to the status of spelboda, “the oﬃcial interpreter of God’s ways to Nebuchadnezzar.”44 Other legenda preserve sections where the biblical story is instead radically truncated or condensed. The Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet §§2–4 is a ﬁne example here, as is possibly the Sogdian Daniel fragment.45 Some Daniel legenda recount episodes which extend well beyond the chronological horizon of the biblical story (the Mors Danielis in the Armenian Names, Works, and Deaths of the Holy Prophets), while others only peripherally involve Daniel (Susanna) or are connected to the Daniel story merely through a common setting or character (the Prayer of Nabonidus). In sum, however useful they might be with respect to classifying the cycle of early, Hellenistic-era Daniel texts, two-category taxonomies are too simplistic where the object of scrutiny is the full range of the corpus of the Daniel legenda. Because the legenda may be classiﬁed on the basis of so many diﬀerent variables—size, content, or degree of drift from the biblical text—any taxonomy based on a single variable seems fundamentally arbitrary. Similarly, the argument that a relationship exists between the form of a text and the period in which it was composed ( pace Nickelsburg) does not apply beyond the very limited chronological context of these Hellenistic 42

In the case of Josephus, part of MT Daniel 8 is also addressed. The text is also extant in a Slavonic version. 44 G.D. Caie, “The Old English Daniel: A Warning against Pride,” English Studies 59 (1978), 1–9 at 2. 45 See the Inventory of Chapter Six, the Excursus on “Sundry Persian Daniel Apocrypha,” no. 1: “The Daniel Story in the Sogdian Tradition.” 43

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texts. In addition, I am unsure whether any such categorisation would be anything more than an artiﬁcial imposition on the evidence, and all the more so because these texts can and do appear in so many diﬀerent formats. As a result, I prefer to label both the Daniel texts in Nickelsberg’s two categories and the post-biblical retellings of the Daniel story simply as “legenda,” with the restriction that they must be narrative in form.46 Accordingly, the Daniel legenda may be deﬁned as belonging to the genre of Rewritten Bible and may be said to include any sustained,47 narrative48 non-biblical text that retells, reworks, or augments the story of Daniel, primarily but not exclusively in the light of its authoritative expression in the Book of Daniel. The subject of this chapter is the relationship between the Book of Daniel and the post-biblical Daniel legenda of antiquity and the early mediaeval period, a relationship which, as I mentioned, is a function of the ongoing, dynamic process by which the story of Daniel was told and retold. The format of this chapter, however, is unlike that of Chapters Three and Four, where in addition to addressing the thematic issues pertaining to the apocalypses and prognostica as a group (including their correspondence with the biblical Book of Daniel) we discuss each text separately. The legenda are too diverse and unrelated to be examined in this fashion, and, as we have seen, cannot be understood categorically in anything but the most general

46 The category “Rewritten Bible” should include all the narrative legenda which recount the biblical story, whether in whole or in part, from the time of Adam to the post-exilic period of Ezra and Nehemiah, and which do so regardless of the degree to which the individual texts deviate from this story. But what of the nonnarrative apocrypha, such as rewritten Pentateuchal laws (e.g., the Temple Scroll ) or of extra-biblical psalms and hymns (e.g., the Hodayot or the Psalms of Solomon)? Such literature reﬂects the biblical form and might even draw from or refer to their biblical antecedents but plainly represents new texts by any measure of the term. Can the Temple Scroll realistically be considered “Rewritten Bible” (as it is in Brooke, “Rewritten Bible,” 779) or is it more appropriate to state that its author(s) drew copiously on biblical antecedents to formulate a new Torah? This is the same diﬃculty we encounter with the Daniel prognostica and the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, neither of which should be called (for example) “Biblical Midrash” or “Rewritten Bible” since neither is a midrash on or rewrites anything. 47 A ﬂuid adjective to be sure, but I mean to make a broad distinction between a snippet of tradition concerning the Daniel story (e.g., inter alia, the brief reference to Daniel in the lions’ den in the Questions of Ezra, Recension A 40) and a sustained episode or story about Daniel. 48 I include the Ludus Danielis in this category, since although it is a mystery play it does retell (and augment) the biblical story of Daniel and follows a narrative form.

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sense—i.e., they all in some fashion retell the story of Daniel. In addition, the Book of Daniel was the subject of ancient and mediaeval commentaries49 and also formed the basis for numerous works of art,50 while the ﬁgures of Susanna (especially) and the three companions of Daniel were themselves the subject of mediaeval legenda.51 In their own way, these commentaries, works of art, and Additional legenda are as much a part of the process of the telling and retelling of the story of Daniel as the Daniel legenda themselves, and any study that seeks to recount the fullness of the expressions of this story in post-biblical times must necessarily include them.52 In light of such restrictions and limitations, our goal in this chapter is not to identify and evaluate every instance where a post-biblical text reworks, deviates from, or adds to the biblical story of Daniel,53

49 The most important commentaries on the Book of Daniel are those of Hippolytus of Rome, Origen, Ephraem Syrus, Aphraates, John Chrystostom (perhaps spurious), Theodoret, Polychronius, Jerome, Jepheth ibn Ali, Rashi, (Pseudo-) Saadia, Abraham ibn Ezra, Gersonides, Isaac Abrabanel, and Joseph ibn Yahya ( pace J. Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel: A Study of Comparative Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the Hebrew Bible (CBQMS 7; Washington, 1978)). On the mediaeval Jewish commentaries see A.-F. Gallé, Daniel avec commentaires de R. Saadia, Aben-Ezra, Raschi, etc., et variantes des versions arabe et syriaque (Paris, 1900). These Christian and Jewish commentaries generally contain important explanations and explications of the Biblical text, many of which are paralleled in the material in the legenda. Note also, however, the mediaeval Christian postilla on the Book of Daniel, including those by Richard of St.-Victor and Nicholas of Lyra. On Christian interpretations of elements of the Book of Daniel, see also note 53, infra. 50 Particularly the iconography and the illuminated manuscripts; e.g., in the Romanesque period, Daniel, unlike the other prophets, was very often illustrated as holding a book, having a globe for a seat, making a curious ﬂat-handed gesture, and sporting a beard, the last despite the tradition that he was youthful (R.B. Green, “Daniel in the Lions’ Den as an Example of Romanesque Typology,” (Diss: Chicago, 1948), 51–52). The book presumably refers to his own book; after all, Daniel 7–12 are a ﬁrst-person account. The globe may call to mind the theme of the translatio imperii. 51 See the Inventory of Chapter Six. 52 It must be admitted that any comment on (or change to) a text, however minor, represents a reworking of that text, however insigniﬁcant. Of course, this logic quickly leads to a reductio ad absurdum situation, where even the fundamental act of physically copying the text may be considered a rewriting of it. This view takes into account the eﬀect of the font on the reader (consider Arabic, which has a “royal” font for certain types of texts) and the physical dimensions of the texts (consider the products of the Kelmscott Press). 53 Nor is it to discuss the post-biblical interpretations of the meaning/identiﬁcation of certain elements in the Book of Daniel (e.g., the “seventy years” of MT Daniel 9 or the ﬁgure of the Son of Man). For excellent overviews of the Danielic Son of Man traditions in post-biblical literature, see Collins, “The History of Interpretation. A. The Jewish Tradition,” in idem, Daniel, 72–89, esp. 79–82, and A. Yarbro Collins,

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but rather to describe the broad contours of the relationship. Despite these strictures, what will become clear, I believe, is that while every expression of the Daniel story was composed or redacted for its own distinct purposes, the post-biblical legenda consistently exhibit the same concerns with the story that we ﬁnd in Book of Daniel. The legenda, for example, are concerned with ﬁlling in the gaps in the life and times of Daniel, particularly regarding his early years and his last days, death, and burial. They are also intensely concerned with issues related to the chronology of the story and thus with the identiﬁcation of the various foreign rulers and the records of their reigns, since these elements are the vehicles by which the chronology is established. What is more, the reasons the various legenda have for addressing these concerns, inasmuch as they may be deduced from the evidence, often reﬂect long-standing concerns whose origins are in the biblical story itself. A ﬁnal point: even a cursory summary of some of the main themes and elements in the post-biblical Daniel legenda demonstrates that more work is still needed, particularly regarding the task of tracing the trajectories of these themes and elements through the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions of late antiquity and the mediaeval period, including, as noted, the commentaries, works of art, and later legenda. This point cannot be stressed enough. Outside B. Fischer’s study of Daniel and his three companions in rabbinic traditions54 and L. Ginzberg’s classic Legends of the Jews,55 only a few scholarly works examine any of the Daniel legenda in the broader context of their history of ideas beyond the identiﬁcation of ultimate biblical

“The History of Interpretation. B. The Christian Tradition,” 90–123, passim. Note also M. Casey, Son of Man: The Interpretation and Inﬂuence of Daniel 7 (London, 1979). On certain aspects of the patristic and early mediaeval interpretations of the Book of Daniel, see G. Podskalsky, Byzantinische Reichseschatologie. Die Periodisierung der Weltgeschichte in den vier Grossreichen (Daniel 2 und 7) und dem Tausenjährigen Friedensreiche (Apok. 20) (Münchener Universitäts-Schriften 9; München, 1972); R. Bodenmann, Naissance d’une exégèse. Daniel dans l’église ancienne des trois premiers siècles (BGBE 28; Tübingen, 1986); and P.F. Beatrice, “Pagans and Christians on the Book of Daniel,” Studia Patristica XXV: Papers Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 1991. Biblica et apocrypha, orientalia, ascetica (Leuven, 1993), 27–45. 54 B. Fischer, “Daniel und seine drei Gefährten in Talmud und Midrasch. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Legenden über die Personen des Alten Testaments in der haggadischen Literatur” (Diss: Bern, 1906). 55 L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews (trans. H. Szold and P. Radin; 6 vols.; Philadelphia, 1909–1938; rep. Baltimore/London, 1998; index (vol. 7) by B. Cohen).

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antecedents.56 Indeed, on the basis of recent commentaries on and translations of various Daniel apocrypha, one might conclude that many of the post-biblical expressions of the story of Daniel were written in a vacuum. But such a conclusion would be erroneous, and the task of isolating the various strata and tracing their trajectories through the ancient and mediaeval worlds remains a desideratum. 2. The Young Daniel One of the most enduring concerns in the Daniel literature is the subject of Daniel’s youth: his birth, lineage, and life before he became the trusted court advisor and dream interpreter to Nebuchadnezzar. In many ways MT Daniel 1 represents the ﬁrst attempt to address this concern. The chapter is an entirely manufactured introduction to the court-tale setting of chapters 2–6 and exhibits several important integrative elements:57 it introduces the reader to Daniel and his three companions; it establishes the administrative/court setting in which the subsequent tales occur;58 and it ﬁxes the dramatic tension of the ﬁve subsequent chapters in the terms of the conﬂict between royal prerogative and divine power. Moreover, Daniel 1 anchors the entire chronology of the Book, particularly with its reference to King Cyrus at 1:21.59 Beyond all this, however, it answers the basic question behind the court tales of the ﬁve chapters that follow, namely, from where did Daniel come and how did he ﬁnd himself in Babylon as this valued Jewish wise man to foreign kings?

56 A notable example to the contrary is R. Kraft’s brief but rich essay, “Daniel Outside the Traditional Jewish Canon” (http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/rak/courses/735/ Parabiblical/jamesdan.htm—keeping in mind the fundamentally ethereal nature of web addresses). Even Ginzberg’s magniﬁcent work needs sorting out; as Kraft remarks, the presentation of the Daniel material in the Legends “needs to be separated out into its various strata and streams . . .” 57 Collins, Daniel, 146. 58 Including providing Daniel with an education, a critical component in his later comparison with the Babylonian wise men; see Chapter Four, note 69. 59 Certain elements of Daniel 1 (this reference to Cyrus, the note that Daniel had special insight into all dreams and visions (1:17–18)) suggests that it was composed in light of chapters 7–12. Although this evidence could also suggest the reverse argument (i.e., the reference to Cyrus and visions in Daniel 1 precipitated the composition of vision accounts attributed to Daniel), I have elsewhere suggested that the reference to Cyrus at 10:1 perhaps preceded that at 1:21 (“4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–244)”).

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But MT Daniel 1 did not provide all the potential answers to these questions, and various diﬀerent or ampliﬁed versions of Daniel’s origins circulated in the late antique and mediaeval worlds. One of the more unusual of these was the opinion that Daniel was originally from Susa (Shushan) in Elam. In the mediaeval Chronicles of Jerahmeel, for example, this opinion is connected to the last days and death of Daniel, where post-biblical tradition held that Daniel died in Susa and was buried in the royal tomb there. Although the Chronicles omits the detail about the royal tomb, it does have Daniel end his days in “Shushan, his native place, in the land of Elam” (§74.3).60 In this way a few loose ends of the story of Daniel—at least the story as it would have been received by the author of the Chronicles 61—are neatly resolved, and Daniel is said to return to the place whence he originally came. Most other post-biblical legenda, however, claim that Daniel was born in Judah and was of the royal line,62 a natural conclusion given the information of MT Daniel 1:2 that the deportees to Babylon were from royal and noble stock. Josephus, for example, states that Daniel was of the house of king Sakkias, i.e., Zedekiah (Ant., 10.188), Origen assumes that he was a descendant of King Hezekiah,63 while the Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl identiﬁes Daniel explicitly as one of the sons of King Jechoniah, i.e., Jehoiachin (Z 386),64 a view which is reﬂected in Bar Hebraeus’ Scholia on Daniel.65 The Qissa-yi Dàniyàl also presents what purports to be Daniel’s eye-witness account of the last days of Judah, replete with short vignettes involving the prophet Jeremiah66 and the Babylonian general Nebuzaradan. The Vita Danielis,

60 M. Gaster, The Chronicles of Jerahameel, or The Hebrew Bible Historiale (London, 1899), 224. 61 Perhaps “author” is a misnomer in the case of the section on Daniel, part of which (from §67) mirrors the so-called mediaeval Hebrew Sepher Yosippon. 62 Ginzberg, Legends, 6.413–414, 432; Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, 67–68. 63 Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, 68–69. 64 None of the editions or translations divides the text by folio page, section, or line. As a result, I cite the Persian text throughout with reference to the pages in the edition of H. Zotenberg, “Geschichte Daniels. Ein Apocryph,” Archiv für wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Alten Testaments (ed. A. Merx; Halle, 1867–1869), 1.385–427. 65 Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, 71: “The only Jechonia (= Jehoiachin) mentioned in the Bible is the son of Jehoiakim (2 Kgs 24:6 and 2 Chr 36:8), not his brother.” 66 And so providing a connexion with the famous reference to Jeremiah and his prophecy of seventy years at Daniel 9.

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whose ﬁnal form D. Satran demonstrates is a Byzantine-era creation,67 adds to the story the information that Daniel was from the tribe of Judah and was born in Upper Beth-Horon, a town approximately twenty kilometers north-west of Jerusalem (4.2). Finally, the Irish Deaths of the Chief Prophets records that Daniel was the son of a man named Adba (§5). The conquest of Jerusalem forms the background to the story of the young Daniel in MT Daniel 1, although explicit references to the battle and its causes are quite limited. The blatant passing over of the causes of the Babylonian conquest in MT Dan 1:1–2, which is very atypical among Second-Temple reviews of history, reﬂects the author/redactor’s rejection of the Deuteronomic theology of history that understood the Babylonian conquest and exile as a punishment for Israel’s sins.68 The same, however, cannot be said for the legenda, which tend to reimpose the sin-punishment perspective (usually in its Christian reﬂex) and so through it explain the conquest and exile as having been precipitated by Israel’s misdeeds. A classic example of the phenomenon is found in the opening coda of the Old English Daniel (lines 1–87), which draws upon various biblical passages to recreate the story of the fall of Jerusalem and thereby explicitly establishes the historical and theological contexts for the story of the young Daniel.69 In its present form, the story of Susanna probably represents the earliest example of an extra-biblical (MT) episode featuring the young

67 D. Satran, “The Vita of Daniel: An Early Byzantine Legend,” Biblical Prophets in Byzantine Palestine: Reassessing the Lives of the Prophets (SVTP 11; Leiden/New York/Köln, 1995), 79–96. 68 In another essay I suggest that the author/redactor of MT Daniel draws “a fundamental distinction between God’s relationship with individuals, which preserves the ideas of responsibility and reciprocity, and God’s involvement with the larger processes of world history, which while retaining its focus on Israel’s destiny is no longer a direct function of Israel’s actions” (“4QPseudo-Daniela–b (4Q243–4Q244))”. 69 Much has been published on the topic of the sources of the Old English Daniel, but all future studies must now begin with the authoritative work by P. Remley, “Daniel and Greek Scriptural Tradition,” Old English Biblical Verse: Studies in Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel (Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 16; Cambridge, 1996), 231–333 (260–273 on Daniel 1). Remley argues that Daniel was greatly shaped by the material in LXX Daniel, with the immediate vector being either a continuous Old Latin exemplar or, more probably, “an amorphous body of material that is generally grouped under the heading of ‘biblical lore.’ Examples include glosses, dialogues, encyclopaedic treatises in ‘question-and-answer’ format and (most certainly) innumerable oral reports” (331).

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Daniel, although his appearance is limited to a small but critical role. The OG and yÄ witnesses to Susanna diﬀer in their details70 but agree in the basic account, which in both is set sometime during the period of the Babylonian exile. The beautiful, married Susanna rejects the amorous advances of two Jewish elders, who respond by falsely accusing her of sexual impropriety. The congregation believes the testimony of the elders over that of Susanna and so condemns her to death. As she is led away to execution, the young Daniel (whose spirit was roused by God)71 cries out that she is innocent of the charge. Responding to the congregation’s demand for an explanation, Daniel interrogates each elder separately and asks the question, “Under what kind of tree did you see Susanna commit her crime?” When each elder oﬀers a diﬀerent answer, the congregation realizes that their accusation against Susanna was false. The elders are executed, Susanna is exonerated, and Daniel fame’s grows among his people. The relationship of the story of Susanna to MT Daniel 1–6 is subject to debate.72 At one end of the spectrum, J.W. van Henten argues that the story of Susanna was deliberately composed as an addition to and commentary on MT Daniel 1. Its purpose was to clarify the facts and chronology of MT Daniel 1 and 2, particularly with reference to the traditions about Jehoiakim in 2 Kings, and to furnish a link between the note about Jehoiakim at Dan 1:1–2 and the tale of the deportees at 1:3ﬀ.73 Yet the identiﬁcation of Daniel and his three companions as the sons of Susanna, a critical element of van Henten’s theory, is gratuitous.74 The explanation that Susanna’s four sons are not named because Daniel and his three companions 70 As Collins notes, where the OG version is more a story of judgment, yÄ is more hagiographic in its concentration on Susanna (Daniel, 437). 71 OG: via an angel. 72 N. Brüll’s theory that Susanna had its origins as a midrash on the story of the false prophets Ahab and Zedekiah ( Jer 29:21–32) (“Das apokryphische SusannaBuch,” Jahrbücher für jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur 3 (1877), 1–69) was eﬀectively demolished by W. Baumgartner (“Susanna: Die Geschichte einer Legende,” Zum Alten Testament und seiner Umwelt: Ausgewählte Aufsätze (Leiden, 1959), 42–66 at 48–49). 73 J.W. van Henten, “The Story of Susanna as a Pre-Rabbinic Midrash to Dan. 1:1–2,” Variety of Forms: Dutch Studies in Midrash (Papers Read at the Workshop “Midrash”) (edd. A. Kuyt, et alii; Amsterdam, 1990), 1–14. 74 Even though it enjoys an ancient pedigree in Hippolytus and Julius Africanus; cf. also J.T. Milik, “Daniel et Susanne à Qumrân,” De la Tôrah au Messie: études d’exégèse et d’herméneutique bibliques oﬀertes à Henri Cazelles (ed. M. Carrez, et alii; Paris, 1981), 337–359 at 353.

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have already been identiﬁed in MT Daniel 1 is a circular argument, since it presumes van Henten’s central thesis that Susanna is a commentary on the chapter. Moreover, the identiﬁcation of the Joakim husband of Susanna with Jehoiakim king of Judah is not made in the text75 and van Henten oﬀers no good reason to resolve this discrepancy.76 If Susanna were composed in part to address chronological issues of MT Daniel, one wonders why it did not include an obvious and integrative chronological element of the sort witnessed at MT Dan 1:21 or yÄ Bel and the Dragon verse 1.77 At the other end of the spectrum, Collins highlights the story’s many distinctive features vis-à-vis the court tales of Daniel 1–6. He notes that Susanna lacks the characteristic court setting, is centered around a purely Jewish conﬂict rather than a Gentile-Jewish one, and focuses more on Daniel’s cleverness than it does the miraculous.78 It seems to me, however, that the parallels between Susanna and the court tales more than outweigh these diﬀerences, which in any case are not as profound as they might initially appear to be. While Collins is correct in observing that there is no mention in Susanna of either a foreign king or the royal court (and this cannot be ignored), the setting is still Babylon during the exile and Daniel remains the protagonist of the story, just as we ﬁnd in the court tales. The emphasis on Daniel’s cleverness in Susanna must be balanced by the equally heavy stress placed on Daniel’s abilities in the court tales and also by the fact that both the story of Susanna and the court tales focus on the spirit that is within Daniel as another element in the revealing of the truth.79 It could also be the case that this emphasis on cleverness reﬂects an established, general understanding of the ﬁgure of Daniel the Wise which circulated in the other Daniel stories of the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods, other examples of which include the Daniel in the story of Bel and the Dragon and of Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities.80 Moreover, some 75

Collins, Daniel, 428. The identiﬁcation that Daniel and his companions were of royal blood is made in Sanhedrin 93b, where they are said to have descended from Ruth and Boaz. But this tradition cannot be assumed to stand behind the presentation of the person of Daniel in the story of Susanna. 77 See §3, infra. 78 Collins, Daniel, 437. 79 Is this one of the sources of the ﬁgure of the mediating angel that is so essential to apocalypses? 80 On Josephus’ portrait of Daniel the Wise, see Chapter Four, §2. 76

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of the fundamental aspects of the court tales also appear in Susanna: Daniel solves a mystery, and its overall message is that God rewards those who remain steadfast in their faith (and so to their Jewish identity) despite oppression and mortal peril. Even the confrontation among Jews in the story of Susanna must be understood in the light of Daniel’s refusal to eat the royal fare in MT Daniel 1 and the conﬂict that is thereby implied between Daniel and the other royal and noble deportees who presumably eat the king’s food.81 These other Jewish deportees are as guilty as the falsely-accusing elders in their breaking of the Mosaic Law. In both MT Daniel 1 and Susanna, therefore, the contrast between those who keep the Law and those who break it provides the basis for the locomotive plot of each tale.82 In sum, there is nothing to suggest that the purpose of Susanna was to establish or anticipate the material in the court tales of Daniel 2–6, such as is overwhelmingly the case with Daniel 1. It was therefore probably an independent creation.83 At the same time, the clear thematic parallels between it and the court tales of the Book of Daniel conﬁrm that, in its present form at least, it was redacted in some close relationship with these tales. As is clear from the legenda, the place that the story of Susanna was thought to occupy in the chronology of the biblical story of Daniel was a subject of some debate. One clear clue is that Daniel is identiﬁed as being a young man (OG Susanna 44/45; yÄ Susanna 45), which intimates that the story was set early in his life, perhaps shortly after his entering the Babylonian civil service. The versions of the Bible, however, diﬀer in where they situate the story of Susanna, and so by implication in their assumption about the story’s place in the overall chronology. The OG, Vulgate, and Syro-Hexaplaric versions append it after what in the MT is Daniel 12 but before the story of Bel and the Dragon, which by virtue of its clear internal chronology was placed at the very end of the LXX. The arrange-

Contra Collins, who argues that the conﬂict between Jews in the story of Susanna is not paralleled in the court tales of Dan 1–6, which “all involve a confrontation between Jews and Gentiles” (Daniel, 437). 82 Thus there is no need ( pace Collins) to draw the distinction in the story’s meaning between the issue of Jewish identity and that of personal morality. The issue is faithfulness to the strictures of the Law while living in a foreign land. 83 See, e.g., K. Koch, Deuterokanonische Zusätze zum Danielbuch. Entstehung und Textgeschichte. I: Forschungsstand, Programm, Polyglottensynopse. II: Exegetische Erläuterungen (AOAT 38.1–2; Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1987), 11.

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ment of the story of Susanna in these versions, however, sandwiched as it is between the last vision of Daniel and the story of Bel and the Dragon, is probably less a chronological statement (again, a sign that it was not composed as a commentary on Daniel 1) and more a sign of its secondary authoritative status as compared with the twelve chapters of the MT Daniel. In contrast, the later yÄ-version, which of course means the majority of the copies of the LXX,84 situates Susanna before what in the MT is Daniel 1. Although this placement correctly accounts for the datum of Daniel’s youth, it is not without its problems. The explicit citation that the story of Susanna is set in Babylon creates a disjunctive geographic tension with MT Dan 1:1–2, where the deportees have yet to be identiﬁed and gathered, much less sent along their way to Babylon. At the same time, the story could easily have been placed after MT Daniel chapters 1, 2, or even 3, in which Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah are still youths. The best explanation of the placement of the story of yÄ Susanna is that it was composed/translated by someone who recognised that in it Daniel was a youth and understood the problems with the OG placement, but who was also well aware of the authoritative status of the court tales of MT Daniel and was loathe to interrupt its sequence. In the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, the tale of Susanna (§65) was inserted in the Daniel story between the tale of the false and adulterous prophets Ahab and Zedekiah (§64; cf. Jer 29:21–23) and the episode of Nebuchadnezzar’s madness (§66).85 The reason for this placement, it seems, is that a post-biblical tradition—of which both Origen and Jerome were aware86 and which circulated widely in the mediaeval world87—associated Ahab and Zedekiah with the two slanderous elders in the Susanna tale. The place of the tale of Susanna in the Chronicles is an implicit attempt to harmonise the various chronological strands of the story, although it does not explicitly identify the two judges of the Susanna tale with Ahab and Zedekiah.

84 A notable exception is Papyrus 967, where Susanna follows Bel and the Dragon, which follows Daniel 12. 85 Note that “the Hebrew translation of Daniel” (so Gaster, Chronicles) precedes the story of Ahab and Zedekiah (§64). 86 See the chapter on the subject in Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, 126–131. 87 D.A. Wells, “Susanna and Nebuchadnezzar: The Susanna Fragment of the Central Franconian Rhyming Bible,” Modern Language Review 84 (1989), 77–82 at 80–81.

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Josephus’ retelling of the story of Daniel in his Antiquities does not shed any light on the place of the story of Susanna, since it does not include the Greek Additions, a strange situation that cannot be explained by the argument that he was only interested in the parts of the Book of Daniel that would furnish material for his overall purpose of writing history.88 If this was the case, one wonders why Josephus chose to include the tale of Daniel and the Lions’ Den (§§10.250–262). A more nuanced explanation is implied by L. Feldman’s view that for Josephus history was a vehicle by which the lesson may be communicated that God rewards those who obey his will and punishes those who do not.89 Yet, since this is as much the lesson of the Greek Additions as it is the generically similar conﬂict tales of MT Daniel 3 and 6, we must look elsewhere for the reason for the missing Additions. The simplest possibility is probably the correct one: whatever his reasons, Josephus tells us that he is only translating the “books of the Hebrews” into the Greek language (§10.218). To be sure, the biblical text which stands behind his presentation of the story of Daniel was almost certainly Greek.90 At the same time, the point is that he cannot refer to Susanna or any of the other Greek Additions when he tells us explicitly that he is translating from the Hebrew directly. Josephus, though, does take pains to retell the story of Daniel 1,91 and here we encounter two important augmentations to the biblical text concerning the young Daniel: the idea that Daniel and his companions might have been made eunuchs (§10.186) and certain expansions related to Daniel’s problem with eating the royal fare (§10.190–194). These additions enjoyed a prolonged afterlife, appearing time and again in the later Daniel legenda and sometimes functioning as seeds for further developments of these ideas.

88 G. Vermes, “Josephus’ Treatment of the Book of Daniel,” JJS 42 (1991), 149–166 at 152. 89 L.H. Feldman, “Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel,” Henoch 14 (1992), 37–94 at 37. 90 Vermes, “Josephus’ Treatment,” 151–152, and 161, who observes that “his immediate source was a Greek Bible and when the old LXX diﬀers from ‘Theodotion,’ [his Antiquities] is more often dependent on the former than on the latter. Moreover, in one case at least, his account echoes Symmachus against both LXX and Th.” It is also telling that although Josephus claims that he translates from the Hebrew he does not mention the very unusual fact that half the Book of Daniel is written in Aramaic. 91 On the full range of the discrepancies between Josephus’ account of the story of Daniel and the biblical accounts, see Vermes, “Josephus’ Treatment,” passim.

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To be fair, Josephus does not precisely say that Daniel and his companions were made eunuchs,92 but he certainly gives that impression.93 J. Braverman demonstrates that the datum that Daniel was a eunuch was well-known in rabbinic and patristic circles.94 This datum was understood to be the fulﬁllment of the prophecy spoken by Isaiah to King Hezekiah that the descendants of the royal seed would someday be taken and made eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon (Isa. 39:7),95 although the rationale behind the act varies depending on the source consulted.96 The Vita Danielis turns the table full circle by claiming that Daniel was such a chaste man that the Judaeans mistakenly thought him to be a eunuch (v. 2). In this way all the potentially contradictory permutations on this matter involving the biblical story and its post-biblical afterlife are resolved. Daniel’s absence during the episode of the ﬁery furnace (Daniel 3) was also a concern for the rabbinic authors. They say that Daniel left Nebuchadnezzar after the episode of the dream of the great statue (Daniel 2) because he did not want honours or to be made object of veneration. Instead, Daniel either went to Tiberias, where he built a canal, or was otherwise engaged in commissions for the king that required his presence elsewhere.97 Another source tells how, in response to their query as to whether they should worship the great statue erected by King Nebuchadnezzar, Daniel refers his three companions to the prophet Ezekiel. Ezekiel consults God, who surprisingly tells the prophet that he will not stand by the three men should they refuse to worship the great statue, on account that God

Although this is asserted by S. Rappaport, Agada und Exegese bei Flavius Josephus (Wien, 1930), 66. 93 Feldman argues that Josephus’ education made him an excellent candidate to have been aware of the many ﬁrst-century Jewish traditions that now exist only in rabbinic writings of a later period (“Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel,” 44 and 44 note 24). This much may be true, of course—there has been a great deal of academic discussion on the age of the material quoted or discussed by the rabbis—but it is impossible to say whether Josephus was responding to a tradition about Daniel’s being a eunuch or instead introduced the idea. 94 S. Krauss, “The Jews in the Works on the Church Fathers,” JQR 5 (1893), 122–157; 6 (1894), 82–99, 225–261; Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, 53–71. On the rabbinic material, see also the sources cited by Ginzberg, Legends, 4.326 and 6.415. 95 This connexion is not made explicit in Josephus, however, despite the assertion of Hare, “The Lives of the Prophets,” 389 note 4a. 96 For a list of the sources, see Braverman, loc. cit. 97 See Ginzberg, Legends, 327–328, and the sources cited there.

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should not be called upon in such a fashion. Later on, after the three return to Daniel intending not to worship the statue, God tells Ezekiel that he will indeed stand faithful to the three, but that the three should not be informed so that their purity will remain untouched.98 Another insertion in the story of the Prophet’s early days designed to resolve an issue with the received version of the Daniel story concerns the Temple vessels, which are foundational to the episode of Belshazzar’s feast in MT Daniel 5. Later readers of the Daniel story clearly had questions about these vessels, if not so much as to their origins (obviously the Temple) as to the details about their nature and the particulars about how they came to Babylon to play such an important role in world politics. Again MT Daniel 1 provides the ﬁrst response, this time in the form of a statement to the eﬀect that the vessels were part of the spoils taken by Nebuchadnezzar (1:2). As to why King Belshazzar would think of calling for the vessels during his banquet (beyond the fact that he was inebriated), the Latin mystery plays, the Ludus Danielis and the Historia de Daniel representanda, tell us that he and his satraps had been singing songs of his father’s conquest of Jerusalem and had remembered the spoils which had been removed from the city. The Old English Daniel does not refer to this drunken recollection of past glories, but it does assert that this banquet took place when all around Babylon encamped the enemy army that would before the next dawn take the city (ll. 695–702). A more developed example of this aporiai kai luseis style of expansion is found in the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet, which devotes a great deal of space to describing the precise roster of the vessels and instruments that were looted from the Temple and transported to Babylon (§2).99 Among the spoils was the throne of Solomon, which, as we shall see, plays a role in several of the legenda which touch on episodes from Daniel’s later life. Sometimes Solomon’s throne is described as golden, but other times, as in the case of the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl, it is understood to have been fashioned from ivory (Z 391). In any case, its fate was a subject of some fascination for both Jews and Christians. The core elements of the many rabbinic 98 Cant.R. 7, §8,1, on 7, 8; f. 37b; cited in G. Monteﬁore and H. Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology (New York, 1974), 259. 99 Chapter divisions enumerated as per M. Henze, The Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel. Introduction, Text, and Commentary (TSAC 11; Tübingen, 2001).

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versions of the story100 are that it followed the seat of world power as it moved from Egypt to Babylon to Greece and then ﬁnally to Rome (a symbol, perhaps, for the theme of the translatio imperii ) and that its mechanism was so cleverly constructed that foreign rulers could not seat themselves upon it without injuring themselves. As Ginzberg relates, one of the oddest stories connected with this aspect of the throne is found in 2 Targum Esther 1.2, 4, and 7–8. Nebuchadnezzar attempts to ascend the throne but is unaware of its complex mechanism, which presumably had some sort of safeguards to protect against just this sort of occurrence. Suddenly a golden lion (part of the throne mechanism) reached out with its right paw and struck the king on his left foot, thereby rendering him lame. Now, this story is known from other sources, although the ﬁgure of Esther is most frequently associated with it.101 The Qissa-yi Dàniyàl, however, also links Daniel with the episode, and situates it between the tale of the removal of the captives to Babylon and that of the ﬁery furnace.102 The tale runs as follows: Nebuchadnezzar breaks his right leg (not his foot) while attempting to mount the throne. In this stream of the tradition, there is no mention of a throne mechanism or its connexion with the king’s injury. Realising that he has sinned, Nebuchadnezzar entreats Daniel to pray to God that his leg be healed. This Daniel does, and an angel informs him that the king’s leg is healed. As a result, Daniel and his friends receive the king’s honours (Z 393). 3. Chronology and the Kings of Babylon, Media, and Persia Besides an interest in Daniel’s early years, another consistent point of contact between the Book of Daniel and the Daniel legenda is in their shared, intense concern with the chronology of the Daniel story and, by implication, with the historical texture of the story, since the chronology of the story is frequently expressed through references to foreign kings and the dates of their rule. This concern with chronology and kings was rooted in two, complementary objectives.

100 See Ginzberg, Legends, 4.160–161 (esp.), 4.283, 4.368, 6.297, 6.433, and 6.453–454 (esp.). The one exception was Cyrus; cf. 6.453. 101 Ibid., 6.453; see the sources at 6.415 and 6.452. 102 But without mentioning Nebuchadnezzar’s dreams (Daniel 2 and 4).

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The ﬁrst objective was to articulate the relative chronology of the Daniel story, i.e., the temporal relationship among each of its episodes. Although this was a necessity both for the author/redactor of MT Daniel and for the authors of the post-biblical apocrypha, their underlying methodologies tended to diﬀer on account of the unique authoritative status which was accorded to the biblical Book of Daniel. On the one hand, the narrative in MT Daniel is structured by means of a coherent chronological framework into which the author/ redactor situated his received and original material.103 This process was primarily accretive, in the sense that the author/redactor of the court tales of the Book strung together the episodes of Daniel’s life as if they were pearls on a string.104 There were, of course, limitations on the process. For one thing, the fact that the author/redactor was working with material written in two languages and expressed through two diﬀerent genres imposed its own restrictions on the shape of the ﬁnal form of the Book. In other words, the shape of the ﬁnal form of the Book is not solely a function of its chronological framework. Also, the process had its integrative aspects, inasmuch as the received material was already arranged in some chronological order and so required the insertion of brief editorial comments (usually at the beginning and end of each episode) that helped contextualise the court tales with each other and with the rest of the Book. Still, the overall episodic, accretive character of the Book of Daniel is unmistakable.105 On the other hand, the authors of the post-biblical Daniel legenda were also highly sensitive to the internal chronological aspects of the Daniel story, but were far less concerned with creating a relative chronology that incorporated new and traditional materials than they were with integrating their own compositions into an already ﬁxed and authoritative biblical narrative. In such cases, by integrating their work within the structure of an existing chronology, the authors of the post-biblical legenda could accord their work a sense of logic and legitimacy. The only real exception to the rule is with the tales of Daniel’s last days, death, and burial, which generally 103 The “received materials” are the court tales of Daniel 1–6 or, more likely, 2–6; see note 59, supra. 104 On the composition history of the Book of Daniel, see Chapter One, note 5. 105 For more on accretive and integrative approaches in the Book of Daniel and other Hellenistic-era Daniel material, see DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243– 4Q244).”

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extended past the pale of biblical story and so in every example represent an accretion to it, although (as we shall see) even here the authors of the post-biblical legenda sometimes took pains to establish contacts with earlier elements in the Daniel story.106 The second objective was to clarify the elements of the chronology of the Daniel story with reference to the absolute chronology of the narrative, which in the Book of Daniel concerns the identities of the kings mentioned therein and to the sequence of their reigns. This was not so much a problem in the Book of Daniel as it was with the Book of Daniel, in the sense that many of the post-MT Daniel legenda (early or late) had to come to terms with the fact that the Book seemingly contained discrepancies with the biblical and historical records. The eﬀort to resolve the apparent inconsistencies in the relative and the absolute chronologies of MT Daniel was a concern from the moment it gained its authoritative status. The Greek witnesses abound with examples of both types. MT Daniel records that Daniel lived to see King Cyrus of Persia and died (12:13) shortly after either the ﬁrst (1:21) or the third (10:1) year of his reign. The Greek versions attempt to address this contradiction by substituting “ﬁrst” for “third” at 10:1.107 Perhaps the most extreme eﬀort to normalise the internal chronological data of the Book is found in the OG Daniel text which is preserved in the pre-Hexaplaric Papyrus 967, where what in MT Daniel are chapters 7 and 8 are situated before chapters 5 and 6. This alteration corrects the retrograde progression of the sequence of kings across MT Daniel 5–9 and underscores the great importance that early readers and translators of the Book of Daniel accorded to the chronological record. Similar attempts were made to harmonise the information in the Book with the biblical and historical record, although, curiously, the Greek witnesses do not address the diﬃculties inherent in the chronology of MT Dan 1:1–2.108 MT Dan 2:1, for example, contains the 106

To my mind, the Greek witnesses to the Book of Daniel represent the turning point in the shift from the (comparatively) accretive to the (comparatively) integrative. Both in their form and content, the Greek witnesses (esp. the OG) display characteristics of each hermeneutic. See below for examples. 107 Collins observes that the substitution could be accidental (pr≈tƒ for tr¤tƒ) (Daniel, 372). 108 As Collins notes, the chronological problems associated with the beginning of the Book of Daniel have always perplexed later commentators (Daniel, 130–132), including Hippolytus and Jerome.

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note that the episode of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of the giant statue occurred in the second year of the king’s reign. This datum, however, stood in tension with the claim made in 1:5 that Daniel and his companions were trained for three years before entering the royal service. As Collins observes, the simplest explanation for the chronological incongruity is that the date of 2:1 was not composed in light of MT Daniel 1 and that the incongruity went unnoticed during the redaction of the court tales.109 But it plainly posed a problem for later readers of the Book, including Josephus, who modiﬁed the ﬁgure of two years to refer speciﬁcally to the period after Nebuchadnezzar’s conquest of Egypt (Ant., 10.10.3 §195), and OG Daniel, which famously substituted the ﬁgure of twelve years.110 Jerome cites “the Hebrews,” who propose that the reference to the second year at 2:1 alludes to the second year of King Nebuchadnezzar’s reign over his entire empire; the precise source of this opinion, as Braverman notes, is diﬃcult to trace.111 Other patristic commentaries oﬀer various other solutions to this chronological dilemma, but clearly they (and the rabbinic writers and mediaeval Jewish commentators) were disturbed by the apparent discrepancy.112 The Greek witnesses also add information at 3:1 to the eﬀect that the episode of the ﬁery furnace took place during the eighteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign,113 an addition which must be understood as another attempt to situate the data of the Book of Daniel within the broader boundaries of the historical landmarks furnished by the biblical record. A concern with chronology also stands behind the rabbinic tradition, which is partially reﬂected in Jerome’s commentary on the Book of Daniel, that Belshazzar erred in his calculation of the seventy years of Jeremiah’s prophecy, which the king took to have ended in the second year of his reign and as result deemed to have been invalid.114 This calculation led the foolhardy 109 Collins, Daniel, 155. Although this is the best solution, it is not without its problems, particularly if we assume that the author/redactor of MT Daniel was so active elsewhere with respect to harmonising the chronology of the Book. 110 Apud Papyrus 967. The date preserved in the MT seems to be original; see the discussion in Collins, Daniel, 154. 111 Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, 73. 112 Ibid., 73–76. 113 The date reﬂects the datum of eighteen years in Jer 52:29 for the regnal year in which Jerusalem was destroyed (but cf. 2 Kgs 25:8). The OG adds the same ﬁgure at 4:1. 114 Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, 79–80.

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king to call for the Temple vessels during his famous banquet, an action which precipitated the usurpation of his kingdom and the loss of his life. The problems associated with King Darius and thus, by association, with the distinction made in MT Daniel between the Median and Persian kingdoms, represent major focal points of the Daniel legenda.115 It is beyond the scope of this section to discuss the modern attempts to identify the ﬁgures of Belshazzar or Darius the Mede, or to elucidate the actual nature of the historical relationship between the Babylonian, Median, and Persian kingdoms.116 What is signiﬁcant to us here is that MT Daniel 6 explicitly identiﬁes this ﬁgure of Darius the Mede as the successor to Belshazzar’s kingdom and that the court tales presuppose a sequence of historical empires which distinguishes between the Median and Persian kingdoms. It is with the apparent discrepancies between these biblical data and the historical record that so many subsequent expressions of the story of Daniel were concerned. History does not preserve any record of a person named Darius the Mede, nor does it conﬁrm that a Median Empire succeeded the Babylonian one. There were several kings named Darius, however, the most important of which, and the only one whose regnal dates could possibly intersect the chronological setting of the Book of Daniel, was Darius I, called the Great, who ruled from 522 to 486 bce. The problem was that this Darius was a Persian, not a Mede, and his reign followed that of Cyrus the Great rather than preceded it (and was, moreover, at least one king removed from Cyrus’ reign). The thrust of all later attempts to harmonise the biblical and historical accounts centered on plausibly integrating this historical Darius into the biblical story and on ﬂeshing out the details of a discrete Median Empire. Unfortunately, these two objectives were rarely anything but mutually exclusive.117

115

The distinction between Media and Persia is particularly important to any understanding of the four-kingdom schema of Daniel 2 and 7; on this, see the excellent Excursus on the topic of the four kingdoms in Collins, Daniel, 166–170, and the sources cited there. 116 See Collins, Daniel, 30–33. 117 This is a topic that demands more study, and the paragraphs that follow are not meant to be anything more than a survey-style exposition of the various ways in which the post-MT retellings of the story of Daniel attempted to deal with the problem of the historicity of Darius the Mede and with the Median question in

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Actually, the ﬁrst attempt to integrate the biblical and historical records is found in MT Daniel itself, at chapter 9.118 As I mentioned, MT Daniel is a redacted text that incorporated what for its author was both received and original material. Part of this received material was the ﬁve-chapter, proto-MT version of the court tales, which established the primary data that Darius the Mede succeeded Belshazzar the Babylonian.119 The author/redactor’s original contribution in the matter of Darius is the statement that Darius was the son of Ahasuerus (9:1). Beyond the fact that this Ahasuerus is almost certainly ﬁctitious120 the integrative value of this addition is unmistakable, since it introduces an extra character into the story in order to bridge the generational gap between Belshazzar (Daniel 7 and 8) and Darius (Daniel 9). As it turned out, however, this addition created an entirely new historical dilemma for later writers—the author of OG Dan 9:1, for example, found it necessary to substitute the name Xerxes in the place of Ahasuerus.121 This in itself was part of a larger eﬀort to insert more monarchs after Belshazzar, and thus to account for the missing years until the time when the historical Darius assumed the throne, an eﬀort which includes OG Dan 5:31, which asserts that Babylon was taken by Artaxerxes.122 The concern with the ﬁgure of Darius the Mede and the Median question in general did not disappear with these early chronological adjustments. The ﬁrst verse of yÄ Bel and the Dragon, for example, states that the story occurs during the reign of Cyrus, who, we are informed, succeeded King Astyages the Mede. Unlike Ahasuerus, Astyages was a historical ﬁgure, and although the introduction of this datum at yÄ Bel and the Dragon verse 1 does not speak to the issue of the identity of Darius the Mede, it does seem designed to reinforce the MT statement that the Median kingdom existed autonomously. Josephus combines and ampliﬁes several of these integrative streams, stating that Darius was the son of Astyages (who was known to the Greeks by a diﬀerent name) and a relative of

general. What is required is a reconstruction of the implied chronologies behind each of the additions or substitutions to the biblical record. 118 Darius is identiﬁed as a Mede in 11:1 also. 119 For a fuller account, see DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniela–b (4Q243–4Q244).” 120 Collins, Daniel, 348. 121 Cf. Ezra 4:5–6, which preserves the correct historical sequence: Darius (the father) and Xerxes (the son). 122 Pap. 967: “Xerxes.”

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Cyrus (Ant., 10.11.4 §248). In his commentary on Daniel 5:30–31 (MT 6:1), Jerome tells us that Cyrus and Darius besieged Babylon together, as king of the Persians and of the Medes respectively, but Darius’ name alone was associated with the conquest, since he was older than Cyrus (and also his uncle) and his kingdom was larger. As a result, the Book of Daniel faithfully records that Belshazzar’s kingdom fell to Darius. The Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl records that after Belshazzar blasphemed God—an act that included wearing the holy garments as well as drinking from the sacred vessels—Cyrus fought and defeated the one called “Masul”123 and so took power in the region. One year later, however, Cyrus was slain in battle by King Darius, presumably Darius the Great (Z 395–399). On the other hand, in the Chronicle of John Malalas, Darius is identiﬁed as a mere governor who rebelled against Belshazzar and so claimed the kingdom for himself.124 The Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet contains a far more convoluted explanation that involves the ﬁgure of Gemath the Magus and Herodotus’ account of the strange circ*mstances of the accession of Darius the Great (§9).125 Basically, the Revelation tells of the period when Gemath killed King Cyrus and seized the kingdom of Persia, an action which prompted Daniel to ﬂee for his life. Gemath, however, blasphemed by seating himself upon Solomon’s golden throne (another example of the association of the throne with the story of Daniel), a Belshazzar-like act of hubris which caused God to remove the kingdom from him.126 As a result, after six months Gemath was overthrown and killed by his nobles, and Darius the Great assumed the kingship. Given their attention to the issues of the historicity of Darius the Mede and to the Median question in general, the Daniel legenda are surprisingly unconcerned with the identities of the four kingdoms,

123

That is, “Mosul,” another name for Babylon and thus another name for its king, Belshazzar, although it does seem that the text here employs Masul as a personal name. On Mosul = Babylon, see Ginzberg, Legends, 6.430–431. 124 John Malalas, Chronicle §151.8 (The Chronicle of John Malalas: A Translation (trans. E. Jeﬀreys, et al.; Australian Association for Byzantine Studies 4; Melbourne, 1986). 125 See the excellent and detailed commentary on this point by Henze, 71–72. 126 The element of the throne of Solomon entered the Daniel story through the datum of the Temple vessels (Daniel 5) and appears time and again in the Daniel legenda (cf. §2, infra).

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even though these kingdoms serve as absolute historical markers on the path that leads to the expected events of the eschatological age.127 Speculation on the identities of the four kingdoms and the general theme of the translatio imperii, however, was a feature of the patristic commentaries on the Book of Daniel and medieval political philosophy in general.128 Signiﬁcantly, nothing in the later literature connected to the story of Daniel speaks of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Daniel 2) or Daniel’s vision (Daniel 7; see below) which includes anything but four kingdoms.129 In other words, the biblical story in this case imposed on the theme of the four kingdoms a rigid restriction on the degree to which later literature could deviate from it. A classic example of this restriction is actually found outside the Danielic corpus, in an apocalyptic vision from the early centuries of the common era, the so-called “Eagle Vision” of 4 Ezra 11–12. To understand the Eagle Vision, however, we need to understand the referents of the four kingdoms in MT Daniel 7, which are presented as four beasts which rise from the sea. Despite its ultimate Canaanite inﬂuences, the vision of the four beasts is almost certainly a product of the early Antiochene persecution.130 The fourth beast thus refers to the kingdom of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, which, as one of several rump states that devolved from the far-ﬂung empire of

127 Much has been written on the antecedents of the topos of the four kingdoms in classical, Iranian and Near Eastern sources and the inﬂuences they might have had on its appearance in MT Daniel 2, which surely represents the earlier of its two manifestations in the Book of Daniel. The best synopsis of the scholarship on the subject is the dedicated excursus at Collins, Daniel, 166–170, who rightly questions arguments for a pre-Antiochene stratum of Daniel 7. In addition, Daniel 7 has a great sense of urgency and an implicit belief in the impossibility of Jew/Gentile co-existence, both of which are hallmarks, one would think, of a post-175/167 BCE date. Daniel 2 set the tone for everything that followed on the subject of the four empires; indeed, it contained the kernel of a new theology of history and understanding of God’s role in history, a theology that was more fully articulated in Daniel 9. 128 See P. Kern, “Die Auslegung von Nabuchodonosors Traumgesicht (Dan 2, 31–35) auf die Lebensalter des Menschen,” Les ages de la vie au Moyen Âge. Actes du colloque du Département d’Études Médiévales de l’Université de Paris-Sorbonne et de l’Université Friedrich-Wilhelm de Bonn. Provins, 16–17 mars 1990 (edd. H. Dubois and M. Zink; Cultures et civilisations médiévales 7; Paris, 1992), 37–55, and the sources cited therein. 129 Although I am concerned only with the four-kingdom schema as it is articulated in Daniel 2 and 7 and in the later reﬂexes of and commentaries on these chapters, there were other four- and ﬁve-kingdom schemata which circulated throughout the ancient Mediterranean world and the Near and Middle East. 130 Collins, Daniel, 38 [date of Dan 7], 296–297 [Canaanite inﬂuences].

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Alexander the Great, may simply be called “Greece.” As with all apocalyptic literature of the historical type,131 the purpose of Daniel 7 is to reassure the faithful that God is in complete control of the full scope of history and that the end to their oppression is both foreordained and imminent. With this in mind, the message of the vision of the four beasts (and of the historical and eschatological data which follow) is that the end to foreign oppression will occur soon, in the epoch of the fourth kingdom, that is, in the time of Greek hegemony. The events of world history, though, outpaced Daniel 7’s expected end-time resolution and Greece, rather than being the ﬁnal kingdom before the end-time, was itself supplanted by the world-empire of great Rome. The later writers of course understood this, and what we ﬁnd in the later literature, such as Jerome’s commentary on the Book of Daniel and the Eagle Vision, is an attempt to re-interpret the biblical record in the light of the present-day situation. Composed during the height of Roman power,132 the Vision describes a giant eagle, sprouting multiple wings and heads, rising from the sea. The eagle, which the angelic interpreter explicitly states to be the fourth kingdom of Daniel 7 (4 Ezra 12.11) is patently Rome and its many heads and wings represent various emperors and other imperial worthies. The climax of the Vision is the end of the ﬁnal kingdom prior to the eschaton and the end of oppression, just as it is in Daniel 7. The way that the author/redactor of the ﬁnal form of the Eagle Vision reconciles what on the surface are two disjunctive data— Daniel 7’s claim that Greece is the last kingdom and the historical fact that Rome had since supplanted Greece—was not to add a ﬁfth kingdom to the sequence, but instead to have the angel remark that the interpretation of the fourth kingdom was now revised (12.12). In this way the tension between the static and the dynamic elements of the relationship between biblical story and post-biblical legenda are resolved.

131

See the discussion on this topic in Chapter Three, §3. And updated in light of the events of the early third century; see L. DiTommaso, “Dating the Eagle Vision of 4 Ezra: A New Look at an Old Theory,” JSP 20 (1999), 3–38. 132

chapter two 4. The Last Days, Death, and Burial of Daniel

Although the topic of Daniel’s last days, death, and burial is almost completely ignored in MT Daniel, there are clues that its author/redactor was concerned with establishing the termini of the Daniel story. As mentioned, MT Daniel 1 is a manufactured preface to the preAntiochene, ﬁve-chapter story of Daniel. As for the ﬁnal years of the prophet, MT Daniel refers only to the fact that Daniel lived to serve King Cyrus of Persia and died (12:13) shortly after the ﬁrst (1:21) or the third (10:1) year of his reign.133 Both of these data are essentially integrative in nature. OG Daniel attempts to harmonise the apparent discrepancy in dates by altering the reference at 10:1 to read the “ﬁrst” year, but this is a relatively minor alteration, especially given the degree to which changes were made to the other chronological information of the MT. Other than that, the Greek witnesses add no new information either integrative or accretive, and so the relative silence on the topic of the last days of Daniel became part of the authoritative story of Daniel through the medium of the Book of Daniel. The reason, perhaps, was the topic was simply unimportant to the overall purpose of the Book of Daniel because it contributed nothing either to the assurance that God rewards personal faithfulness or to the overarching theology of history which situates God in control of the broad processes of world events. Yet tales surrounding Daniel’s last days, death, and burial certainly appear in the later Daniel legenda. These tales very much revolve around the city of Susa (Shushan), the capital of the Persian Empire, where in his Antiquities Josephus records that Daniel lived out his days in the service of the Persian king, having built himself a most excellent fortress in Ecbatana (§§269–272).134 From that point there seems to be a divergence of traditions, both of which, as Ginzberg records, are preserved in the mediaeval Jewish stories about Daniel. One stream of tradition has Daniel buried at Susa in a magniﬁcent mausoleum, which did not crumble with age and so which in later centuries persons could visit for themselves. The Vita Danielis records that Daniel died in Persia “and was buried by himself and with great honor in the royal grotto” (v. 18). The Irish Deaths of the Chief Prophets echoes this tradition, stating that Daniel was buried alone in the 133 134

See note 59, supra. Cf. the “fortress” at Susa at Dan 8:2.

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royal tomb, and after his death no one else was ever interred there (§5). Related legends claim that beside Daniel’s tomb was a large stone,135 under which were the Temple vessels (which Nebuchadnezzar had removed from Jerusalem and which his son Belshazzar had profaned with drink) that Daniel had retrieved and secreted away in this spot.136 In certain Muslim traditions, the tomb of Daniel also contained a book, which when opened revealed information concerning future civil disorders and wars.137 The association of Daniel and secret knowledge, whose origins must reside in the biblical stories of Daniel’s ability to interpret dreams and function as the recipient of strange visions of future events, is also associated with the prognostic literature associated with his name. In addition, there seems to have been a shared interest with certain eastern Daniel prognostica concerning the connexion between Adam, Daniel, and the secrets of the Cave of Treasures. The other stream of tradition has Daniel in his extreme old age return to Judah, where he became governor for a short while before Zerubbabel.138 In the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, however, we ﬁnd Daniel still in Babylon when he selects Zerubbabel to assume his place as leader of the Jewish community in exile. The transfer of authority complete, Daniel retired from court to Shushan in Elam (which, as was noted, the Chronicles states was Daniel’s homeland), where he remained faithful to God until the day of his death (§74.1–3). A diﬀerent account of Daniel’s return to Jerusalem is found in the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet (§§10–12). Darius the Great, having seen the golden throne of Solomon which had been taken from Jerusalem and upon which his predecessor Gemath had sat, decides to force Daniel into revealing the whereabouts of the rest of the Temple spoils. Suddenly the king is struck blind, and is shown in a vision that the only way that he could regain his sight would be if he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to worship God. So Darius and his army, accompanied by Daniel, travel to Jerusalem. There they ﬁnd the city desolate, but Daniel washes Darius in the “Pool of Shiloah” (cf. the episode of Jesus and the blind man at John 9:1–12), 135 The idea that the vessels were hidden in the earth is also found among the pseudepigrapha at 2 Baruch 6.7–9 and 4 Baruch 3. 136 Ginzberg, Legends, 4.350, 6.437. 137 See Chapter Three, Excursus II: “The Figure of Daniel and the Arabic Muslim Daniel Apocalypses.” 138 Ginzberg, Legends, 6.437.

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Darius worships in the sanctuary, and in this fashion the king’s blindness is cured. After enquiring about the Temple and its vessels, Darius and Daniel return to Persia (§13). A variant of the legend of Darius’ blindness and Daniel’s return to Jerusalem appears in the Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl. Darius’ special focus is the temple vestments, which in the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl are highlighted to the degree that they are explicitly included in the story of Belshazzar and the writing on the wall. Darius asks Daniel about the vestments, but Daniel refuses and is cast into prison. While in prison Daniel prays for deliverance, which arrives in the form of an angel, who strikes Darius blind. Darius confesses to Daniel that he has sinned against God, and Daniel tells him that they must journey together to Jerusalem. And so they travel west, the army in tow, until they come upon the desolate place where the holy city once stood. Through Daniel, the angel instructs King Darius to wash his eyes in the river, whereupon his sight is restored. Darius opens his treasury and passes out wealth to the Levites and the needy. Then they return to Shustar (Susa), and those whom they passed on their way home saw that the king had been cured and so converted to Judaism (Z 399–401). Interestingly, many post-biblical traditions directly or indirectly associate Daniel with water. Water, of course, is an important element in the vision section of the Book of Daniel: Daniel 8 is set alongside the canal Ulai, while the vision of Daniel 10–12 involves the River Tigris. There is the tale that Daniel built a canal at Tiberius139 and, as we have seen, there are the stories which have the blinded King Darius washing his eyes either at the Pool of Shiloah or in a river. There is also an Arabic legend that Daniyàl (Daniel) possessed a magic stick that when touched to the ground would cause water to appear and follow it. In this way, the legend claims, the river Dijlah (Diyàla), between modern-day Iraq and Iran, was created.140 M.R. James states that a Greek Passion of Daniel and the Three Children tells of how Daniel and his companions were beheaded by a certain tyrant named Atticus, who in this tale is identiﬁed as a successor to 139

See above, note 97, supra. Zakariyà ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmùd al-Qazvìnì, 'Ajà"ib al-makhlùqàt va gharà"ib al-mawjùdàt (apud B. Schmitz, Islamic Manuscripts in the New York Public Library (New York/Oxford, 1992), 86, citing Spencer, Persian MS 49, fols. 123–124). 140

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King Nebuchadnezzar.141 James also notes that an “abstract” of the story exists, along with an illustration in the “great illustrated Menology of Basil in the Vatican,” a reference which unfortunately I have not been able to verify by autopsy. On the other hand, Feldman reports that b. Sanhedrin 93a preserves the tradition that the three eventually returned to Judah, where they married and raised families.142 Indeed, Daniel’s three companions were, as I have remarked, the subject of their own battery of legenda. These include, most famously, the Greek Additions the Prayer of Azarias and the Song of the Three Young Men, as well as, among others, the Old English Azarias, the Mediaeval German Die drei Jünglinge im Feuerofen, and the Armenian (Vitae of ) The Three Children. The latter text preserves the tradition that the three companions of Daniel were beheaded, but this time in the ﬁrst year of the reign of Cyrus King of Persia, presumably by order of the king himself, on account of the fact that “he was forcing (them) to abandon the paternal laws.”143 Some legenda contain the information that in his later years Daniel continued to oﬀer predictions about the future, that is, outside the formal, ﬁrst-person apocalyptic apocrypha attributed to him. The Vita Danielis, for instance, records that Daniel oﬀered an eschatological prediction (vv. 19–21), which appears after the notice of his death (v. 18).144 The Latin mystery plays, the Ludus Danielis and the Historia de Daniel representanda, both culminate with a short extrabiblical prophecy based on the Ordo prophetarum, where Daniel foretells the coming of Christ.145 A most unusual conﬂuence of the biblical and classical oracular traditions appears in the Chronicle of John Malalas (§§156.4–157.7). Cyrus asked Daniel whether he would be successful in a campaign against the wealthy Croesus, king of Lydia. Croesus, of course, is famous for his embassy to Delphi, where his query on whether he would emerge victorious from a war with Persia was answered with the quintessentially ambiguous reply that if he attacked the Persians a great empire would fall.146 The story of

141 M.R. James, The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament (TED 1, Palestinian Jewish Texts 14; London/New York, 1920), 70. 142 Feldman, “Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel,” 44 note 23. 143 M.E. Stone, Armenian Apocrypha relating to Patriarchs and Prophets, Edited with an Introduction and Commentary ( Jerusalem, 1982), 154. 144 On this prediction, see Chapter Three. 145 On the Ordo, see J.-P. Migne, PL 42, cols. 1123–1124. 146 Herodotus, Histories 1.52–53.

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Croesus’ embassy to Delphi is repeated in the Chronicle but is paralleled with Cyrus’ command to Daniel. But Daniel refuses to answer Cyrus and is thrown into the lions’ den, à la Daniel 6. Unlike Daniel 6, however, and more in the tenor of Daniel 3, Cyrus is hostile to Daniel and only when the Prophet emerges from the den unscathed does the king repent his action and acknowledge the sovereignty of Daniel’s god. Daniel then predicts Cyrus’ victory, tying it into the idea that the Persian king is God’s right hand on earth,147 the one who will soon return the Jewish captives and rebuild the city of Jerusalem. Another variant of the last element of the Malalas account is preserved in the Syriac Revelation, where Daniel urges Cyrus to march against Babylon and in so doing recover the Temple vessels that had been brought there (§5). 5. Observations and Conclusions The Daniel legenda were part of a long-term, evolutionary process whereby the story of Daniel was continually being told and retold. The story ﬁrst appeared among certain Jewish groups, probably in the Persian era and perhaps drawing upon older tales of a wise and/or righteous man named Danel. During the late Persian or the early Hellenistic period, a loose constellation of tales slowly materialised around the ﬁgure of Daniel, one of the high-born inhabitants of Judah whom King Nebuchadnezzar had taken captive and had forcibly deported to Babylon. Most of these early tales featured Daniel as the wise courtier in the service of a foreign monarch.148 By the beginning of the second century bce, a distinct collection of at least ﬁve of these early “court tales” had coalesced,149 although 147 An idea which has biblical antecedents (2 Chr 36:22–23 [par. Ezra 1:1–3]; 1 Esd 2:1–7). 148 This statement is an extrapolation from the available evidence. We know that a ﬁve-chapter collection of court tales preceded the formation of MT Daniel, and there is enough internal evidence in the present form of the court tales to suggest that this ﬁve-chapter collection was itself redacted from even earlier, autonomous tales involving Daniel. Some of these very early tales might not have centered on the ﬁgure of Daniel at all; cf. the Aramaic Prayer of Nabonidus, the fragments of which do not mention Daniel but which should be considered to be an early, more conservative form of the episode of Nebuchadnezzar’s madness in LXX Daniel 4 and, in a moderately diﬀerent form, in MT Daniel 4. 149 Although their precise date and provenance remain unknown, there is every reason to conclude that the court tales were meant to function, as W.L. Humphries

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the evidence of the fragments of Aramaic scrolls from the Dead Sea indicate that other texts associated with Daniel circulated beyond the pale of this collection.150 Then, probably during the year 164 bce, and certainly as a direct result of the events of the crisis precipitated by the actions of Antiochus Epiphanes, a redactor/author edited the ﬁve-chapter collection of court tales and amalgamated them with other material, much of which was new and was in the form of pseudonymous, ﬁrst-person revelatory visions. The fruit of this editorial activity was the Hebrew/Aramaic Book of twelve chapters that we know as MT Daniel. But the story of Daniel did not end there. Within a few short generations, a Greek witness to the Book appeared, replete with a host of minor and moderate diﬀerences between it and the Hebrew/ Aramaic text. The most famous of these diﬀerences were the socalled Greek Additions: the tales of Bel and the Dragon and of Susanna, the Prayer of Azarias, and the Song of the Three Children. The importance of the fourteen-chapter LXX Daniel151 to the history of the story of Daniel cannot be overestimated. Not only was it the ﬁrst sustained retelling and, to some degree, reworking of MT Daniel, but, because of its Scriptural authority and its long-term signiﬁcance as a base text for numerous ancient and mediaeval translations of the Book of Daniel, its account of the biblical story of Daniel became extremely inﬂuential with respect to the form and content of the vast bulk of the subsequent Daniel legenda.152

observed, as a broad guide of conduct for pious Jews in a land not their own (“A Life-Style for Diaspora: A Study of the Tales of Esther and Daniel,” JBL 92 (1973), 211–223). 150 The evidence suggests that the Prayer of Nabonidus (4Q242) antedates MT Daniel, and 4Q243/244 may be dated to the decades between the compilation of the collection of the court tales and 164 bce (DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244)”). Here again, too, we must consider the possibility that pre-LXX forms of the Greek Additions were extant in the period before the redaction of the ﬁnal form of MT Daniel. 151 Eﬀectively yÄ Daniel, which almost completely supplanted OG Daniel. 152 The LXX became authoritative for much of both eastern and western Christianity, the latter until the acceptance of the Latin reﬂexes (cf. Chapter One, note 18). One indication that the Greek Additions to Daniel enjoyed this authoritative status is the frequency that the “Song of the Three” and the tale of Susanna were illustrated in manuscripts and painting; see M. Mentré, “Images juives et images chrétiennes du moyen âge liées au livre de Daniel, étude d’iconographie biblique,” L’Art juif au moyen âge (ed. M. Mentré; Paris, 1988), 55–88; J.-C. Prêtre, Suzanne: Le procès du modèle (Paris, 1990); C. Baskins, “‘La Festa di Susanna’: Virtue on Trial in Renaissance Sacred Drama and Painted Wedding Chests,” Art History

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The authoritative status of the biblical Book of Daniel, particularly in its Greek form, overwrote or overwhelmed all the previous expressions of the story of Daniel, and also limited the degree to which the story could from that point deviate. As a result, all postbiblical renditions of the Daniel story, whether they are the product of rabbinic and mediaeval Judaism, of Christianity of late antiquity and the Middle Ages, or of early Islam, are fundamentally connected to the biblical versions, regardless of their degree of drift from it. Yet, as I mentioned, the relationship between the biblical story and the post-biblical legenda included a dynamic aspect as well, which was manifested by the continuing need to tell and retell the story of Daniel. When we consider the static/dynamic nature of this relationship, we ﬁnd not only that the ﬁgure of Daniel had bundled with it a core set of messages which could be employed time and again for diﬀerent communities and under diﬀerent historical circ*mstances, but also that the biblical and post-biblical articulations of the Daniel story consistently exhibited identical concerns. Put another way, the expressions of the Daniel story often said the same thing and for the same reasons, even though on the surface they could appear quite diﬀerent. In fact, we may identify several common characteristics regarding the form and content of the Daniel legenda and the purpose for which they were composed. To

14 (1991), 329–344; and B. Bohn, “Rape and the Gendered Gaze: Susanna and the Elders in Early Modern Bologna,” Biblical Interpretation 9 (2001), 259–286 (and the sources cited there). Another is the extent to which minor ﬁgures from the biblical Book of Daniel, such as Nebuchadnezzar, the three companions of Daniel, and, above all, Susanna, became foci for their own legenda; see, e.g., J.-A. George, “Repentance and Retribution: The Use of the Book of Daniel in Old and Middle English Texts,” BJRL 77 (1995), 177–192, and the Inventory of Chapter Six, esp. the Excurses on “Sundry Latin Daniel Apocrypha. ii. Mediaeval Italian Susanna Poems,” on “The Figure of Susanna in the Mediaeval German Tradition,” and on “Die drei Jünglinge im Feuerofen.” Middle English references to Daniel and Nebuchadnezzar are similarly numerous: Chaucer’s Monk’s Tale, Parson’s Tale, and House of Fame; Gower’s Confessio Amantis; Piers Plowman; and Cleanness (this list apud A. Harbus, “Nebuchadnezzar’s Dreams in the Old English Daniel,” English Studies 75 (1994), 489–508 at 490–491 [reprinted = The Poems of MS Junius 11: Basic Readings (ed. R. Liuzza; London/New York, 2002), 261–286]). The Prayer of Azarias and the Song of the Three Children were also apparently quite popular in the liturgy of both the eastern and western churches ( J. Mearn, The Canticles of the Christian Church Eastern and Western in Early and Medieval Times (Cambridge, 1914)). Finally, the tale of Susanna was popular in mediaeval Jewish tradition as well; see, again, the Inventory of Chapter Six, the Excursus on “The Additional Greek Material in the Post-Biblical Jewish Tradition.”

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begin, they are all court tales,153 that is, they are narrative accounts which are set at the court of a foreign king. Daniel, a wise man, is usually in service to these foreign kings, just as he is in the court tales of MT Daniel 1–6, even though some of the later legenda have him ﬂeeing the court wherever there was a radical change of government. In addition, almost all of the legenda are, as with the court tales, recounted in the third-person. The two, rare exceptions to the rule are the ﬁrst-person narratives that preface the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet and the Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl, and both of these function as introductions to the apocryphal apocalypses which follow. It is somewhat of a maxim among mediaevalists that in late antiquity and the Middle Ages the Book of Daniel was above all seen as a book of visions.154 While this may be partially true with respect to the commentaries and postilla on the Book,155 it is, in actuality, extremely rare for legenda proper either to include, discuss, or even mention the revelatory visions of Daniel 7–12156 or to include new visions, which, as we shall see in Chapter Three, was the exclusive province of dedicated apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. Again, this division of labour in the post-biblical Daniel apocrypha ﬁnds a clear parallel with the binary structure of the genres (court tales and revelatory visions) in the Book of Daniel. What is more, there are no post-biblical hymns, odes, prayers, testaments, wisdom pieces, or annalistic-style histories associated with the story of Daniel. There are two Latin mystery plays, but in format and scope they are essentially no more than dramatic versions of narrative Daniel legenda which are set to music and meant for performance in a church or cathedral. The court-tale, narrative vehicle by which the story of Daniel was related in the Book of Daniel imposed a limitation of form on all subsequent expressions of the story. 153 As this term is used to describe the genre of material in MT Daniel 1–6; see Collins, Daniel, 44–45. On the use of the term “court legends” or “legenda,” see note 33, supra. 154 See, e.g., Caie, “The Old English Daniel,” 1; Remley, “Daniel and Greek Scriptural Tradition,” 234 note 12. 155 The commentaries of Jerome and (Pseudo-) Chrystostom are good examples. The eschatological implications of the Book of Daniel were virtually ignored in art, however (C.B. Tkacz, et al., “Daniel,” The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ed. A.P. Kazhdan; New York/Oxford, 1991), 583). 156 A notable exception being the retelling of half of MT Daniel 8 in Josephus’ Antiquities.

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As with the apocalyptica and the prognostica, the Daniel legenda readily traversed linguistic, cultural, and confessional boundaries. The story of Daniel was extremely popular throughout the ancient and mediaeval periods, and Daniel legenda appear in many diﬀerent languages and were composed over the course of many centuries. The legenda are extant in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic literature, although it must be noted that the Byzantine and Islamic traditions appear to have placed less attention on the story of Daniel and more on the production and transmission of apocalyptic Daniel texts and of prognostic works attributed to the prophet.157 The story of Daniel was thus told and retold for many diﬀerent purposes and diﬀerent audiences, and frequently arose out of diﬀerent theological perspectives. But the motivations behind the production of the legenda reﬂected a deep sense of ideological continuity with the biblical Book of Daniel, even if the speciﬁc context of the biblical court tales— the necessity for Jews living under foreign rule to maintain their ancestral faith in God and distinctiveness in society—was in many cases no longer appropriate. In this way the message of the biblical story of Daniel had the rare ability to transcend ethnic, national, and religious boundaries. Above all, the ﬁgure of Daniel in both the court tales and the legenda was a model of steadfast faith, particularly the sort of faith which could endure even in the face of tremendous adversity and personal risk. It is no accident, for example, that an apocryphon especially concerned with martyrdom such as 4 Maccabees would cite the episodes of the lions’ den and the ﬁery furnace (13.9; 16.3, 21; 18.12–14) as prime examples of righteous endurance. The whole point of the Daniel story was to communicate the truth that a task or deed which was impossible or inconceivable in normal, human circ*mstances would become possible with God’s assistance. This is certainly the point of Josephus’ addition to the episode of the Lions’ Den, where in response to the claim on the part of Daniel’s accusers that the lions did not devour him because they were not hungry, food was provided to the great cats before his accusers were cast into their den but, even sated, the lions behaved as if they were famished and so consumed Daniel’s enemies (Ant., 10.257–258). We also ﬁnd this message underpinning the biblical court tales, the other

157

See Chapters Three and Four.

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Daniel legenda, the commentaries on the Book of Daniel, and sundry rabbinic158 and early Christian sources that brieﬂy refer to the prophet.159 Also, there is a strong didactic and edifying element connected with the message of the Daniel story, an element which is present in both the court tales and the legenda. The concern with the message of steadfast faith also explains, I think, the popularity of the Additional legenda in the Middle Ages that was devoted to the ﬁgures of Susanna and to the three companions of Daniel. Another purpose common to many of the Daniel legenda is to explain or clarify the received version of the Daniel story, especially regarding elements related to the chronology of the story and to the details of Daniel’s early life and his last days, death, and burial. Again, though, it cannot be stressed enough that the same concerns were, to one degree or another, also part of the mind-set of the author/redactor of MT and the author/translator(s) of the Greek witnesses to the Book. MT Daniel, LXX Daniel, and the Daniel legenda are ﬁlled with examples where a problem of chronology is resolved or a gap in the story is ﬁlled, and this procedure continued throughout the late ancient and mediaeval periods, whenever the story of Daniel was retold and reworked. Of course, this is true also with respect to the genre of Rewritten Bible as a whole. Sometimes there appears to have been an aporiai kai luseis hermeneutic behind the procedure. Other times a special explanation or clariﬁcation was promoted in the service of particular theology, exegesis, or point of view. The net result was often, as Vermes remarks with respect to Josephus’s alterations to the biblical Book of Daniel, “a more detailed and coherent Daniel account which at the same time is smoother and more logical than the biblical story.”160 There are even some legenda, such as the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, where in the best tradition of Herodotus and the classical historiographic tradition speeches are placed in the mouths of the major characters at every critical point in the story. One also cannot help but think that among the reasons for the continual need to retell the story of Daniel was that folk were simply curious about the ﬁgure of Daniel, who for most persons was as 158

Pes.R. 45b, cited in Monteﬁore and Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology, 39. Cf. the Acts of Paul, cited in E. Hennecke, New Testament Apocrypha (ed. W. Schneemelcher; trans. R. McL. Wilson; Philadelphia), 2.389. 160 Vermes, “Josephus’ Treatment,” 163. 159

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much a historical ﬁgure as Alexander or Caesar. This need was particularly evident with respect to the uncertainty surrounding his early and later years, periods which extended beyond the chronological horizon of the biblical story. The need to preface or amplify the life stories of heroes, saints, and other ﬁgures of legend and history is seemingly common to all literary civilisations. Prime examples of this phenomenon are the infancy narratives about Jesus, the tales about the wanderings of the various Achaean heroes after the Trojan War, and the stories about the post-Easter missions of the apostles. Such tales provide a sense of completeness to cycles of stories which frequently begin and are left open-ended. Nor, in related vein, should we discount the sheer entertainment aspect associated with the Daniel legenda. Many of the biblical episodes involving Daniel represent the art of story-telling at its ﬁnest, particularly in the case of MT Daniel chapters 3, 5 and 6, and the Additional tale of Susanna. These tales possess all the elements of ﬁne entertainment: an eminently likeable and admirable protagonist who is also the underdog, a locomotive plot that steadily builds tension, an aﬃrming resolution to the tension, and an overarching message that stresses what for many persons are inherently good values. In the end, these were stories that demanded telling and retelling, the sort of tales that no doubt were able to forge and to reinforce bonds in families, communities, and confessions.

CHAPTER THREE

THE APOCRYPHAL DANIEL APOCALYPSES 1. Introduction There has always been ample anecdotal evidence testifying to the existence of lost or hitherto unknown Daniel apocalypses.1 The late antique Hebrew Apocalypse of Elijah, for example, contains a passage which is attributed to Daniel and concerns the attributes of the Antichrist but which is not found in the biblical Book of Daniel.2 Similarly, the Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets, whose ﬁnal form dates from the early Byzantine era,3 preserves an extra-biblical, apocalyptic-style prediction concerning the end times that is attributed to Daniel (vv. 19–21).4 The Vita also asserts that not all of Daniel’s visions during the time of the Persians were recorded (v. 17). Such a proposition was readily believable in the light of Dan 8:26 and 12:4, where the prophet is admonished to keep his visions and their interpretations secret, and also by analogy with the material evidence of prognostica such as the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis, 1 That is, ﬁrst-person (explicit or implicit) accounts of revelatory visions, generally articulated within the conﬁnes of an overarching apocalyptic historiography, which are attributed to Daniel. Apocalyptic apocrypha do not include instances where portions of the visions of Daniel 7–12 are quoted, reinterpreted, or otherwise employed by later writers (e.g., 4Q174 1–3 ii; Matt 24:15–16). 2 A. Jellinek, “Apokalypse des Elia,” Bet ha-Midrasch. Sammlung kleiner Midraschim und vermischter Abhandlungen aus der ältern jüdischen Literatur (1853–1877), 3.xvii–xviii, 65–68. Translated in A. Wünsche, “Apokalypse des Elia,” Aus Israels Lehrhallen (Leipzig, 1907–1910), 2.33–38 [rep. Hildesheim, 1967]. For a full bibliography of the Apocalypse, see L. DiTommaso, A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999 ( JSPSup 39; Sheﬃeld, 2001), 348–350. M. Buttenwieser observes that in this apocalypse the Antichrist-ﬁgure is called “Gigit” (Outline of the Neo-Hebraic Apocalyptic Literature (Cincinnati, 1901), 31). None of the extant apocryphal Daniel apocalypses preserve the name Gigit, however, and elsewhere in late antique Jewish apocalyptic speculation the Antichrist is called “Armilus” (as it is in the Nevu’ot Daniel (§2.22, infra)). 3 D. Satran, “The Vita of Daniel: An Early Byzantine Legend,” Biblical Prophets in Byzantine Palestine: Reassessing the Lives of the Prophets (SVTP 11; Leiden/New York/Köln, 1995), 79–96. 4 The prediction is ampliﬁed somewhat in the Armenian translation; cf. J. Issaverdens, The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament Found in the Armenian Manuscripts of the Library of St. Lazarus (Venezia, 1901, 21934), 141–156 at 152.

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which obviously contained extra-biblical material but which nevertheless were considered to have been written by Daniel in Babylon.5 We know that Mekhithar of Aïrivank, writing circa 1290, includes in his list of apocryphal books a work bearing the curious title of the “Seventh Vision of Daniel.”6 Similarly, the fourteenth-century Syrian Christian theologian Ebed-Jesu, in his catalogue of the writings of Hippolytus of Rome, alludes to a work called either “the Little Daniel” or “the Lesser Daniel.”7 In the portion of his Chronicle devoted to the years 1203–1204, Salimbene de Adam recounts how certain prophecies of Daniel were consulted in response to the dire threat posed to Constantinople by the soldiers of the Fourth Crusade. When the inhabitants of the city were informed that their current plight and its favourable resolution had been foretold by Daniel, they apparently sallied forth to engage the Latin invaders with renewed conﬁdence and vigour.8 Finally, several centuries later in Old Russia, so G. Podskalsky informs us, “. . . im selben Jahr [1673] veröﬀentliche N. Spatharios nach dem Vorbild seines Meisters (Ligarides) ein voraus-

5 See also Dan 7:28, where Daniel himself decides to keep his own counsel regarding what he has seen. At the end of the Fourteenth Vision of Daniel (§2.21, infra), an apocryphal Daniel apocalypse preserved in Coptic and Arabic copies, an unnamed angel urges Daniel to keep secret the information he has been shown, while in the Hebrew Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar (§2.17), the angel Gabriel bids Daniel to seal his words (i.e., what he has been told about the meaning of his vision) until the end of time. On the Somniale and the Lunationes, see Chapter Four, §§2 and 3. 6 Citation apud T. Zahn, “Paralipomena. 4. Über einige armenische Verzeichnisse kanonischer und apokrypher Bücher,” Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons und der altkirchlichen Literatur. (ed. T. Zahn; Erlangen/Leipzig, 1893), 5.109–157 at 115–116; W. Bousset, Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche (Göttingen, 1895), later translated as The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore (trans. A.H. Keane; London, 1896) 67 [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter (AART&T 24; Atlanta, 1999)]. 7 AR 36. See J.S. Assemanus, “Carmen Ebedjesu, Metropolitae Sobae et Armeniae. Continens catalogum Librorum omnium Ecclesiasticorum,” Bibliotheca orientalis ClementinoVaticana in qua manuscriptos codices Syriacos, Arabicos, Persicos, Turcicos, Hebraicos, Samaritanos, Armenicos, Aethiopicos, Graecos, Aegyptiacos, Ibericos, & Malabaricos (Roma, 1719–1728), 3.6 n. 1, 15 n. 3. 8 O. Holder-Egger (ed.), Cronica fratris Salimbene de Adam ordinus minorum (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, scriptores 32; Hannover/Leipzig, 1905–1913), 23–24. The description of the source consulted (it focused on the names of emperors and referred to the coming of a “Blond Race”) is completely in step with what we ﬁnd in so many of the extant apocalyptic apocrypha attributed to Daniel. The Salimbene de Adam passage is also cited by J. Vereecken and L. Hadermann-Misguich, Les Oracles de Léon le Sage illustrés par Georges Klontzas. La version Barozzi dans le Codex Bute (Oriens graecolatinus 7; Venezia, 2000), 23–24.

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berechnendes Wahrsagebuch, in dem anhand der Danielpropheten von den vier Weltreichen die Herrschaft der Russen über Konstantinopel angekündigt wird.”9 Perhaps the most celebrated of all the anecdotal references to the existence of apocryphal Daniel apocalypses is preserved in the writings of Liudprand, bishop of Cremona, who after his famous embassy to Constantinople in 968–969 reported that, “Habent Graeci et Saraceni libros, quod ırãseiw, sive visiones, Danielis vocant, ego autem Sibyllanos, in quibus scriptum reperitur quot annis imperator quisque vivat, quae sint futura eo imperitante tempora, pax an simultas, secundae Saracenorum res an adversae.”10 In addition to this remarkable statement, Bishop Liudprand provided an abbreviated and frequently opaque description of the contents of several of these prophetic books which had so captivated the Byzantine imagination.11 Given Liudprand’s (and Salimbene de Adam’s) attestation of 9 G. Podskalsky, “Der Beitrag der Griechen zur geistigen Kultur Rußlands nach dem Fall Konstantinopels (1453–1821),” KAYHGHTRIA. Essays Presented to Joan Hussey for Her 80th Birthday (ed. J. Chrysostomides; Camberley, 1988), 527–543 at 536. Orthodox Russia, of course, was the natural heir to the trappings and expectations of the Byzantine Empire after the ﬁnal fall of Constantinople in 1453, a situation that was later conﬂated with the foreign-policy hope of regaining the city from the Ottoman Turks and thereby fulﬁlling the long-held Tsarist dream of a warm-water port and naval access to the Mediterranean. Indeed, Zoe, the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor, married Ivan III, the Grand Muscovite Prince (ruled 1505–1533), and so became the grandmother to the future Tsar, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible). 10 Relatio de legatione Constantopolitana, §39. Editions: Monumenta Germanica historica inde ab anno Christi quingentesimo usque ad annum millesimum et quingentesimum. Scriptorum III (Hannover, 1839) [reprinted Leipzig, 1925], 355; but now see P. Chiesa (ed.), Liudprandi Cremonensis. Antapodosis, Homelia Paschalis, Historia Ottonis. Relatio de legatione Constantopolitana (CCCM 156; Turnhout, 1998), 204. The Chiesa edition is the one from which the quotation is drawn. Liudprand’s statement is also noted by J.A. Fabricius, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti (Hamburg, 21722–1723), 1136–1137 and by J.-P. Migne, Dictionnaire des Apocryphes, ou Collection de tous les livres apocryphes relatifs a l’Ancien et au Nouveau Testament (Paris, 1858), 2, col. 188. On the embassy of Liudprand (or “Liutprand”—the spelling varies), see also J.E. Rexine, “The Roman Bishop Liutprand and Constantinople,” Greek Orthodox Theological Review 3 (1957), 197–211, L. Rydén, “The Andreas Salos Apocalypse. Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28 (1974), 199–261 at 233–234; L. Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente (Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3; Roma, 1988), 62–63; and especially the recent study by W. Brandes, “Liudprand von Cremona (Legatio cap. 39 –41) und eine bisher unbeachtete west-östliche Korrespondenz über die Bedeutung des Jahres 1000 ad,” BZ 93 (2000), 435–463, and the sources cited there. 11 On Liudprand’s assertion that these Daniel apocalypses were equally popular among the Saracens (i.e., the Arab Muslims), see the section on the Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu‘tamid (§2.18). J. Wortley states that he “can ﬁnd no

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the standing that these Daniel apocalypses enjoyed in Byzantium— and disregarding for the moment the bishop’s inherent antipathy towards the Byzantines and their court and culture—it is little wonder that a disproportionately large number of the extant Greek Daniel apocalypses are preserved in the venerable Biblioteca Marciana in Venezia, the institution which in the tumultuous period of the midﬁfteenth century was the beneﬁciary of hundreds of manuscript codices hurriedly rescued from Constantinople, courtesy of Cardinal Bessarion and others.12 Yet despite such intriguing anecdotes and references which for centuries implied the existence of a large and diverse corpus of literature, virtually nothing in the way of material proof for the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha was identiﬁed before the middle of the nineteenth century. In a way, the re-discovery of the manuscript copies of these lost apocalypses was part of the larger process of the recovery and identiﬁcation of the documentary and archaeological monumenta of the ancient and classical worlds. This process began with the antiquarians, encyclopaedists, and gentlemen scholars of the Enlightenment, but reached its zenith in the great universities and Gesellschaften of Imperial Germany, and, to a lesser degree, of late Victorian and Edwardian England, Third Republic France, post-bellum America, and Romanov Russia. This was the golden age of classical and biblical studies, the age of Tischendorf and Mommsen, of Dillmann and Ceriani, and of Charles and James and Tikhonravov. Since then, knowledge of the full extent of the corpus of the Daniel apocalypses has grown exponentially, if sporadically and not without an inordinate amount of confusion on the primary level of the identiﬁcation of text and manuscript.13 Beginning with the one apoc-

evidence that the Saracens had such books,” but does not refer to Arabic “historical” apocalypses or the fact that the Coptic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel (§2.21) is preserved in Arabic copies (“The Literature of Catastrophe,” Byzantine Studies / Études byzantines 4 (1977), 1–15 at 9 note 17, and at 10). 12 K.M. Setton, “The Byzantine Background to the Italian Renaissance,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 100 (1956), 1–76 at 72–76; D.M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge, 1988), 418–419. 13 The period from the start of the Great War of 1914 until the decade of the 1970’s saw comparatively little sustained research on apocryphal texts. Indeed, only in the last three decades has interest in the Pseudepigrapha and apocryphal texts in general reached the levels its enjoyed in the period from the mid-nineteenth century to 1914. See L. DiTommaso, “A Report on Pseudepigrapha Research since Charlesworth’s Old Testament Pseudepigrapha,” JSP 12.2 (2001), 179–207.

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alypse that J.A. Fabricius mentioned in passing in 1722,14 scholars now ﬁnd references to over a dozen apocryphal apocalypses in the valuable surveys of F. García Martínez and A.-M. Denis.15 The most recent count to date is furnished by K. Berger, who in a concise article on the subject for the third edition of the Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche writes, “Unter diesem Namen [i.e., Daniel] lassen sich mindestens 16 bekannte unterschiedl. Texte des 3.–11. Jh. nC. zusammenfassen, die in arab., griech., armen., hebr., kopt., pers., altsyr., u. altkirchenslaw. Sprache erhalten sind.”16 This ﬁgure is slightly reduced from the roster of nineteen apocalypses Berger included in the “Alphabetisches Verzeichnis” which prefaces his earlier monograph on the Diegesis Danielis.17 Given the long history of confusion and contradiction in the cataloguing of these apocalypses, it is perhaps unsurprising that his count in each instance is erroneous both in number and with respect to the identiﬁcation of the apocalypses.18 The discrepancies, however, are more a function of the fractured state of the evidence than to any major error on Berger’s part. This chapter is divided into two parts. The ﬁrst part presents the roster of the full corpus of the twenty-four19 extant apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles.20 The roster, which is 14

Fabricius, Codex pseudepigraphus VT, 1140. The text is the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (§2.23); the MS, Wien, ÖNB cod. iur. gr. 6, fols. 201v–202v. 15 For the bibliographic information, see note 21, infra. The imprecise number is due to the fact that both authors at places allude to texts but do not discuss them. 16 K. Berger, “Danielapokalypsen,” LTK 3 (Freiburg, 1995), 3.12. 17 K. Berger, “Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der weniger bekannten im folgenden zitierten zumeist pseud-epigraphen Schriften apokalyptischen oder visionären Inhalts,” Die griechische Daniel-Diegese. Eine altkirchliche Apokalypse. Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar (SPB 27; Leiden, 1976), xi–xxiii. N.b.: Subsequent references to this book: Berger, “Alphabetisches Verzeichnis” (if information in this list only is cited) or Berger, Daniel-Diegese (if information in the rest of the monograph is cited). 18 Number: the text that he identiﬁes as “No. 46, Frgm Hebr Daniel” is not a Daniel apocalypse (see note 310, infra), while his Nos. 50, 183, 184, and 185 (“Slav Daniel” I, I, III, and IV) are not separate texts (see note 240, infra); Identiﬁcation: several of the Byzantine Greek Daniel texts are misidentiﬁed. 19 This number is certainly an approximation. Twenty-four apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles are listed, but several of these are in some copies preserved under a diﬀerent attribution, others are in some copies embedded in larger composition, and there are several manuscripts which could be Daniel apocalypses but which have yet to be veriﬁed by autopsy (see here the Inventory of Chapter Six, Excursus: “Notes on and Manuscripts of Unidentiﬁed Greek Daniel Apocalypses”). In addition, it is almost certain that unidentiﬁed copies of known and unknown Daniel apocalypses still remain undetected among the manuscript holdings of the world’s great libraries. 20 Most of these Byzantine Daniel apocalypses are apocalyptic oracles rather than

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preceded by a graphic chronological overview of the Daniel apocalypses (Table I), is intended as a comprehensive supplementum and corrigendum not only to past lists and surveys of the Daniel apocalypses, notably those presented in the works of K. Berger, W. Brandes, A.-M. Denis, L. DiTommaso, F. García Martínez, J.-C. Haelewyck, F. Halkin, M. Henze, and F. Stegmüller,21 but also to those studies which speciﬁcally consult or address a signiﬁcant proportion of the many Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles.22

apocalypses proper; on the subject, see §3, infra. The manuscript copies of the Greek Praedictiones Danielis, which are frequently identiﬁed by the label “Danielis prophetae apocalypsis” or, in at least one case, the explicit title of ˜rasiw profÆtou DaniÆl, are in fact not apocalypses but rather prognostica, and as such are discussed in Chapter Four, §4. 21 In alphabetical order: Berger, “Alphabetisches Verzeichnis”; W. Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme (edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes; BBA 55; Amsterdam, 1990), 304–322 at 316–317; A.-M. Denis, “Supplément. Les Apocalypses de Daniel,” Introduction à la littérature religieuse judéo-hellénistique (Turnhout, 2000), 1291–1303; L. DiTommaso, “Daniel Pseudepigrapha,” Bibliography, 307–335; F. García Martínez, “Notas al margen de 4QpsDaniel Arameo,” AO 1 (1983), 193–208 [revised = “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran (STDJ 9; Leiden, 1992), 137–161] [page numbers to the English edition]; J.-C. Haelewyck, “Daniel. Apocalypses,” Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (Turnhout, 1998), 203–211; F. Halkin, Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca (3 vols.; SubH 8a; Bruxelles, 31957); idem, Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae (SubH 65; Bruxelles, 1984) [hereafter BHG 3 and BHGN respectively; n.b. that I will also occasionally cite from the second edition of the Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca (Bruxelles, 1909) [hereafter BHG 2 ]]; M. Henze, The Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel. Introduction, Text, and Commentary (TSAC 11; Tübingen, 2001), 3–5; and F. Stegmüller, Repertorium biblicum medii aevi (Madrid, 1950), No. 117. 22 In alphabetical order: P.J. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition (ed., with intro. by D. deF. Abrahamse; Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 1985); W. Bousset, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie,” ZKG 20 (1900), 103–131, 261–290; G.S. Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum (WMANT 82; Neukirchen, 1999); Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio; Rydén, “Andreas Salos”; idem, The Life of St. Andrew the Fool (AAU 4.1–2; Uppsala, 1995) [q.v. “Texts, Studies, Collections and Periodicals Quoted in Abbreviation,” 1.9–20]; and H. Schmoldt, “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte,” (Diss: Hamburg, 1972). The term “Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses” or “Byzantine Daniel apocalypses” will henceforth refer to the apocalypses in the roster below which are preserved in Greek copies, plus the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel (§2.3) and the Slavonic Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (§2.13), both of which may be traced ultimately to a lost Greek original. The Jewish mediaeval Daniel apocalypses are also connected to the Byzantine apocalyptic tradition, but I cannot at this point include them in the category without further study. For an overview of the Byzantine apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles, see my forthcoming study mentioned in the Preface to this volume.

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The purpose of the roster is to identify and describe each text and to clarify the state of its material evidence. To this end, special attention is paid to the identiﬁcation of the texts and the appropriate correlation of the manuscript evidence, as well as to the issues surrounding the date and provenance of each text and the description of its contents.23 The roster is designed to familiarize scholars with what is still relatively unfamiliar material, thereby continuing but greatly expanding on the earlier, valuable eﬀorts to this end, especially those of García Martínez and Denis.24 Following the title of each apocalypse is a brief note in parentheses which indicates the section where the full bibliography for that text may be located in the Inventory of Chapter Six. In addition, because of the confusion regarding even the most fundamental matter of the identiﬁcation of the texts, after the title of each apocalypse there is a short “identiﬁcation” section, presented in a minor font, which lists the titles

23 Some apocalypses have been divided by their editors into chapters or sections and/or verses or lines; to avoid confusion the symbol § will be used wherever possible (e.g., Young Daniel §3.1). In some cases I will cite page numbers from the editions or translations of speciﬁc apocalypses without chapter or section divisions. Unedited texts and the Hebrew apocalypses The Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar and the Nevu’ot Daniel, which are fragmentary texts from the Cairo Genizeh, are cited by folio/page and line number. 24 The words of García Martínez are apt and perfectly encapsulate the methodology behind the presentation of the roster of apocalypses in this chapter: “PseudoDanielic compositions are numerous and varied, but it cannot be claimed that they are generally known. It may be useful therefore to present them summarily” (“PseudoDanielic Literature,” 149). That such a basic familiarity with these texts is still needed cannot be questioned. For example, in the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, the highly inﬂuential collection of the Pseudepigrapha in English translation, the reader encounters only one apocryphal Daniel apocalypse, the Diegesis Danielis, a text dating from the last years of the eighth century (see G.T. Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel,” The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume 1 (ed. J.H. Charlesworth; New York, 1983), 755–770). The reasons why this text was chosen over all the others are never made clear, an omission made all the more acute by the fact that other Daniel apocalypses—such as the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel and the Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel—are unquestionably much older texts. Note also D. Olster’s more recent and insightful survey of the inﬂuence of apocalyptic texts and thought in the Byzantine Empire: “Byzantine Apocalypses,” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture (ed. B. McGinn; New York, 1996), 48–73. Although Olster correctly notes that “Byzantine apocalyptic has remained for the most part understudied and under-exploited,” he discusses only one of the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses, viz., the same Diegesis Danielis presented by Zervos. Similarly, although the ﬁgure of the Antichrist is a feature common to many of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha (Christian and Jewish), only one of them, the same Diegesis, is actually investigated for any length in B. McGinn’s seminal study, Antichrist. Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil (San Francisco, 1994).

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and/or numerical sigla by which the major studies of the past have distinguished it.25 The roster of apocryphal apocalypses is also meant as a vehicle by which to evaluate and augment the conclusions of the previous research in matters such as the date of composition of each text and the identiﬁcation of its historical allusions. Such comments prepare the way for the thematic discussions that occupy the second part of this chapter, which is divided into several sections. One section examines the generic aspects of the apocalyptic Daniel literature. Another discusses the relationship between this literature and the vision chapters of Daniel 7–12. The chapter concludes with an investigation concerning the impact that this clariﬁcation and expansion of the material evidence of the Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles might have on the commonly-held thesis that many of them are in fact versions of or based on one early Greek apocalypse. Despite the fact that much of this literature cannot be dated with precision, there is enough evidence to propose a very approximate relative chronology.26 The chronological arrangement of the texts diverges from the previous scholarship, which tends to organise the apocalypses on the basis of the principal language in which each is preserved in manuscript. The advantage of a chronological presentation is that the evolution, development, and historical transmission of themes is more apparent. The disadvantages are that trends occurring within a particular linguistic tradition become more occluded when the apocalypses are arranged chronologically, and that uncertainty about the date of composition for roughly half the Byzantine exemplars has forced their inclusion in a catch-all category of texts written between the seventh and tenth centuries. Yet, given that the focus of the second half of this chapter is on the Daniel apocalyptica in toto rather than on the texts in any one particular language, a chronological arrangement seemed an appropriate selection, despite such disadvantages.

25 The individual texts in the lists of Brandes and Henze are not speciﬁcally named, and so are not included in these minor-font “identiﬁcation” sections. The information in both lists, however, is discussed in various footnotes associated with the relevant apocalypses. The individual texts in both of Ryden’s studies (see note 22, supra) are named and thus are included in the “identiﬁcation” sections. 26 Since so many of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses contain allusions to historical ﬁgures from the Byzantine Empire, at the end of the roster of apocalypses is included the reference Table II, “A List of the Byzantine Emperors, 379–1180.”

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A ﬁnal word of introduction: although this roster is meant to represent the latest word on the identiﬁcation and understanding of the Daniel apocalyptica, in many ways it remains a prolegomenon. I have not had access to every manuscript copy of each text, nor can I read languages such as Armenian or Syriac. The Byzantine Daniel compositions represent a particularly knotty problem. Over a dozen of these apocalyptic texts are catalogued below, but perhaps as many more are known only from their entries in manuscript catalogues.27 The textual, literary, and even chronological relationships among these Greek apocalypses is therefore tenuous, as are any conclusions regarding the relationship between them and other Byzantine apocalyptic literature, most notably the Oracles of Leo the Wise and the various recensions of the ubiquitous Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius.28 What is ultimately required, and what is well beyond the scope of this chapter, is a critical examination by autopsy of all the manuscripts—edited, unedited, and not-yet-discovered. From there one should be able to progress beyond the basic requirement that the correct manuscripts be associated with the correct texts and toward a more complete understanding of the totality of these apocalyptic texts and the relationship among them.29 In the end, each text will require a critical edition and commentary of the quality of Berger’s

27 See the Inventory of Chapter Six, Excursus: “Notes on and Manuscripts of Unidentiﬁed Greek Daniel Apocalypses.” 28 On the date and transmission history of this Apocalypse, see §2.5, infra, on the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet. The Methodius to whom the apocalypse is falsely attributed should not be confused with the St. Methodius who with his brother St. Cyril were known as the “Apostles of the Slavs.” On Methodius and Daniel, note the 1590 Chronophraphia of the Cretan icon-painter, George Klontzas, an illustrated miscellany of visions and oracles attributed to Daniel, Methodius, and Leo the Wise (see A.D. Paliouras, ÑO zvgrãfow Ge≈rgiow KlÒntzaw (Athínai, 1977)), which includes copies of the Vision of Daniel on the Seven-Hilled City, the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete, the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus, and the Diegesis Danielis. Klontzas’ work is preserved at Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.22; on this codex, see B. Laourdas, “Ho Markianos kòdix tou Geòrgiou Klontza kai oi peri Krètès chrèsmoi,” Krhtikå Xronikã 5 (1951), 231–245; A. Rigo, Oracula Leonis. Tre manoscritti greco-veneziani degli oracoli attribuiti all’imperatore bizantino Leone il Saggio (Bodl. Baroc. 190, Marc. gr. VII.22, Marc. gr. VII.3) (Venezia, 1988). Cf. also Vereecken/HadermannMisguich, Les Oracles de Léon le Sage. 29 This is a topic to which I will return in future studies. It is also possible that some of this literature will be included in a proposed new collection of translations which will be assembled under the general editorship of R. Bauckham and J. Davila and whose working title is More Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.

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Daniel Diegesis or Henze’s Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel. An anthology of translations of these texts—perhaps together with other important contemporary apocalypses and other texts containing apocalyptic material—would also be useful to the study of apocalyptic literature in late antiquity and the mediaeval period. Table I: The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses: A Chronological Overview30 fourth century (but possibly much later) §2.1 The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (cf. the Inventory of Chapter Six, re Greek §VI) ﬁfth century (but possibly much later) §2.2 The Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race (cf. Greek §VII) ﬁfth/sixth century §2.3 The Seventh Vision of Daniel (cf. Armenian §III) seventh century (or earlier) §2.4 The Vision of the Young Daniel (cf. Syriac §II) §2.5 The Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam (cf. Syriac §III) seventh to tenth/eleventh centuries §2.6 The Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men (cf. Greek §VIII) §2.7 The Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium (cf. Greek §IX) §2.8 The Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel (cf. Greek §X) eighth §2.9 §2.10 §2.11

century The Vision of Daniel on the Seven-Hilled City (cf. Greek §XI) Diegesis Danielis (cf. Greek §XII) The Vision and Revelation of Daniel (cf. Greek §XIII)

ninth century §2.12 The Word of Daniel on the End of the World (cf. Greek §XIV) §2.13 The Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (cf. Slavonic §I) §2.14 The History of Daniel (Qissa-yi Dàniyàl ) (cf. Persian §III) §2.15 Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel (cf. Greek §XV) §2.16 The Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World (cf. Greek §XVI) ninth/tenth century §2.17 The Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar (cf. Hebrew §IV) tenth century §2.18 The Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid (cf. Arabic §III) §2.19 The Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil (cf. Arabic §IV)

30 The date assigned to each apocalypse in Table I and the roster that follows is the approximate date of the ﬁnal form of the apocalypse, even though many apocalypses are clearly redacted texts that preserve or rework earlier material. I have not indicated dates when Greek apocalypses were translated into other languages. Note that because the date of composition for a large proportion of the Byzantine Greek apocalypses cannot be established with certainty, I have grouped them together and included them in class of texts written between the seventh and tenth centuries.

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Table I (cont.) §2.20 §2.21

The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete (cf. Greek §XVII) The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel (cf. Coptic §II)

tenth/eleventh century §2.22 Nevu’ot Daniel (cf. Hebrew §V) §2.23 The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (cf. Greek §XVIII) seventeenth century §2.24 The Book of Daniel (Dàniyàl-nàma) (cf. Persian §II)

2. The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses 2.1. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (cf. Greek §VI) Berger: No. 44, Gr. Daniel VI [see §2.9, re the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City] DiTommaso: Greek Vision of Daniel on the Isle of Cyprus García Martínez: On the Isle of Cyprus, of the Same Daniel Haelewyck: No. 259, Visio Danielis de insula Cypri (graece) Halkin: No. 1874c [see note 34, infra] Oegema: 6 ApkDan (gr) [see §2.9, re the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the SevenHilled City] Pertusi: Visione del profeta Daniele dal quindicesimo giorno della prigionia ﬁno alla discesa di Cristo e dalla discesa di Cristo ﬁno al compimento del secolo Schmoldt: Unidentiﬁed Daniel A

The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus is extant in at least nine manuscript copies. In 1895 E. Klostermann published three short texts from a ﬁfteenth- or sixteenth-century Venetian manuscript, Biblioteca Marciana codex gr. VII.3, fol. 8v.31 The ﬁrst text is a copy of the beginning of an apocalypse that I call the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City (see §2.9, infra). The second text is LXX Ezek 25:16–17, which is an oracle concerning Crete but which should not be confused with the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete (see §2.20). The last text is a copy of this Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus and carries the title, Per‹ t∞w nÆsou KÊprou toË aÈtoË DaniØl, the referent apparently being the XrhsmÚw DaniØl which prefaces the title of the ﬁrst text in the series.

31 E. Klostermann, Analecta zur Septuaginta, Hexapla und Patristik (Leipzig, 1895), 121 (ﬁrst text), 122 (second text), and 122–123 (third text). Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316 note 3, correctly associates this text with Klostermann’s edition.

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Two years later, V.M. Istrin edited several compositions in Bodleian codex Barocci 145,32 one of which, at fols. 31–32,33 is a second copy of the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus.34 I have since gathered information on three further copies of this text: Palermo, Biblioteca nazionale codex I.E.8, fol. 9v; Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France codex gr. 947, fol. 275r; and Biblioteca Marciana codex gr. IV.38 [olim Nanianus 260], fols. 18v–19r.35 In addition to the ﬁve copies listed above, a section of the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus forms in other manuscripts part of the Oracles of Leo the Wise.36 Four copies are known, including the one 32 V.M. Istrin, “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” COIDRMoskva 184 (1898.1) (Moskva, 1898), 135–162 at 140–142. There

has been some confusion surrounding the bibliographic details of Istrin’s work. Bousset provides a date of 1897 (“Geschichte der Eschatologie,” 287), while García Martínez cites issue numbers 191/193 (1897) of the series COIDRMoskva (“PseudoDanielic Literature,” 153 note 42, etc., referring ultimately to 152 note 38). Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht merely cites the title of the work and a simple date of publication (1897). Alexander is basically correct when he records that “the ﬁrst part of this work (vol. 181) is entitled Izsledovanie (Investigation) and contains Istrin’s philological study of the texts edited in the second part (vol. 183) entitled Teksty (Texts)” (Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 13 note 1). But even this requires clariﬁcation. Istrin’s work is divided into two parts, as Alexander correctly remarks: A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie and B. TeÍcÚ˚. Each part is divided into two sections, however, with the ﬁrst section of each part dealing with the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, and the second section of each part devoted to the Daniel apocalypses. There are, therefore, four sections to the work as a whole, with each section appearing in one of four consecutive issues of the series COIDRMoskva. Section A.I appears in issue 181 (1897.2), A.II in issue 182 (1897.3, but labeled—at least in the copy that I consulted—“ÍÌË„a Ôep‚aﬂ,” a further source of confusion!), B.I in issue 183 (1897.4), and B.II in issue 184 (1898.1). 33 But not identiﬁed in H.O. Coxe, Bodleian Library, Quarto Catalogues. I: Greek Manuscripts (Oxford, 1853; Reprinted with corrections, 1969). The foliation of this copy as it is articulated by Istrin remains a problem. 34 Bousset, “Geschichte der Eschatologie,” 289, identiﬁes the Istrin Barocci 145 text identiﬁed here as a copy of the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus as a copy instead of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (§2.23). Vice-versa, Halkin, BHG 3 and BHGN, correctly identiﬁes three other manuscripts as copies of the Last Vision but then associates them all with Istrin’s edition of the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus. See the Inventory of Chapter Six for details. 35 See the list of the manuscripts for this text in the Inventory of Chapter Six for details. 36 Klostermann, Analecta, 122–123, citing E. Legrand, Leo VI Sapiens. Les oracles de Léon le Sage (Collection de monographies pour servir à l’étude de la langue néohéllenique n.s. 5; Paris, 1875). See also C. Mango, “The Legend of Leo the Wise,” Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog Instituta 6 (1960), 59–93; E. Mioni, “Gli oracoli dello pseudo-Leone (tre carmi dell’età dei Paleologi),” Lirica greca da Archiloco a Elitis. Studi in onore di F.M. Pontani (Padova, 1984), 291–308; and A. Deisser, “Les oracles de Léon VI le Sage,” Kernos 3 (1990), 135–145.

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preserved in the private “Codex Bute” at fol. 9r, edited by J. Vereecken and L. Hadermann-Misguich,37 and those at Bodleian codices Barocci 145, fol. 8538 and Barocci 170, fol. 10r,39 and Biblioteca Marciana cod. gr. VII.22, fols. 131r–133v.40 Given the way that discrete oracles were recycled within Byzantine apocalyptic circles, it is entirely possible that portions of the Vision are extant in other forms. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus is a very brief oraclefragment. The subject of the text is an end-time conﬂict of peoples, with the invaders identiﬁed in the text as the Huns, the Scythians, the Persians, and the Assyrians. Schmoldt tentatively suggests that the Vision might have been written in the second half of the fourth century, when the Persians and the Huns threatened the regions of the Eastern Roman Empire. If he is correct, the Vision is all that remains of what would be the oldest of the Daniel apocalyptica, which in its original form would have been composed at least a century before the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel. It is an intriguing theory, but because of the paucity of the text is it based on a small amount of circ*mstantial evidence. Allusions to hostile peoples are common in apocalyptic literature, and it is also possible that the allusion to the Huns, Scythians, Persians, and Assyrians could have been made at a later date or is simply representative of hostile nations in general. A study of the transmission history of the full corpus of the apocalyptic Daniel literature should help shed more light on the issue of the antiquity of the Vision. 2.2. The Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race (cf. Greek §VII) Schmoldt: Unidentiﬁed Daniel B

The textual situation of this brief text is highly obscure. Schmoldt lists three copies.41 The ﬁrst, which he does not identify, is partially published by Istrin under the attribution of one “Theophilos, Presbyter of Rome.”42 The other two are located in codices from monasteries 37

See Vereecken/Hadermann-Misguich, Les Oracles de Léon le Sage. Rigo, Oracula Leonis, 32, 60. 39 Ibid., 32. 40 This is the George Klontzas codex; see note 28, supra. 41 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 242–243. 42 V.I. Istrin, “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ 38

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at Mount Athos: the ﬁrst (codex Koutloumousion 220, fol. 201) is called the “Vision of the Prophet Daniel,” the second (codex Vatopedion 754, fol. 182)43 is embedded in part of the aforementioned Oracles of Leo the Wise.44 A consultation of Istrin reveals more information, including the fact that the edition he publishes is located in codex 154, fol. 343v, in what he terms the “München Library.”45 Furthermore, Istrin asserts that the Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race is also preserved in the sixteenth-century Vatican codex Ottobonianus gr. 260, fol. 12.46 As with the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1), the Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race appears to be a fragment of a longer composition. The partial text printed by Istrin concerns the coming of the “Blond Race” against Byzantium and another race, which Schmoldt identiﬁes as perhaps being the Western Goths, moving against Greece and the Peloponnese. On the basis of this identiﬁcation, Schmoldt advances a date of circa 400 ce, shortly after the Visigoths had made their way south through modern-day Bulgaria and Macedonia and into Greece and the Peloponnese. If he is correct, then this text contains an extra-biblical, apocalyptic-style prediction on the part of Daniel concerning the end times (§§19–21) which with the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus would be one of the two oldest Daniel apocalyptica. Again, though, a detailed study of the transmission history of the full corpus of Daniel apocalypses is in order before we can advance ﬁrmer conclusions as to this text’s date and provenance. 2.3. The Seventh Vision of Daniel (cf. Armenian §III) Berger: No. 37, Armen Daniel Denis: La Septième Vision de Daniel [see infra] DiTommaso: The Armenian “Seventh Vision of Daniel” García Martínez: Armenian Pseudo-Daniel Haelewyck: No. 264, Septima uisio Danielis Oegema: ApkDan (armen) Pertusi: La settima visione di Daniele

ÑaÌiËÎa,” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3) (Moskva, 1897), 253–329 at 319–320. On the

arrangement of Istrin’s work, see note 32, supra. 43 Which I cannot locate in catalogue, but which is also mentioned by Istrin (“A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 321). 44 See the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1). 45 A search for this text has yet to yield any information. 46 Istrin, “A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 319.

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Rydén, Life of St. Andrew the Fool: ApocDanArm = Apocalypse of Daniel in Armenian Stegmüller: No. 117,4, Apocalypsis Danielis, versio armenica; No. 117,5, Apocalypsis (Visio septima) Danielis v. 1–39, translatio gallica versionis armenicae [see note 51, infra]

The Seventh Vision of Daniel is very likely a translation from a lost Greek apocalypse of the early Byzantine era,47 although the text survives only in Armenian, despite some assertions to the contrary. The Armenian title, which cannot be original, derives from the fact that the Book of Daniel is divided into six visions in some Armenian Bibles. This apocryphal vision, which is appended to the canonical Daniel in these Bibles, is thus the “seventh” vision of Daniel.48 The Armenian Seventh Vision is extant in at least ﬁve manuscripts.49 The editio princeps, edited from three manuscripts and including a German translation, was published by G. Kalemkiar in 1892.50 In 1895 Macler provided a French translation, with divisions into numbered paragraphs.51 A year later S. Josepheanz published two versions

47 Although M.E. Stone remarks that “It is uncertain in which language this work was originally composed” (“The Armenian Apocryphal Literature. Translation and Creation,” Il Caucaso: cerniera fra culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia (secoli IV–XI), 20–26 aprile 1995 (Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull’ Alto Medioevo 43; Spoleto, 1996), 611–643 at 618 note 27). 48 See, e.g., Bibliothek der Mechitharisten (Wien) cod. arm. 39, which G. Kalemkiar (“Die siebente Vision Daniels,” WZKM 6 (1892), 109–136, 227–240 at 113), notes as preserving “7. Liber Danielis. Dieses ist in sechs Visionen eingetheilt unter dem Titel: Die zweite Vision, die dritte Vision, u.s.w.; am Schlusse: Die siebente Vision Daniels über das Ende der Welt.” Note also J. Issaverdens, who notes that in the St. Lazarus Library MS 935 copy of the Seventh Vision, “the Sevent [sic] Vision of Daniel is placed just after the Sixth Vision of the same prophet” (The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament Found in the Armenian Manuscripts of the Library of St. Lazarus (Venezia, 1901, 21934), 235–236, 249–265 at 235). 49 For anyone unable to read Armenian (as I cannot), the full range of the potential manuscript evidence is never truly within grasp. Indeed, I know from compiling my Bibliography the pitfalls of simply trying to list the apocryphal materials preserved in Armenian, which through the enormous eﬀorts of scholars such as Stone have become far more accessible over the last thirty years. Stone notes that only three manuscripts are extant (“Armenian Apocryphal Literature,” 618). 50 Kalemkiar, “Die siebente Vision Daniels”: London, Lambeth Archiepiscopal Library cod. arm. 1209 (twelfth century), and Wien, Mechitaristenkongregation codd. arm. 14 and arm. 39 (fourteenth century). 51 F. Macler, “L’Apocalypse arménienne de Daniel,” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel (Paris, 1895), 56–88 [slightly revised = “Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. IV. L’Apocalypse arménienne de Daniel,” RHR 33 (1896), 288–309]. This is the translation to which Stegmüller refers as “No. 117,5, Apocalypsis (Visio septima) Danielis vv. 1–39, translatio gallica versionis armenicae.” Although his notation implies that it is a diﬀerent apocalypse, in fact it is not.

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of the text from diﬀerent manuscripts.52 One of these was translated into English by J. Issaverdens.53 In addition to the editions and translations, numerous studies refer to this text;54 these usually concentrate on its presentation of the ﬁgure of the Antichrist. The Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel is a long and detailed text. It begins (§1)55 with a vision which is shown to Daniel by the angel Gabriel in the third year of the reign of Cyrus the Persian (cf. Dan 10:1; n.b. also the Slavonic version of the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11) and the Coptic Fourteenth Vision (§2.19)). After telling Daniel that the Messiah will be born in Israel (§2), Gabriel relates what will happen at the end of days, beginning ﬁrst with an account of future history for the following regions or cities: Pontus, Phrygia, Galatia, Cappadocia Minor, Carpathia, Smyrna, Antioch, Alexandria, Egypt proper, Nicaea, Nicomedia, Carthage, Rome, and Byzantium, the last dealing clearly with Constantine the Great and his conversion to Christianity (§§2–18). Following this, the Seventh Vision for a time narrows its focus to events in Rome and Byzantium, beginning with the notice of the third Byzantine king (§19)56 and running through several more rulers57 until the rise of Theodosius II (ruled 402–450, sole ruler from 408), who is explicitly named (§24). The information that follows the description of the reign of Theodosius II is diﬃcult to summarize. The Byzantine emperor Marcianus (ruled 450–457) is positively named (§25), there appears a ﬁgure

52 S. Josepheanz, Ankanon girk' Hin Ktakaranac' (Venezia, 1896), 237–250, 378–399. Because this book was published in Venezia and because Issaverdens’ translation of portions of Josepheanz (see the next note) speciﬁcally mentions that the manuscripts are from the Library of St. Lazarus in that city, one can assume that the two manuscripts in question are the Venezia manuscripts unknown to Kalemkiar (i.e., Venezia, S. Lazzaro codd. 935 (fourteenth century) and 1635 (ﬁfteenth century)). The fact that the two texts in Josepheanz derive from two separate manuscripts is conﬁrmed by the note of James, Apocrypha Anecdota II (T&S 5.1; Cambridge, 1897), 165. 53 Issaverdens, Uncanonical Writings. 54 See, most recently, Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 310; and Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 3. 55 I employ the paragraph divisions of Macler. 56 So both Kalemkiar, “Die siebente Vision Daniels,” 230, and Macler, Les apocalypses apocryphes. One would expect reference, however, to the “second” king, following Constantine; this is what Issaverdens, Uncanonical Writings, 252, reports. 57 Including Theodosius I (ruled 379–395), the last emperor to rule over the entire Empire. After him, one may correctly speak of Roman and Byzantine emperors, a fact noted by the Seventh Vision at §23: “Et d’un sceptre sortiront deux sceptres” (trans. Macler).

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identiﬁed as a wild beast, and then the “seven-hilled” city suﬀers great devastation (§26).58 After this event, the Seventh Vision tells of the military conﬂicts among diverse rulers, identiﬁed variously as the dog, the wild beast, the dragon, the lion, the widow, the youth, the tyrant king, and even one who is called “Salamander” (§§26–34). In this section certain proper names are also mentioned, including “Theodosius” (§28),59 “Plakitas” (§30), and “Orlogios” (§31). History comes to a climax with the appearance of an Arian king (§35), which immediately precedes the advent of the Antichrist (§37). The rest of the Seventh Vision details the physical characteristics of the Antichrist, the woes that aﬄict humanity and the earth, the second coming of Christ, the judgment of the righteous, and other eschatological happenings (§§37–39). The Armenian Seventh Vision is one of the earliest apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, and was likely composed towards the end of the ﬁfth century60 or the beginning of the sixth.61 The few proper names that appear in the text clearly refer to ﬁgures from that period, and even if the majority of the allusions to historical persons and events cannot be identiﬁed, a simple reckoning based on the number of kings appearing in the ex eventu prophecy following the reign of Theodosius II also conﬁrms this date. What is more, the complete lack of reference to Justinian (ruled 527–565)—and this in an apocalypse that seemingly focuses on the high politics and foreign policy of Byzantium and Rome—suggests an absolute terminus ante quem for the composition of the text.62 As a result, and very much unlike the bulk of the 58 This could allude to a number of things, including the sack of Rome in 410 or the great ﬁre in Constantinople in 469 (the last apud Macler, Les apocalypses apocryphes, 70 note 5). Much depends on how one identiﬁes the “seven-hilled” city. 59 “Salamander” in Kalemkiar, “Die siebente Vision Daniels,” 234, Macler, Les apocalypses apocryphes, 77, and Issaverdens, Uncanonical Writings, 258, although at 258 note 2 the latter observes that in the other Venezia manuscript the text reads “Theodosius.” 60 Kalemkiar, “Die siebente Vision Daniels”; Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht, 129. 61 So P.J. Alexander, “Medieval Apocalypses as Historical Sources,” American Historical Review 73 (1968), 997–1018 at 1002, although he does not cite his reasons for arriving at this ﬁgure. This article was reprinted in the Variorum collection Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire (London, 1978). On the early date, see also Macler, Les apocalypses apocryphes. 62 Contra both Kalemkiar, “Die siebente Vision Daniels,” 113–114, and Denis, Introduction, 1301, who date the text to the seventh century. Note also Bousset, Antichrist Legend, 78: “The author of the Armenian Apocalypse of Daniel expected the end to come in the time of Heraclius [ruled 610–641].”

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Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles, which derive from a much later period, the Seventh Vision preserves an apocalypse that reﬂects a situation where the Western Empire is still important and the Arab Muslims have yet to enter upon the stage of history. Excursus I: History, Prophecy, and the Dating of Apocalyptica Although the practice of dating pseudonymous apocalyptica by means of their ex eventu historical allusions is commonplace, surprisingly little has been written about the underlying methodology. One notable exception is P.J. Alexander’s inﬂuential article in the 1968 issue of American Historical Review.63 The simplest way to go about the practice, he observes, is to date the composition of the apocalypse to a point shortly after its latest historical element, which is usually identiﬁed by the fact that it immediately precedes that shift from history to eschatology. The key to the problem is knowing where to draw the line between history and prophecy. But on what basis can this line be drawn? Certain elements of apocalypses are clearly understood to occur in the future: the appearance of the Messiah and/or the Antichrist, the ﬁnal judgment, the New Jerusalem, and so on, depending on the text and the contexts within which it was composed. Allusions to kings and queens, battles and sieges, and cities and kingdoms pose a more complicated problem. How can one decide whether the author had in mind events and ﬁgures from his historical past or whether he meant these things to be part of his prophetic canvas? Indeed, there are several elements of apocalypses which on the surface seem historical but in some contexts are clearly eschatological, such as the topos of the Last Roman Emperor or the notice of the ﬁnal destruction of Babylon, Rome, or Constantinople. How then does one make a decision whether the last emperor in a series is the ﬁnal emperor in the author’s memory of the historical record or an eschatological ﬁgure without historical basis? One attempt to draw this line between history and eschatology is what may be termed the “maximalist” approach. In this case, the scholar assumes that anything which hints of history (e.g., accounts of battles and wars, names of rules and the lengths of their reigns, reports of the rise and fall of kingdoms, etc.) is in fact historical, that every allusion is potentially veriﬁable, and that if it is not actually veriﬁable, it is only due to the paucity of the historical record and not a product of the apocalypticist’s imagination. The point at which the review of history ends is the point by which one ought to date the apocalypse. The diﬃculty with the maximalist method is that it is often too crude and prone to ignore those elements of genuine eschatological speculation that on the surface merely appear historical. One might always conclude

Alexander, “Medieval Apocalypses.”

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that the Antichrist is an eschatological element, but, as Alexander correctly warns us, not every datum that deals with historical matters is a vaticinium ex eventu. Sometimes the notice of a speciﬁc event or ﬁgure might also be eschatological, the product of an author’s shrewd political judgment or, in dire circ*mstances, sheer blind hope. It would not require a singularly vivid or astute political imagination, for instance, for a Byzantine apocalypticist of the mid-ﬁfteenth century to predict the imminent fall of Constantinople. The “minimalist” method is more sensitive to the data.64 Here the scholar seeks not the latest historical element but rather the latest veriﬁable historical element. Using this method, even if a given apocalypse presents a review of history in which a dozen events or ﬁgures are mentioned, one would only date the text at the point where the last historical event or ﬁgure could be positively identiﬁed. This minimalist approach seems to be particularly popular with the scholars who oﬀer dates of composition regarding the various apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, including those who understand nearly the entire “historical” section of the Diegesis Danielis (see infra) to be nothing more than a highly detailed eschatological exposition. The minimalist approach has obvious advantages over the maximalist one. Its weakness is that it paradoxically seeks to evaluate the historicity of historical allusions which in themselves are inevitably cryptic and thus resistant to evaluation or, more properly, may permit several equally valid interpretations. This uncertainty, which is far more common than it is uncommon, leads to situations where various dates of composition may be proposed for a text on the basis that one allusion or another is the latest veriﬁable historical element and all that follows is prophecy. A good example of this phenomenon in action is the Diegesis Danielis, where several conﬂicting theories are oﬀered on the basis of where the line between history and speculation ought to be set. Another problem with the minimalist approach is that the historical record is itself full of gaps and self-contradictory. Therefore, not only are the data themselves cryptic (and sometimes suspect—editorial redacting and updating of the ex eventu data plague many apocalypses), but also the historical framework into which they are ﬁtted is incomplete and dogged by inaccuracy and inconsistency. If texts were jigsaw puzzles and historical allusions were its pieces, half the these pieces would be blank (the missing historical record), the other half would have identical mortises and tenons

64 Scholars working in the area of biblical and extra-biblical apocalyptic texts have for generations been quite familiar with dating texts on the basis of their latest veriﬁable historical element. For mediaevalists, however, the tendency is to ascribe the technique to Alexander, “Medieval Apocalypses.” For an example of the continuing inﬂuence of this excellent paper, see S. Bashear, “Apocalyptic and Other Materials on Early Muslim-Byzantine Wars: A Review of Arabic Sources,” JRAS 1.2 (1991), 173–207 at 173: “The standard criteria for using apocalypses as historical sources were established by . . . Alexander . . . [who] arrived at the conclusion that historical apocalypses are in fact ‘prophecies ex eventu,’ i.e. having actually already materialised around the time of their circulation.”

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(the cryptic data), and a few of them would clearly belong to another puzzle entirely (the redacted text). If the analogy is apt, one can see that the situation does not lend itself well to determining which one piece above all others ought to be identiﬁed as the key, latest veriﬁable historical element. To be sure, not every apocalypse is as complicated as the one presupposed by this jigsaw analogy, and there are some texts where the minimalist approach can suggest without fuss the date of the composition of a text. A good example is the Apocalypse of Weeks of 1 Enoch, a short apocalypse that contains comparatively little detail. But a signiﬁcant proportion of historical apocalypses, including the ones attributed to Daniel, contain a battalion of cryptic details that consistently confound attempts to draw the line between history and prophecy. Consider the so-called “Eagle Vision” of 4 Ezra, a redacted composition which presents a vision and interpretation (which are not identical) of an eagle festooned with heads and wings greater and lesser. The eagle is an empire and the heads and wings are its emperors (or kings), pretenders, rivals, and other ﬁgures. For a century and a half scholars have sought to date the Eagle Vision on the basis of these allusions, and it is a measure of the intractability of the problem that no less than four major categories of opinion have emerged, ranging in date from the ﬁrst century bce to the third century ce, with each category itself containing subtler variations on the major theories.65 In cases such as the Eagle Vision, where the data are so numerous and cryptic as to permit more than one reasonable theory, the dividing line between history and prophecy should not be based solely on the veriﬁable historicity of any single allusion or on the degree to which the details in the text parallel the historical record, inasmuch as it can be reconstructed. Rather, attention should be given ﬁrst to the form and scope of the full range of the allusions. Historical veriﬁcation of the allusions and the claims about dates of composition based on such claims must follow from—and not proceed—an examination of the character of the allusions. More often than not there is a marked diﬀerence between the character of ex eventu reviews of history and the character of prophecies that are based on an perceptive author’s appraisal of the direction in which the political winds of his time are blowing. On the one hand, genuine historical reviews in apocalypses are considerably more detailed and cover a far greater chronological expanse; on the other hand, the statements about the future tend to be more general and do not chronologically extend too far from the author’s own time. Details such as the names of kings, the lengths of their reigns, the particulars of and participants in battles, particularly if they smack of historical content,66 and even if they are cryptically presented, are

65 For an overview, see L. DiTommaso, “Dating the Eagle Vision of 4 Ezra: A New Look at an Old Theory,” JSP 20 (1999), 3–38. 66 The detailed battle in the Qumran War Scroll, for example, while extremely detailed and involving many named ﬁgures, presents many elements that quite clearly set it in the eschatological future.

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important elements in such an evaluation.67 Where the character of the data changes from long-term to short-term and from delineated to vague, at this point one should draw the line between history and prophecy. In sum, if there are simply too many of these speciﬁc details present in an apocalypse, and even if these details do not even halfway match the historical record, then it is probably wrong-headed to dismiss the lot as eschatological expectation. This is the approach that helps us cut through the Gordian Knot of the issue of the date of the Greek Diegesis Danielis and so provides an alternative to those theories that would ascribe the majority of the text’s review of history to eschatology. Of course, this approach should not be employed blindly, and one should not ignore obvious correlations between historical allusions and historical record. The role of the scholar’s intuition should not be ignored, either. As noted, the minimalist approach is best when there is no immediately apparent division between history and prophecy and when the apocalypse contains enough cryptic data so as to permit multiple theories as to the date of its composition.

The provenance of the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel is the East, not the West. The regions and cities which are singled out at the beginning of the apocalypse are, with the exception of Carthage and Rome, all part of the Eastern Empire. The preoccupation with the intricacies of Byzantine power politics might indicate that the apocalypse was written in or near Constantinople. The author pays special attention to Bithynia, the area on the north shore of Asia Minor immediately east of Constantinople, and to the Bithynian city of Nicomedia, forty miles east of Constantinople on the Sea of Marmara (§§2, 33). Nicomedia was in some respects the “original” capital of the Eastern Empire, the seat of the Roman Emperor Diocletian’s government in Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt, and was only eclipsed in this role when Constantine later chose to re-found the old town of Byzantium and make it, the new city bearing his name rather than Diocletian’s Nicomedia, the capital of the east.68 That Nicomedia is highlighted twice in the Seventh Vision is perhaps another indication that the apocalypse was composed at a relatively early date, when the memories of its once-important imperial status had yet to fade.

67 An examination of some of the apocalyptic reviews of history whose allusions have been for the most part identiﬁed (e.g., Daniel 8–10, 11; the Animal Apocalypse, the “Eagle Vision” of 4 Ezra) demonstrates that attention to historical detail and a concern with history that runs over many generations are hallmarks of ex eventu reviews of history, not prophecy. 68 W. Treadgold, A Concise History of Byzantium (London, 2001), 16–18, 21.

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The relationship between the Armenian Seventh Vision and certain other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses is not easy to elucidate precisely. Nineteenth-century scholars believed that it and a few of the Byzantine Greek apocalyptica were close enough in some cases to be considered versions of the same apocalypse. More recently, M.R. James, M.E. Stone, and Denis have made claims about the correspondence between the Seventh Vision and various other Daniel apocalypses. Denis, for example, argues ( pace T. Zahn)69 that both the Armenian Seventh Vision and the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (§2.23) are “dépendent indépendamment d’un Daniel apocryphe, peut-être judéo-rabbinique, qu’Hippolyte, selon Ébed Jesu . . . aurait commenté sous le nom de Jeune (plutôt que Petit) Daniel, dont il reste un fragment en syriaque.”70 The matter of the value of the testimony of Ebed-Jesu will be reserved for the next section on the Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel (§2.4), a work that several scholars have speciﬁcally identiﬁed as this “Jeune Daniel.” As for the question of Denis’ assertion of the dependence of the Armenian Seventh Vision and the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel on a lost Daniel apocryphon, and on other issues relating to the points of contact among all the Daniel apocalypses, we will resume this discussion in the last section of this chapter. What can be said, here though, is that the age of the Seventh Vision and its comparatively long and detailed text mean that, along with the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, it stands as a critical early source for many of the topoi that reappear consistently in the later apocalyptic literature attributed to Daniel. 2.4. The Vision of the Young Daniel (cf. Syriac §II) Berger: No. 51, Syr Daniel Denis: Jeune Daniel DiTommaso: Syriac Daniel-Text García Martínez: Syriac Pseudo-Daniel Haelewyck: No. 260, De Domino nostro et de ﬁne, auctore iuuene Daniel Oegema: ApkDan (syr)

The Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel is preserved in a unique, twelfthcentury manuscript, British Library codex Additional 18715, fols. 239v–241r. W. Wright ﬁrst identiﬁed and described the Vision in his

69 70

Zahn, Forschungen, 5.115–116. On James and Stone, see §5, infra. Denis, Introduction, 1301.

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1870 Catalogue.71 The editio princeps of the text, with photographs and a German translation, was included by H. Schmoldt in his important yet unpublished doctoral dissertation, which he submitted to the Evang.-Theogische Fakultät der Universität Hamburg, and which also contains texts and translations of and commentaries on several of the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses.72 To date, Schmoldt’s edition remains the only public presentation of the Young Daniel. The Young Daniel is composed almost entirely in poetical meter. The ﬁrst two chapters, which are prefaced by a brief, prose, thirdperson introduction (1.1–4), focus on the Son of Man, his actions, and the various elements of the cult. Another prose passage (3.1–3), this time in the ﬁrst person, sets the stage for the apocalyptic elements of the text in the subsequent chapters by establishing the (spurious) historical context on which its authoritative status is based. As Schmoldt translates, (1) Und danach, als ich, Daniel, war in der Gegend Persiens und Elams in den Jahren des Königs Darius [ergo, after Daniel 9 but before Daniel 10–12], wurde mir oﬀenbart vom heiligen Geist, was zukünftig sein wird in den späteren Tagen. (2) Und ich schrieb die Gesichte auf und versiegelte sie, die sein sollen für die späteren Geschlechter, damit die einsehen, die verständig sind, wiel [sic] sein werden Bedrängnisse und Schrecken auf der Erde. (3) Und vollendet (ist) der Wille des Herrn.

The apocalyptic sections proper contain a sequence of elements typical to the genre generally and to the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses speciﬁcally: cryptic allusions to kings and kingdoms, wars and conﬂicts, geological and meteorological signs and portents, and numerous instances of standard eschatological phraseology such as “in this/that time” and “on this/that these/those day(s).” The Young Daniel ends with a description of the Antichrist and “der Sohn des Verderbens” (8.1–17). According to Schmoldt, the Young Daniel is a composite, redacted text possessing two major components.73 The oldest portions, which are reﬂected in the apocalyptic sections of §§3–5 and 7–8 and represent the bulk of the text, are Jewish and may date from as early as the late ﬁrst century or second century ce. Schmoldt posits that 71 W. Wright, Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired Since the Year 1838 (London, 1870), No. XXXII, 1.19. 72 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 25–113. 73 Ibid., 106–113.

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this section may have been originally composed in Aramaic, although it is impossible to ascertain at which stage in the formation of the text it was translated into Syriac. In contrast, §§1–2 and portions of §6 are, in their present form, largely Christian and represent a slightly later addition to the text. The issue of the date of the Young Daniel is potentially informed by several factors beyond the identiﬁcation of the historical allusions of the text. The ﬁrst of these external factors is the notice in EbedJesu’s writings to a composition he calls the “Little Daniel” (or the “Lesser Daniel”), upon which the second-century writer Hippolytus of Rome may have commented. If it could be determined that this “Little Daniel” refers to the Syriac Young Daniel (or to the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet, §2.5, infra), this would have a profound impact on the date that one assigns to it. The diﬃculty with employing Ebed-Jesu’s testimony in this regard is that it is ambiguous and allows several equally viable options. For example, as García Martínez74 tentatively suggests, the name “Little Daniel” could simply refer to Hippolytus’ well-known commentary on the Book of Daniel. Alternately, the name could be taken to refer collectively to the Greek Additions to Daniel,75 although, as J.B. Lightfoot opines, the Additions would be normally included under Daniel, and in Ebed-Jesu’s list Susanna is speciﬁcally mentioned.76 A third option is that the “Little Daniel” alludes to a portion of the biblical Book of Daniel that circulated independently, likely in translation; e.g., the Daniel narratives of Daniel 2–6, perhaps even including the Greek Additions to Daniel, or the Daniel visions of Daniel 7–12. The problem with this theory is that there is no manuscript evidence that such a book (or books) existed,77 but support might be found in the nature of Daniel apocrypha that are preserved, so many of which seem to follow either the model of the third-person Daniel legenda or that of the ﬁrst-person Daniel revelatory visions. In other

García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 160. So N. Bonwetsch, in a private communication with W. Bousset (reported in the latter’s Antichrist Legend, 71). 76 J.B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I. S. Clement of Rome (London/New York, 1890), 2.393. 77 It is almost certain that a pre-MT collection of what would become Daniel 2–6 once existed and, indeed, formed part of the received material employed by the author/redactor of MT Daniel. But there is no evidence to suggest that this collection survived the creation of MT Daniel. 75

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words, it is not completely impossible that someone could have been interested in only the narrative or the vision portion and so abridged the Book of Daniel to reﬂect this interest. Fourth, the name “Little Daniel” might refer to a composition directly dependent on the Book of Daniel: an abbreviation or paraphrase of the entire Book (as opposed to an abridged collection of either Daniel narratives or Daniel visions) or perhaps a “Daniel midrash” of the sort that L. Hartman suggests rests at the heart of the eschatological discourse in several sections of the New Testament.78 Fifth, the epithet “little” (or “lesser”) could indeed refer to our Syriac Young (i.e., “Little” or “Lesser”) Daniel. This is the cautious suggestion of Lightfoot,79 Zahn,80 and, as we have seen, Denis,81 and would require that the Young Daniel precede Hippolytus’ commentary on it, meaning a date of composition for the Young Daniel of no later than the beginning of the third century ce. The sixth option is that the reference could be to a commentary on the other Syriac Daniel apocalypse, the Revelation of Daniel the Prophet. In this case the adjective “little” might have reﬂected the status of the text, a “lesser” apocalypse compared to the “greater” ones in the Book of Daniel. Finally, the name “Little Daniel” might refer to an independent Syriac Daniel apocryphon other than the Young Daniel or the Revelation of Daniel the Prophet, which once was known and circulated in Syriac circles but which is no longer extant. The fact that so many reasonable yet unprovable options present themselves conﬁrms the fundamental worthlessness of the “Little Daniel” reference with respect to its shedding light on the question of the date of composition of either the Young Daniel or the Revelation of Daniel the Prophet. The evidentiary value of none of these options rises above the levels of speculation and circ*mstance, and for this reason the “Little Daniel” reference does not clarify the issue of the date of composition for either of the two Syriac Daniel apocalypses. A second external factor that potentially informs the date of the Young Daniel follows from the delicate practice of dating portions of

78 L.F. Hartman, Prophecy Interpreted. The Formation of Some Jewish Eschatological Texts and of the Eschatological Discourse Mark 13 Par (trans. N. Tomkinson and J. Gray; ConBibNT 1; Lund, 1966), 145–177 passim, 179, 205, 235. 79 Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, 351, 391. 80 Zahn, Forschungen, 5.115–116. 81 Denis, Introduction, 1301.

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the text on the basis of their eschatological expectations. The majority view follows Schmoldt in holding that the oldest sections of the Young Daniel date from the ancient rather than the mediaeval world. Schmoldt identiﬁes the reference to the he-goat at 5.7 (cf. Dan 8:5, 8, and 21) with the era of the “good emperors” of Rome, during the period from Vespasian shortly after the destruction of the Second Temple to the end of Commodus’ reign at the close of the second century.82 García Martínez has no diﬃculty in stating that “the Jewish work (or works) on which it [i.e., the Young Daniel ] is based perfectly concur with the apocalyptic writings of the ﬁrst centuries,”83 while in a brief note oﬀered without support, K. Berger dates the text to the fourth century.84 S.P. Brock is more cautious, and considers the Young Daniel to be “of completely unknown date.”85 The only speciﬁcally dissenting voice is that of M. Henze, who edited the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet. He argues against the early date of Berger, noting that the parallels between the Young Daniel and the Revelation, which he dates to the ﬁrst half of the seventh century, imply that “both texts derive from a similar milieu and thus were composed at approximately the same time.”86 Henze’s argument is suspect on several grounds, however. To begin, the issue of the consanguinity of the ﬁnal forms of two texts cannot speak to the issue of the date of their original sources. Many Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles of Byzantine origin, for example, are in their present form relatively late pastiches of earlier prophetic material. Second, Henze’s argument regarding the close relationship between these two texts is suspect.87 As a result, his conclusion about their approximate date of composition is thrown into question. Third, despite his statement concerning the late date of the Young Daniel and the Revelation, Henze also holds that portions of the latter apocalypses might reﬂect ﬁrst or second-century eschatological expectations. It is unclear how he reconciles these seemingly contradictory positions. 82

Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 95 (and followed in this by Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht, 131). Schmoldt also postulates that Young Daniel 6.1 might refer to the 70 CE destruction of Jerusalem (112). 83 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 160. 84 K. Berger, “Hellenistisch-heidnische Prodigien und die Vorzeichen in der jüdischen und christlichen Apokalyptik,” ANRW 23.2 (Berlin/New York, 1986), 1463. 85 S.P. Brock, “Jewish Traditions in Syriac Sources,” JJS 30 (1979), 224. 86 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 16. 87 See infra, §2.5.

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At the same time, a case still can be made against an early date of the Young Daniel. This will be addressed in the following section, where we will discuss the relationship of this text with the Syriac Revelation of Daniel. 2.5. The Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam (cf. Syriac §III) Previously unidentiﬁed by any of the major studies before Slabczyk.

This Syriac text, which survives in its entirety, is extant in a unique, twelfth- or thirteenth-century Harvard University manuscript codex, Syr 42, fols. 117r–122v. The manuscript was ﬁrst identiﬁed by J.T. Clemons88 and then described in more detail by M.H. GoshenGottstein in his 1979 catalogue of Syriac manuscripts at Harvard.89 In 2000 M. Slabczyk published the editio princeps, which was accompanied by a translation of the text, most curiously, in Esperanto.90 One year later M. Henze published a second edition of the text which contained an English translation, a full introduction, and an excellent and detailed commentary.91 By means of a linguistic analysis, Henze demonstrates that Syriac is the original language of the Revelation and that the text is not a translation from a lost Greek exemplar.92 The Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet is for several reasons an atypical text. Unlike the majority of the Daniel apocrypha, the Revelation preserves both a narrative section (§§1–12) and a vision section (§§14–40).93 The Revelation is thus identical in its basic structure to the biblical Book of Daniel. The only other Daniel apocryphon that also exhibits this dual, narrative/vision structure is the JudaeoPersian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl.94 Second, this narrative portion of the Revelation

88 J.T. Clemons, “A Checklist of Syriac Manuscripts in the United States and Canada,” OCP 32 (1966), 224–251 at 238 [Clemons: Harvard “MS 75”]. 89 M.H. Goshen-Gottstein, Syriac Manuscripts in the Harvard College Library: A Catalogue (HSS 23; Missoula, 1979), 54. 90 M. Slabczyk, Apokalipso de Daniel Profeta en la lando Persio kaj Elamo. Sirian tekston, Esperanton tradukon kaj komentarion (Arkado eldonejo 1; Wien, 2000). 91 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel. 92 Ibid., 8–9. 93 Both Slabczyk and Henze divide the text into chapters; twenty-six chapters in the edition of the former, forty in the edition of the latter. I have chosen to follow Henze’s division throughout. §13 is a transition chapter. 94 See the section on the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl (§2.14). There is no possibility that the

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is composed in the ﬁrst-person, which is so utterly unlike most other Daniel legenda, even including the narratives in the Book of Daniel 1–6 and the Greek Additions.95 The only exceptions to the rule are the narrative section that forms the ﬁrst half of the aforementioned Qissa-yi Dàniyàl and the brief pseudo-autobiographical Prologues to certain Daniel prognostica.96 Finally, the Revelation is composed in both prose (the narrative sections) and in poetry (the vision section). Most of the other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses are strictly prose compositions, although the Syriac Young Daniel does contain some poetic sections and the Judaeo-Persian Dàniyàl-nàma is written wholly in poetic metre. The vision portion of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet is set in Persia, where Daniel is serving in the court of King Darius. In the transition §13, the reader is simply told that Daniel received many prophecies and visions while with Darius in Persia and Elam, and the general sense is that what follows in §§14–40 is meant to be read as a synthesis of this information. With the exception of the assertion in both the transition section and the ﬁnal line of the text that this information was revealed to Daniel, the Revelation fails to furnish any indication that knowledge of the future has been mediated by an angelus interpres or any other ﬁgure. Indeed, after this introductory section Daniel is completely removed from the account; he is neither referred to directly, as a ﬁgure who interacts with a mediating angel, nor does he appear indirectly, telling the reader that “he saw” what is to happen or that these events “were revealed” to him. The vision portion of the Revelation commences with the revolt of the peoples from the north, an event that precipitates the arrival of a cycle of aﬄictions that plague the earth and its population before the advent of the last days (§§14–20). As with the Young Daniel, most of the information in the Revelation is relatively general: the gathering of the four winds, the sun’s being blotted out, darkness covering the earth, and so on. The earth recovers for a spell at the beginning of §15, when angels walk among men, but after this comes another round of geological, social, and astronomical calamities, dur-

Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet are related on the basis of these structural similarities. 95 On the information in the autobiographical section, see Chapter Two. 96 See Chapter Four, §§2,3, and 4, regarding the Somniale Danielis, the Lunationes Danielis, and the Praedictiones Danielis, respectively.

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ing which time all the iniquities of humans surface and parallel the earthly and cosmic woes.97 This cycle of aﬄictions are then succeeded by the advent of the ﬁgure of the Antichrist (§§21–24), whose origins, appearance, deeds, and death at the hands of a “reconciling angel”98 and his army of saints are related in detail. After the demise of the Antichrist, the earth and its suﬀering population prepare for the divine theophany (§§25–29). This is followed by the second coming of Christ (§§30–31), the building of the New Jerusalem (§33), the resurrection of the dead (§§34–36), the pilgrimage of the nations (§§37–39), and the paschal banquet of peace (§40). Where the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet truly diﬀers from the other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses is in its near-total lack of ex eventu historical review. It is, to use Collins’ distinction, a “historical” apocalypse without the history, since it appears to be solely concerned with eschatological events. I shall return to the issue of genre and deﬁnitions in §3, below. The date and provenance of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet are not immediately apparent, primarily because of this near-total lack of datable historical allusions so common to many of the other apocalyptic Daniel literature. Slabczyk, who does not appear to assign a date to the text, argues that its author was a Byzantine Greek, perhaps even from one of the Greek islands near Anatolia,99 but his evidence for this conclusion is unconvincing. He opines that references to the “inhabitants of the islands” (cf. §15) refer to the island archipelagoes of the Byzantine Empire and that the more general references to high mountains, volcanoes, many cities, and military fortiﬁcations indicate a provenance in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. If the context of these elements were an ex eventu review of history—where they likely would be associated speciﬁcally with historical ﬁgures100—then perhaps his conclusion might be more substantial. 97 This information seems to be unique and eschatological rather than repeatable and prognostic. On the diﬀerences between apocalyptic future and prognostic future, see Chapter Four, §1. 98 This ﬁgure remains unidentiﬁed. See the commentary by Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 95 note 150. 99 Slabczyk, Apokalipso de Daniel Profeta, 10, 12. 100 As, e.g., in an apocalypse if a particular people is foretold to suﬀer under or be conquered by a particular “king” or if a particular geographic event is foretold to take place in association with a speciﬁc ruler, one can subsequently match these elements with historical parallels. A good example of the latter would be the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ce.

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As it stands, however, these elements are part of a far more vague and almost completely unhistorical description of the end times and last days, where the appearance of such elements is common. What is more, it is clear that these elements are more reﬂective of their biblical antecedents, particularly the prophetic literature, than they are of the point of origin of the text. As a ﬁnal point, the distinct lack of place names in the vision section of the Revelation of Daniel the Prophet (in marked contrast to the speciﬁcally named geographic references in the Armenian Seventh Vision, for example) renders Slabczyk’s claims diﬃcult to evaluate. Henze instead looks to Syria for the provenance of the Revelation of Daniel the Prophet, and here he prefers a Chalcedonian or Melchite origin rather than a Nestorian one, his contention being that the biblical Book of Revelation, which provides the basic structure for the last sections of the Syriac Revelation, held little place in eastern Syriac Christian circles. Of course, conclusions about date and provenance based on presupposed lines of transmission of themes and texts are generally open to debate, but Henze makes the most of a very limited amount of information.101 As for the date of the ﬁnal form of the text, Henze suggests the ﬁrst half of the seventh century on the basis of some of its themes and images. While not particularly substantial given the paucity of the evidence, his argument is nevertheless convincing, and is based on his evaluation of the lack of any points of contact between the Revelation of Daniel and the Syriac original of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius. The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius is a critically important text for the study of the nature and development of apocalypses and apocalyptic eschatology in general throughout the seventh to tenth centuries.102 Pseudo-Methodius was originally composed in Syriac, probably around the years 691 or 692103 by a resident of Mount Singara, who wrote to urge monophysite Christians towards a more favourable

101

Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 16–17. But see now Henze’s thoughts at note

103. 102 Alexander, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 13–51 [Syriac Apocalypse of PseudoMethodius], 52–60 [First Greek Redaction]; Olster, “Byzantine Apocalypses,” passim. 103 G.J. Reinink, “Pseudo-Methodius und die Legende vom römischen Endkaiser,” The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages (ed. W. Verbeke, et al.; Leuven, 1988), 82–111. In private correspondence, M. Henze informs me that it is his opinion now that the Revelation is a product of perhaps the fourth century and that it was composed originally in a Semitic language.

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view of the Byzantine Empire.104 The ﬁrst half of the text presents a detailed exposition of world history from Adam through the world kingdoms of Daniel up to the Romans (including the Eastern Romans, i.e., the Byzantines). Following this review of history there is an equally detailed and painfully obscure account of the future, replete with all sorts of topoi and ﬁgures which time and again reappear in later apocalyptic texts, including the Daniel apocalypses. Sometime during the eighth century the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius was translated into Greek, which circulated in at least four recensions105 (the ﬁrst of which was the most faithful to the Syriac) and enjoyed an immense and long-lived popularity throughout the Greekspeaking lands. The Latin translation of Pseudo-Methodius was made from the Greek, probably around the year 800,106 and this circulated in at least two versions. In addition, an Armenian version and at least two Slavonic versions (and an interpolated Slavonic version) are known. Although the Syriac original of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius contains many elements that in the Greek recensions of the text would later clearly inﬂuence or in some cases be overtly reworked into several of the later Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses,107 Henze 104

This theory has been developed in great detail in a series of studies by G.J. Reinink; on these studies, see the appropriate section in DiTommaso, Bibliography, and G.A.A. Kortekaas, “The Transmission of the Text of Pseudo-Methodius in cod. Paris lat. 13348,” RHT 18 (1988), 61–79 at 64 note 3. The literature on PseudoMethodius is immense; on the text of the Syriac original, see M. Kmosko, “Das Rätsel des Pseudo-Methodius,” Byz 6 (1931), 273–296 and the sources cited in DiTommaso and Kortekaas, 64–65 note 5. Note also the ﬁrst two chapters of the important dissertation by F.J. Martínez, “Eastern Christian Apocalyptic in the Early Muslim Period: Pseudo-Methodius and Pseudo-Athanasius” (Diss: Catholic University of America, 1985). 105 The First Greek Recension is closest to the Syriac original. On the texts of three Greek recensions, see V.M. Istrin, OÚÍo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË-

˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍÓÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. I. MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o,” COIDRMoskva 181 (1897.2) (Moskva, 1897),

1–250; with the texts at COIDRMoskva 183 (1897.4) (Moskva, 1897), 5–131). Note the review of Istrin’s work by C.E. Gleye, ByzZ 9 (1900), 222–228. On the arrangement of Istrin’s work, see note 32, supra. On the text of the Apocalypse of PseudoMethodius, see A. Lolos, Die Apocalypse des Ps.-Methodios (BKPh 83; Meisenheim am Glan, 1976); idem, Die dritte und vierte Redaktion des Ps.-Methodios (BKPh 94; Meisenheim am Glan, 1978); and now, esp., W.J. Aerts and G.A.A. Kortekaas, Die Apokalypse des Pseudo-Methodius. Die ältesten griechischen und lateinischen Übersetzungen (CSCO 569–570, subsidia 97–98; Louvain, 1998). 106 E. Sackur, Sibyllinische Texte und Forschungen (Halle, 1898), 57; cf. Kortekaas, “Transmission of the Text,” 65–66. 107 Alexander, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 61–62; see also the separate sections

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argues that there are no parallels between it and the Syriac Revelation.108 From his perspective, the terminus ante quem of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet therefore cannot be later than the 691/2 date of the composition of the Syriac original of the Apocalypse.109 Henze argues that the terminus a quo of the Revelation is suggested by the 629/630 date of composition of the Syriac Alexander Legend,110 which introduced the motif of the “Gates of the North” into Syriac apocalyptic literature, including the Revelation. If the date of the ﬁnal redaction of the text is settled, the matter of the date of the original version of and/or the oldest material preserved in the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet remains very much open to debate.111 Henze states that the Revelation has little in common with other apocalypses of the seventh century but bears a close resemblance in “message, language, and genre” to Jewish historical apocalypses of the Second Temple period and the early centuries ce.112 The second part of Henze’s statement is a water-colour version of the same portrait Schmoldt paints in oils for the transmission his-

on the Greek Diegesis Danielis (§2.10), the Slavonic Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (§2.13), and the Greek Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel (§2.15). 108 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 12–15. 109 The fact that Alexander dates the Syriac Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius to the period between 644 and 656 (or, less likely, 678) does not undermine Henze’s thesis (Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 25). But see S.P. Brock, “Syriac Sources for SeventhCentury History,” 17–36 at 34, where he observes that Alexander is misled in his dating. Brock remarks that the writer of the Syriac Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius “is clearly living in the last apocalyptic week (i.e. 685–692) . . . [and] is writing shortly before Abdulmalik’s census of 692 . . .” Denis, Introduction, 1295, prefers a date of 655. Martínez, who provides an outstanding summary of research to 1985, agrees in the main with Brock and the other scholars who prefer the later date, but advances it a few years to 688/689 (“Early Christian Apocalyptic,” 31). Martínez also notes that Alexander’s studies on Pseudo-Methodius, which interpreted the text from a Byzantine rather than a Syriac perspective, represented “a step backwards” (7). 110 G.J. Reinink, “Die Entstehung der syrischen Alexanderlegende als politischreligiöse Propagandaschrift für Herakleios’ Kirchenpolitik,” After Chalcedon. Studies in Theology and Church History (edd. C. Laga, et al.; OLA 18; Louvain, 1985). 111 One issue is clear, however: the testimony of Ebed-Jesu can shed no light on the matter. The galaxy of seemingly equally defensible options for the identify of the “Little Daniel” precludes the use of this testimony in support of any one of them, including those that favour either identiﬁcation with either the Young Daniel or the Revelation. See the discussion on this topic in the Syriac Young Daniel (§2.4). 112 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 17–22; cf. 17: “Although the Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel reached its ﬁnal form during the ﬁrst half of the seventh century, it is shaped to a signiﬁcant degree out of material that is quite older.”

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tory of the Young Daniel. In both cases the idea is that the mediaeval Syriac apocalypse in question either drew heavily from (Henze) or was actually composed in the milieu of (Schmoldt) ﬁrst- and second-century ce Jewish apocalypses. Both cases run aground on the fact that there is no identiﬁable “ancient” type of eschatology common to Second-Temple Jewish apocalyptic literature that can operate consistently as a standard against which mediaeval apocalypses may be measured, or at least not at the level at which the speciﬁc claims have been made, even though—and this is critical— there are elements of mediaeval eschatology that do not seem to appear in ancient apocalypses. Topoi such as the appearance of Gog and Magog are common to many genres and periods, and it is impossible to say whether a late mediaeval apocalypse that includes it drew upon the Book of Ezekiel, the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, the ninth-century Hebrew Qissa-yi Dàniyàl, or a late antique apocalypse no longer extant.113 To support his claim of comparable eschatologies, Henze focuses on the parallels between the Syriac Revelation and texts such as 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, which date from the ﬁrst few centuries ce.114 It is true that the author of the Revelation drew heavily from many sources, in particular the Psalms, the biblical prophets, and the apocalyptic books, including, as Henze notes, 4 Ezra.115 But Henze’s assumption that the author of the Revelation looked to 4 Ezra speciﬁcally for the conception of the pre-existence of the Messiah is unconvincing.116 He claims that the pre-existence of the Messiah is expressed in various locations in 4 Ezra,117 that both the Revelation and 4 Ezra employ the preposition for “before” as a technical term denoting pre-existence,118 and that both texts contain the general understanding 113 This point is conceded by Henze himself (Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 7). On the “manuscript no longer extant,” see the reference in the Talmud (bSanh 97b) to a scroll that was found by a Jewish soldier in the archives of Rome, circa 300 CE, which was written in the “Assyrian” (= square) script and which detailed the events of the end-time, including the wars of Gog and Magog [reported by L. Ginzberg, “Attitude of the Synagogue,” JBL 41–42 (1922–1923), 115–136 at 119–120]. 114 On the date of 4 Ezra, see note 67, supra, and the text to which it refers. 115 This aspect of the Syriac Revelation is virtually ignored by Slabczyk, but the detailed apparatus that accompanies Henze’s translation illuminates the text’s richness and does justice to the nuances of the biblical antecedents and extra-biblical parallels. 116 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 18–19. 117 And 1 Enoch, in the context of its description of the Son of Man. 118 But see Prov 8:22–26.

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that God planned the end even before the Creation. Yet nowhere in Henze’s argument do we ﬁnd a discussion of the conception of the pre-existence of the Messiah in late antique and mediaeval literature, that is, in sources perhaps more contemporary with the Syriac Revelation. What is more, the portrayal of the nature and function of the Messiah in the Revelation (§§31–32) does not rely on the information in 4 Ezra119 but instead draws heavily from the Book of Isaiah and the Psalms. Henze’s other arguments are also open to debate. The conception of the transitory nature of the world, the expectation of endtime strife between nations and peoples, and the anticipation of the return of the exiles and of the revelation of the hidden things120 are common elements in many ancient and mediaeval apocalypses, and need not demand a thesis that the author of the Syriac Revelation drew them from 4 Ezra or similarly contemporary apocalypses speciﬁcally. The topos of the strife of the nations, for instance, appears in almost every one of the dozen or so Byzantine Greek apocalyptic writings attributed to Daniel. To be fair, Henze’s points demonstrate that the author of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet had a passing familiarity with some of the broad themes of ancient Jewish apocalyptic. It is doubtful, however, whether such broad thematic parallels permit Henze to conclude that the Syriac Revelation is more similar in genre to ancient Jewish apocalypses than it is to mediaeval apocalypses, particularly when this conclusion is oﬀered without either a discussion of the generic diﬀerences between ancient and mediaeval apocalypses or, more signiﬁcantly, a detailed comparison between the Syriac Revelation and the other Daniel apocalyptica.121 The Revelation, for example, preserves the same sort of notices of geological and meteorological catastrophes that mark many of the other apocryphal apocalypses. There is also an emphasis in the Revelation on describing the signs and portents of the eschatological age, including the strife of the nations and the rise of various end-time ﬁgures, which again are common to many mediaeval apocalypses, including those attributed

119 See the ﬁne discussion of the topic in M.E. Stone, 4 Ezra (Hermeneia; Minneapolis, 1990), 207–212. 120 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 19–22. 121 Indeed, the only apocryphal Daniel apocalypse consulted by Henze appears to be the Diegesis Danielis (at 89 note 121 and 91 note 127).

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to Daniel. In several places the Revelation reﬂects more of a mediaeval understanding of a theme or event than an ancient one.122 The lack of an angelus interpres is not typical to ancient Jewish apocalypses but is far more common in the mediaeval Daniel apocalypses.123 The comparatively developed angelology of the Syriac text124 connotes a late antique or mediaeval provenance. Most importantly, the Revelation makes use of a mediaeval Antichrist legend, including an interest in the physiognomy of the Antichrist,125 and the topos of the “peoples from the north.” In sum, even if we allow for the fact that the author of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet freely drew upon certain ancient biblical and extra-biblical texts, there is not much evidence to warrant the conclusion that it bears little resemblance to other early mediaeval apocalypses. A ﬁnal matter concerning Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet is its relationship to the Young Daniel, the nature and extent of which could provide an insight into the issue of the date of composition of both texts. Both Slabczyk and Henze understand there to be a close connexion between the two texts. Although he does not provide supporting evidence, Slabczyk plainly considers the Revelation to be a “fuller recension” of the Young Daniel.126 Henze, who in every detail provides much more than Slabczyk in the way of scholarly attention to the discussion, claims that there are several points of contact between these texts: i) both are preserved in a single manuscript; ii) both were composed originally in Syriac and thus neither is a translation from the Greek; iii) biblical quotations and spelling in each text suggests that both employed the Pesh*tta (Syriac) Bible rather than the Greek; and iv) there are sections of the texts that show verbatim parallels.127 It should be immediately clear that the ﬁrst three items have no bearing on the issue of the consanguinity of the two texts. Many texts—including, for example, the Hebrew Vision of Daniel by the River

122

See the comparisons in Henze’s apparatus at notes 66, 80, 121, 125, etc. Consult Table III, infra, for more information on this phenomenon. 124 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 77 note 63. 125 Ibid., 91 note 127. 126 Slabczyk, Apokalipso de Daniel Profeta, 12, and contra Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 10 note 20, who states that Slabczyk “treats the two manuscripts in his apparatus as if they preserved the same document.” 127 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 7–11. 123

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Kebar—are preserved in a single manuscript, but this of course does not imply that all such texts are related. Second, the fact that two apocalypses are composed in the same language does not speak to issue of their relationship with each other. Following this logic, all the Greek apocalyptica attributed to Daniel must thus be similarly co-related, which they are not.128 Third, the fact that both the Syriac Young Daniel and the Syriac Revelation used the Syriac Bible rather than the Greek, while an important fact in itself, is inconsequential to the relationship between the texts. Indeed, one would expect texts which were composed originally in Syriac and which make ample use of biblical passages and allusions to have employed the Syriac Bible. Henze’s ﬁnal point, which centers on parallel passages in the two Syriac texts, is not much more convincing. He identiﬁes only one passage (Young Daniel 8.14–17 par. Revelation of Daniel §22), but even here the parallels, which are not exact, might also be explained via a dependence on Hab 1:7–9 or, more likely, on a common (Syriac?) tradition of interpretation of the Habakkuk passage. The careful reader will also observe that Henze’s excellent commentary on the text of the Syriac Revelation actually contains no references to the Young Daniel outside §22, a surprising detail indeed, given his claim of a close correspondence between the two texts. Finally, there are two positive arguments against such a close correspondence. Whereas the form of the text of the Young Daniel is, like the bulk of the Daniel apocalyptica, essentially a ﬁrst-person vision-text (with a brief, interpolated Christian section preceding it), the Syriac Revelation of Daniel is one of only two Daniel apocrypha that preserve the unusual structure of a third-person narrative part and a ﬁrst-person vision part. Second, even a cursory survey of the contents of the vision portions of both texts demonstrates that they are diﬀerent texts. Given these points and the problems with Henze’s argument, there is simply nothing that would permit his bold conclusion that “the two texts preserve variant accounts of the same apocalypse.”129 My feeling is that these two Syriac Daniel apocrypha are fundamentally unrelated and that any points of contact are a result of 128 Henze does not seem to have accounted for Schmoldt’s assertion that the oldest portions of the Young Daniel might have been composed in Aramaic. 129 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 11.

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shared traditions or an independent dependence on sources. A Second Temple date for all or parts of either apocalypse seems too farfetched, although admittedly more work is required on the subject of the transmission of Second-Temple eschatological themes through late antiquity and the mediaeval period. If Henze is correct in his date of the ﬁnal redaction of the text, perhaps the earliest sections of Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet date to the ﬁfth or sixth centuries. But this is speculative. 2.6. The Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men (cf. Greek §VIII) García Martínez: The Visions of Daniel and other Holy Men Schmoldt: Unidentiﬁed Daniel C

The history of the understanding of this composition’s textual situation is complicated and confusing. In 1897 Istrin published some Greek material under the title ÉEk t«n ırãsevn toË èg¤ou profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ §k diafÒrvn èg¤vn éndr«n.130 According to Istrin, this material survives in three manuscripts: Bodleian codex Barocci 145, fols. 43–52, in the same codex again at fols. 70 to 79, and Bodleian codex Laud 27, foliation unspeciﬁed.131 Schmoldt brieﬂy mentions the Greek material printed by Istrin but calls it “a short text.”132 García Martínez also refers to a “composition . . . published by Istrin, which deals with ‘The visions of Daniel and other holy men’.”133 Neither Schmoldt nor García Martínez address the issue of the manuscript evidence. The problem with this understanding of the text, however, is that Istrin only printed select portions from codex Barocci 145, fols. 70r–79r.134 As L. Pertusi demonstrates,135 these folio pages are in reality a two-part composition which is also extant in a three-part version in codex Laud. 27. What is more, the Laudian codex actually

Istrin, “A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 318–319. Ibid., 318. In itself, the Russian is somewhat unclear as to whether three separate Daniel texts are meant, or whether these texts are three copies of the same text. I assume the latter, however, on the basis of Pertusi’s edition (see infra), which demonstrates that the second Barocci and the Laudian references cited by Istrin are indeed copies. 132 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 243. 133 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 156. 134 This information is not apparent from a study of Istrin’s work alone, however. 135 Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 171. 130 131

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preserves two copies of this composition (fols. 25v–46v, bis fols. 60r–65r),136 the ﬁrst copy being older and much longer. The title in both manuscript codices is ÉEk t«n ırãsevn toË èg¤ou profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ §k diafÒrvn èg¤vn éndr«n, and for this reason I will continue to use the title the Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men. The ﬁrst part of the composition (Laud 27 fol. 25v, bis 60r; par. Barocci 145 fol. 70r) is a very short document that begins, ÉAnastÆsetai meirãkion§j ÙsfÊow k≈nvpow. . . . This was printed by Istrin, presumably from the Barocci 145 copy.137 The second part, a variant of the Oracle of Leo the Wise, is found in Laudian codex at fols. 25r–26r and again at 60v, but seemingly not in the Barocci codex. The third and major part of this composition has been critically edited by Pertusi,138 who calls it La profezia pseudo-danielica dei codd. Laud. gr. 27 e Barocc. gr. 145 della Bodleiana di Oxford. The text itself bears the long title, ParekbÒlaion sÁn Ye“ èg¤ƒ §k t«n ırãsevn toË èg¤ou profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ §k diafÒrvn èg¤vn éndr«n œn ı basileÁw filosof≈tatow L°vn sun∞je, ¶ktise † svyoulent¤kv † [sic] ka‹ §jistÒrhsen. The ﬁrst

Laudian copy, which is longer, older, and complete, extends from fols. 26r–46v, while the second, incomplete copy (to line 222) runs from fols. 60v–65v. The shorter Barocci 145 variant of this text, portions of which Istrin prints, runs from fols. 70r–79r. It does not appear, pace Istrin, that the Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men or any of its three (codex Laud 27) or two (codex Barocci 145) component parts is preserved in codex Barocci 145 fols. 43–52. In fact, the presence of a copy of Vision of Daniel on the Future of the SevenHilled City (§2.9, infra) at fols. 47v–50r of Barocci 145 is a telling piece of evidence against Istrin’s claim. The Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men resembles more a long, unconnected series or collection of apocalyptic oracles than it does anything else. The short portions of the text published by Istrin are accurately described by Schmoldt: “Hier wird ein ‘Jüngling aus Libyen

136

This composition is in codex Laud 27 preceded in both instances by a Prophecy of Constantine the Great (fols. 24r–25v, bis 58r–59v), which is printed by Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 54–56. On the copies preserved at Laud 27, see also Vereecken/ Hadermann-Misguich, Les Oracles de Léon le Sage. 137 Printed also by Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 73, who notes that it is mirrored in lines 67–72 of Venezia, BM cod. ital. XI.124, fols. 78r–79v (full text: Pertusi at 70–74), copied 1503 from a MS dated 1430. 138 Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 169–201.

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mit dem blonden Geschlecht’ er wähnt, der die Siebenhügelige erobert. Dann kommen ‘drei Drachen’ und ein ‘schöner König’.”139 From the information Pertusi includes in the apparatus to his critical edition of the full text, however, many minor passages are mirrored in some of the Byzantine apocalyptic material, including a number attributed to Daniel, plus several Greek versions of the ubiquitous Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius.140 The issue is the degree to which the Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men should be considered an original composition or a redacted pastiche of older, recycled apocalyptic oracles. But this is also true of many of the Byzantine Daniel texts. 2.7. The Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium (cf. Greek §IX) García Martínez: The oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium Halkin: No. 1875a [see note 142, infra] Schmoldt: Unidentiﬁed Daniel D

This text remains unedited. It survives in one manuscript, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek codex Suppl. gr. 172, fols. 38v–39r (sixteenth century), and bears the long title XrhsmÚw DaniØl toË profÆtou per‹ t∞w Buzant¤dow, ka‹ shme¤vsai prÚ toË ktisy∞nai ÍpÚ Kvnstant¤nou mçllon eﬁpe›n ka‹ toË Buza.141 H. Hunger and C. Hannick, who

describe the text in catalogue, consider it a copy of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City,142 likely on the basis of its

139 There are several elements which frequently appear in other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles: the “Blond race,” the focus on political oracles dealing with nations and cities, and the “seven-hilled” city. One also wonders whether the “drei Drachen” and the “schöner König” (so Schmoldt) are reﬂected in the ﬁgures of the three emperors and of the Good Emperor who rules for thirtytwo years in the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (and cf. the thirty years of the Greek Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City), the Greek Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World, and the Slavonic Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors. In addition, the formula of the attack of the “Blond race” preceding the appearance of a Good Emperor who reigns for thirty-two years is paralleled in several texts, including Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel and the Slavonic Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors. 140 On the value of Pertusi’s edition to future scholarship on the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha, see §5. 141 H. Hunger and C. Hannick, Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 4: Supplementum graecum (Museon n.F. 4.4; Wien, 1994), 293. 142 Ibid. The manuscript is identiﬁed by Halkin, BHGN, as no. 1875a, implying that he agrees with Hunger and Hannick that it is a copy of the text we call the Vision of Daniel on Future of the Seven-Hilled City (BHG 3 and BHGN no. 1875).

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incipit of woe against the seven-hilled city. Schmoldt, however, understands it to be a separate text.143 In this he is followed by Pertusi.144 As with several of the other Byzantine apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles, the Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium is concerned with the advance of the “Blond Race,” which comes from the east. It is at this stage impossible to determine the date or speciﬁc provenance of the text, although it clearly stems from the same milieu which produced so many of the other Byzantine apocalyptic texts. 2.8. The Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel (cf. Greek §X) Previously unidentiﬁed by any of the major studies.

This brief text is extant in one, sixteenth-century copy at Biblioteca Marciana codex gr. IV.38 [olim Nanianus 260], fols. 34r–35v. The title of the text is KÆrujiw toË profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ ˜rasiw per‹ t«n xrhsm«n m°llontow kairoË t«n •ptå aﬁ≈nvn. The text has been edited by S.P. Lambros.145 The text is a series of prophetic proclamations, in poetry and in prose, which are directed against various nations and regions. The focus of the ﬁrst section appears to be Greece and the Peloponnese (cf. the Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race). Unlike many of the Byzantine apocalyptic literature attributed to Daniel, the Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel does not seem to contain sections of text that are paralleled by other apocalypses or apocalyptic oracles. This text requires more study. 2.9. The Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City (cf. Greek §XI) Berger: No. 40, Gr. Daniel II; No. 43, Gr. Daniel V [see infra] DiTommaso: Vision of the Monk Daniel on the “Seven Hills” García Martínez: The Monk Daniel on the “Seven Hills” and on the Islands and Their Future Haelewyck: No. 256, Visio monachi Danielis de septem collibus et de insulis (graece) Halkin: No. 1875146

143

Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 243. Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 53. 145 S.P. Lambros [Lampros], “TÚ ÍpÉ ériymÚn LYÄ katãloipon,” NEOS ELLHNOMNHMVN 19 (1925), 77–125 at 100–107. 146 Cited also by Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 39, but see note 220, infra, re codd. 2187 and 128. 144

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Oegema: 2 ApkDan (gr); 5 ApkDan (gr) [see infra] Pertusi: (Profezia) del monaco Daniele sulla Heptalophos e sulle isole, quale sarà il loro futuro Schmoldt: MD: Vom Mönch Daniel über die Siebenhügelige

The manuscript and textual situations of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City is in ﬂux.147 Klostermann edited the beginning of an apocalyptic text that bears the detailed title, XrhsmÚw DaniØl aÄ per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t∞w nÆsou KrÆthw ka‹ •t°rvn ka‹ t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon •j∞w aÈt«n. As I recounted in the section on

the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1, supra), this is the ﬁrst of three texts that Klostermann edited from the Biblioteca Marciana codex gr. VII.3, fol. 8.148 Similarly noted was the fact that two years later Istrin edited several texts which are preserved in the Bodleian Library codex Barocci 145.149 There appears to be no question that the second of these texts, which occupies fols. 47v–50r and preserves the title DaniØl monaxoË per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t«n nÆsvn t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon aÈt«n, is a much longer version of the ﬁrst text that Klostermann edited.150 This correlation is conﬁrmed by Schmoldt, who presents a critical edition of the text based on the editions of both Klostermann and Istrin.151 According to Schmoldt’s division of the text into two chapters, the Klostermann (Marcian) text essentially parallels the ﬁrst chapter of the Istrin (Bodleian) text. Berger understands the textual situation diﬀerently. He considers both of the Istrin Barocci 145 texts to be copies of the same Daniel apocalypse, which he terms “Gr Daniel II.” As for the ﬁrst and the

147 But not as much in ﬂux as is suggested by the list of editions of the texts in Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 4. Henze lists several diﬀerent Greek apocalypses (and several diﬀerent editions of these apocalypses), but there is no attempt to distinguish among them or to indicate that there might be copies of the same apocalypse among the editions. 148 Klostermann, Analecta zur Septuaginta, 121. See note 31, supra, and the text to which the note refers. 149 Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 135–162 at 140–142 (ﬁrst text) and 143–144 (second text). Following the information presented in BHG, the conﬂation of the editions of both Klostermann and Istrin is identiﬁed in Halkin, BHG 3, as no. 1875, although he does not identify speciﬁc manuscripts. Halkin, BHG 3, identiﬁes this edition as no. 1873 (following BHG ). 150 And so noted by García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 154 note 44, and Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 207. 151 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 188–201. Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316 note 3, erroneously understands the text edited by Schmoldt and the one edited by Klostermann to be two separate texts. In addition, he wrongly cites Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 140ﬀ. as a copy of the Schmoldt text, when it is in reality a copy of the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1).

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third Klostermann Marcian texts, he considers these to be texts separate from each other but also unrelated to the Istrin texts, and he labels these “Gr Daniel V” and “Gr Daniel VI” respectively. In eﬀect, Berger identiﬁes three separate apocalypses out of these four texts, with the two Istrin texts copies of the same document. In this schema Berger is followed by Oegema.152 To my mind, however, Schmoldt’s edition of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City clearly demonstrates that Klostermann’s ﬁrst text and Istrin’s second are copies of the same document. Thus Berger’s “Gr Daniel V” must be the same as at least one of the Istrin texts that constitute his “Gr Daniel II.” Moreover, although I believe they are related in some fashion, even a cursory reading of Klostermann’s ﬁrst and third texts indicates that they are not copies of the same document. If we admit that Klostermann’s third text and Istrin’s ﬁrst are copies of the same document,153 it must follow that Istrin’s two texts cannot be copies of the same document, as Berger suggests they are.154 There are perhaps as many as eight or nine additional manuscript copies of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City, or at least of texts that preserve versions of this title and its incipit. These copies are unnoticed by Schmoldt (and, by implication, Berger) but have been gleaned from my study of catalogues and other sources. This tally includes: a Dresden copy;155 a second Biblioteca Marciana copy at codex gr. VII. 22, fol. 86;156 a second copy in the Bodleian codex Barocci 145 (this at fols. 94v–96r);157 a copy in the Bodleian codex Laud. 27, fols. 68v–71v;158 and two copies each from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and the Mount Athos monasteries.159 152

Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht, 130 note 95. Viz., the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1). 154 If a = d and b = c but a ≠ b, then c ≠ d. 155 Öﬀentliche Bibliothek cod. Da 53, fol. 6; see F. Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Katalog der Handschriften der königl. öﬀentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden. 1: Enthaltend die Abtheilungen A-D und F-H (Leipzig, 1882). As with all Dresden manuscripts, it is unclear whether this one survived the bombing of the city during the Second World War. 156 E. Mioni, Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. II: Codices qui in sextam, septimam atque octavam classem includuntur continens (Roma, 1960), 36–37. 157 Coxe, Quarto Catalogues I, col. 248. 158 Ibid., col. 509. 159 Paris, BNF cod. supp. gr. 82, fols 9v–12v and 55v–57v; see F. Halkin, Manuscrits grecs de Paris. Inventaire hagiographique (SubH 44; Bruxelles, 1968), 282. Mount Athos: Monastery of Xiropotamos cod. 248 [Lambros no. 2581], fols. 530r–532v, and Monastery of Iveron cod. 181 [Lambros no. 4301], fols. 60r–63r; see S.P. Lambros 153

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It is possible that the composition preserved in the Palermo codex, identiﬁed with the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1), might instead be a copy of the Seven-Hilled City. The Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City is a relatively brief text that opens with a word of woe to the “seven-hilled city,” that is, Constantinople (§1.1). This word of woe is typical to several of the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses,160 which at ﬁrst blush seem generically more akin to a loose series of oracular pronouncements than to an apocalypse proper. This is an illusion, however: these Byzantine texts are apocalyptic.161 The sequence of the text after the word of woe is not always easy to follow. Schmoldt divides the text into two chapters, the break seemingly placed at the dividing line between ex eventu historical review and eschatological anticipation. The major conﬂict takes place between the Byzantines and the Ishmaelites (i.e., the Arab Muslims; §1.20, 22–23), which, in the eschatological era, becomes a struggle between Christians and Ishmaelites (§2.13–22). Certain images typical to Byzantine apocalypses appear in the second chapter, including the legend of the strong emperor (who in this text appears to reign for thirty years) and the appearance of the Antichrist. The Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City is related to the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, a text with which this apocalypse shares some elements.162 Perhaps the most important of these points of contact is a parallel series of ex eventu happenings that appears in the second (eschatological) chapter of the Seven-Hilled City and in §§55–65 of the Last Vision.163 Berger dates the text to the eighth century but oﬀers no support for this claim.164 The references to the Ishmaelites indicate a date later than the seventh century. The Seven-Hilled City mentions a speciﬁc year, 6981, in which the Ishmaelites are expelled from the seven-

[Lampros], Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos (Cambridge, 1895–1900), 1.218, 2.48. 160 It sometimes appears in the incipit of an apocalypse (see the Inventory of Chapter Six for examples) but also can occur within the body of the composition itself. The city of Constantinople is not the only subject for the word of woe, either. 161 The issue of genre is addressed in §3, infra. 162 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 200–201; García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 154. 163 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 182. 164 Berger, “Hellenistisch-heidnische Prodigien,” 1462.

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hilled city,165 an event that is apparently followed by the launching of a great ﬂeet by the Byzantines. One might tentatively advance an eighth- or ninth-century date. Again, though, this apocalypse requires much more detailed study at the level of the text and its interpretation. 2.10. Diegesis Danielis (cf. Greek §XII) Berger: No. 38, Gr. Daniel-Diegese (Dn.-D.) DiTommaso: Greek Apocalypse (or Narrative) of Daniel (Diegesis Danielis) García Martínez: Daniel-Diegese Haelewyck: No. 253, Apocalypsis Danielis graeca (Diegesis Danielis) [but see note 211, infra] Halkin: No. 2036d Oegema: Daniel-Diegese Rydén, Life of St. Andrew the Fool: ApocDan = Apocalypse of Daniel

Often referred to by the more general appellation of the Greek Apocalypse of Daniel,166 the Diegesis Danielis is extant in two manuscripts, each of which preserves a diﬀerent title. One copy of the text, which is part of Oxford University’s Bodleian Library codex Canonicianus 19 (ﬁfteenth century) and which was ﬁrst published by Istrin in 1898,167 is attributed to Methodius. It is inscribed ToË §n èg¤oiw patrÚw ≤m«n Meyod¤ou §piskÒpou lÒgow per‹ t«n §sxãtou ≤mer«n ka‹ per‹ toË ÉAntixr¤stou.168 Another copy, which preserves structurally the same

text as the Bodleian manuscript but which diﬀers in multiple minor details,169 is located in the ﬁfteenth or sixteenth century codex 405 of Montpellier’s Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine and is titled the DiÆghsiw per‹ t«n ≤mer«n toË éntixr¤stou tÚ m«w m°llei gen°syai

165 Perhaps this is a reference to the lifting of a siege. Cf. the Diegesis Danielis (§2.10) for a possible parallel. 166 As it is by Olster, “Byzantine Apocalypses,” 64–67, and Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel.” 167 Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 145–150. The Bodleian manuscript is itself full of spelling errors, but Istrin’s edition has also been criticised for its heavy-handed editing; see C. Mango, “The Life of St. Andrew the Fool. Appendix: A Daniel Apocalypse of 716/17 AD,” RSBS 2 (1981), 310–313 at 311 [= Byzantium and Its Image. History and Culture of the Byzantine Empire and Its Heritage (London, 1984)]; and Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel,” 755–756. 168 Halkin, BHG 3 (qv. “Apocalypsis Methodius”), identiﬁes this copy as no. 2036d (cf. BHGN no. 2036d). 169 Apart from these minor details, the divergent passages between the two manuscripts are located at 5.1–2; 8.1–2; 11.1–2, 27; and 12.9. Unless otherwise noted, I employ the chapter divisions of Berger, Daniel-Diegesis, rather than of Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel.”

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ka‹ per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now. In 1895 Macler published a par-

tial translation in French of the Montpellier manuscript.170 A critical edition of the text, based on both manuscripts and with a German translation and an extended commentary, was published by Berger in his exemplary 1976 monograph.171 A synthetic English translation of the Diegesis Danielis, based on a new examination of the Bodleian manuscript, was composed by G.T. Zervos and included as part of J.H. Charlesworth’s two-volume Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.172 Both Berger and Zervos assert that the Diegesis Danielis is also preserved in a partial version in a third manuscript copy, which is bound in the important Biblioteca Marciana (Venezia) codex gr. VII.22. This copy is the only one which attributes the text to Daniel.173 Berger, who in his book presents the text of the Venezia copy as a separate edition, assigns the three manuscripts the sigla B, M, and V.174 Upon further examination, however, it appears that the Venezia copy, while clearly related to the Diegesis Danielis, is not precisely a partial copy of the text preserved in the B and M manuscripts. Instead, it appears to be a copy of another apocalypse, the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11), a slightly longer version of which is also extant in at least one Slavonic manuscript. Because of the traditional attribution to the ﬁgure of Daniel and the obvious relationship between the Venezia text and the text extant in the B and M manuscripts, I have decided to retain the title Diegesis Danielis. What follows, however, is a description and evaluation of the Diegesis based solely on the content of the B and M manuscripts.175 The Diegesis Danielis opens virtually without preamble176 and also without mentioning Daniel or when and where the revelation actually takes place. In fact, the entire text is nothing more than an unmediated ex eventu recitation of what will come to pass. The ﬁrst four 170

Macler, Les apocalypses apocryphes, 108–110. Berger, Daniel-Diegese: text, 12–18, with critical apparatus from 19–23. Correctly identiﬁed as a discrete text by Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316 note 3. 172 Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel.” 173 DaniØl ˜rasiw pr≈th. ˜rasiw ka‹ épokãluciw DaniØl toË profÆtou. 174 In his review of the book, Stone notes that an unexplained siglum, T, sometimes appears ( JBL 98 (1977), 609–610 at 609). It is unclear to which manuscript(s) this siglum refers. 175 In actuality, this is de facto true also of Berger and Zervos, whose text and commentary (Berger), translation (Zervos), and evaluation of the Diegesis (both) is based almost exclusively upon the contents of the B and M manuscripts. 176 As Berger comments, “Der Anfang is für Apokalypsen singulär.” (DanielDiegese, 43). 171

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chapters are concerned primarily with the three sons of Hagar, called Ouales, Axiaphar, and Morphosar (§1.4),177 whose people are collectively known as Ishmael (§§2.1 and 3.4) and who disperse swiftly across the lands of the Romans (i.e., the Byzantine Empire),178 attacking various provinces and cities and spreading general ruin and destruction. They make life diﬃcult for Christians and for Christian worship and go so far to as to attack the “seven-hilled city” (§4.5: •ptalÒfow, in this case, clearly Constantinople), whose inhabitants, devoid of courage, will ﬂee the city.179 Manuscript B ends the section with words of woe and despair as to whether anything can be done to alter this dire situation (§4.9). The tide turns for the hapless Romans in the ﬁfth chapter. God hears their prayers and sets his fury upon the sons of Hagar and the people of Ishmael (§5.4). He raises up a new king of the Romans, a man with a name beginning either with the letter k (M) or the letter h (B), who had been reserved for this purpose in Persia and Syria and whom everyone thought was long since dead (§5.6–7). The king, with his two small boys (§5.13) gathers together a mighty army, which then meets and slaughters the Ishmaelites and the sons of Hagar. The carnage is so great, the reader is told, that the sea runs crimson and the streets of the seven-hilled city are awash with blood. The king himself pursues a thousand men but the two lads ten thousand, thus fulﬁlling the prophetic query of Deut 32:30, “p«w di≈jetai ı eÂw xil¤ouw ka‹ oﬂ dÊo metakinÆsousin muriãdaw eﬁ mÆ ı yeÚw épvsãto aÈtoÊw ka‹ ı kÊriow par°dvken aÈtouw” (§6.8).180 177

On these three sons, see note 272, infra. The Byzantines consistently referred to themselves as Romaioi, or Romans. This appellation is encountered time and again in the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses. 179 See Mango, “St. Andrew the Fool,” 311–312, for an evaluation of the points of contact between the account of the Arab invasion in the Diegesis and the historical record. The so-called “Andreas Salos Apocalypse” (so Rydén), which occupies ll. 3805–4364 of the Life of St. Andrew the Fool, certainly articulates some of its eschatological expectations in a fashion similar to several of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha, including the Diegesis. See Rydén, “Andreas Salos” and, idem, with the critical edition: The Life of St. Andrew the Fool (see note 22, infra). Following Mango and Rydén, I have highlighted several of these points of contact, but have not attempted to trace their transmission history through the various Byzantine-era Greek texts. 180 LXX: p«w di≈jetai ı e‰w xil¤ouw/ka‹ dÊo metakinÆsousin muriãdaw/eﬁ mÆ ı yeÚw ép°doto aÈtoÊw/ka‹ ı kÊriow par°dvken aÈtouw. R. Hoyland notes that the passage appears also in the First Greek Redaction of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, although there is unconnected to speciﬁc ﬁgures (Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam (Studies 178

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Follow the defeat and subjugation of the Ishmaelites, the king and his two lads will rebuild the empire, restoring peace and the Christian faith, and the land will be inhabited and fruitful (§6.9–20, 21–24). Zervos reads manuscript B as recording that the king will live for thirty-six years,181 but this information is missing in Berger’s edition of the text or its apparatus. Manuscript M inserts at §6.22 the note that the king will be called by the name of a wild beast. For their part, the two lads are said to reign for thirty-three years (§6.25).182 After this happy period, the empire is again subject to woe and worry. A new king from the north brings iniquities upon the people and the church (§7.1–6). He is succeeded by either a foul and foreign woman (B) or a foreign man (M), one or the other of whom is said to reign over the seven-hilled city (§8.1–2). This event precipitates a fresh series of calamities: the incursion of the nations, slaughter, disturbances, and the destruction of churches (§9.1–7). The culmination is the destruction of Constantinople. The passage ends with the cryptic note that the kingdom passes from Byzantium to Rome (§9.8). After this event, the reader is told that a new sceptre arises in Judaea, whose name is Dan, the king of the Jews, who have since gathered in Jerusalem and who now begin to persecute the Christians and (M only) oppress the Romans (§10.1–7). Then the Antichrist appears during the reign of Dan.183 He was conceived in human form of a virgin girl who bought a ﬁsh that had been inculcated with the presence of the Antichrist (§11.1–19). His appearance is strange and fearsome. He is ten cubits tall, with, among other things, long hair, bright eyes, and abnormally long appendages (§11.20–26), and, upon his forehead, he bears a mark: the letters a t x (M) or

in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 13; Princeton, 1997), 328–330 at 296). The First Greek Redaction is to be dated perhaps to 674; see Denis, Introduction, 1295. Hoyland, 295, reckons on the late seventh or early eighth century. See also the brief discussion of the transmission history of this text in §2.5, supra. 181 Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel,” 765 at §7.13 (his versiﬁcation). Conﬁrmed by Mango, “St. Andrew the Fool,” 311. 182 These ﬁgures may be related to the ﬁgure of thirty-two years that in several other Daniel apocalypses is the period in which a good Emperor will rule. See note 435, infra. 183 The association of the Antichrist and the tribe of Dan is also found in several versions of Pseudo-Methodius and in the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11). See C.E. Hill, “Antichrist From the Tribe of Dan,” JTS 46 (1995), 99–117.

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a k t (B) (§11.27).184 At the time of the appearance of the Antichrist,

the world is bountiful in seed, vine, and olive (§11.29–37). But when the Jews make the Antichrist their king, the bounty vanishes, disease spreads, demons plague good Christians everywhere, what was once fruitful and verdant becomes barren and desolate, and the Jews exult in their domination of the Christians (§12.1–25). Then the Jews go even farther, proclaiming this Antichrist as the true Christ, but a supposed miracle suddenly backﬁres when a stone transmogriﬁes into a dragon instead of transforming into a loaf of bread, and the dragon shames the Antichrist before his subjects (§13.1–14). Three men then appear, two of whom are from heaven,185 who urge longsuﬀering Christians not to believe that the Antichrist is the true Christ; but these three the Antichrist kills. The Diegesis ends with the Antichrist still reigning and the Jews still persecuting but with the note that the day of wrath and judgment is near, when all will be set right (§14.1–15). The text represented by Bodleian and Montpellier versions of the Diegesis Danielis is unquestionably a redacted document, but the nature and date of its constituent sources are unclear. The obvious break occurs between chapters 9 and 10, separating what Berger calls the historical portion of the text from the eschatological part.186 Generally speaking, the presence in any given text of a simple division between an ex eventu review of history and a list of eschatological expectations that follows is by no means enough to warrant the conclusion that the text is an amalgamation.187 Indeed, one need only argue that the authors of such apocalypses had in mind the similar pattern already established by the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius or even by the biblical Book of Daniel itself. In the case of the Diegesis, however, the break is so sharp that one cannot help but posit a separate source for each of the constituent parts. The historical record of chapters 1–9, for example, ends on a sour note, with the world, having experienced prosperity under 184 Or x j w (manuscript V = the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11)). On the subject of the descriptions of the Antichrist in the ancient and mediaeval literature, see the superb overview by Berger, Daniel-Diegese, 115–118 (with the pullout chart). 185 Very probably Enoch and Elijah, a common motif, with the third man, from earth, the evangelist John; on these ﬁgures and the tradition, see Bousset, Antichrist Legend, 203–211. 186 Berger, Daniel-Diegese, 7, 27–31, 101. 187 The individual visions recorded in Daniel 7–12 are good cases in point.

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the reign of the great emperor and his two lads, now groaning under the woes precipitated by the rule of either the foreign man or the foul and foreign woman. But chapter 11 assures the reader that, prior to the advent of the Antichrist, the world was a happy and bountiful place. The nature of the enemy in the Diegesis also supports Berger’s thesis. The enemies of peace, bounty, Christians, and Christian worship in chapters 1–9 are the Ishmaelites and the sons of Hagar, but they do not appear at all in chapters 10–14. Instead, in these last ﬁve chapters the enemy is now the Jewish people, who are not mentioned prior to chapter 10. That the object of the Jewish enmity is also peace, bounty, Christians, and Christian worship suggests that the two sources of the Diegesis have been redacted, woven together by a theological thread. The issue of multiple sources is also informed by existence of the obviously related Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11). Berger’s conclusion that chapters 1–9 preserve an ex eventu historical record which was preﬁxed to an older eschatological section implies that the transition from history to prophecy occurs after the note in the text that the kingdom will pass from Byzantium to Rome (9.8). Leaving aside for the moment the issue of the date of the eschatological section, let us ﬁll in the sparse historical record as he and Zervos, who generally follows Berger in these matters, reconstruct it. The strong emperor is identiﬁed as Leo III (ruled 717–741), whose name is indeed that of a wild beast (manuscript M only) and whose baptismal name was Konon, i.e., in step with manuscript M’s information that his name began with the letter kappa.188 The wicked ruler from the north is Constantine V (co-ruler with his father Leo III 72–741, sole ruler 741–775). The foul and foreign woman is the empress Irene (ruled 780–790, 792–802)189 and the passing of the kingdom to Rome represents the coronation of Charlemagne at Rome on Christmas Day, 800. The Diegesis was thus composed in 801, since there is no mention that this foul and foreign woman has been eliminated or deposed.190 188 Mango, “St. Andrew the Fool,” 312. Mango adds that the “Konon” prophecy was to survive for many more centuries; see note 193, infra. 189 Irene was co-ruler with her son Constantine VI from 780–790, banished by him in 790, returned as co-ruler with him again from January 792–797, and, having ﬁnally gotten her son out of her way by having him murdered, sole ruler from 797–802, when she was deposed by Nicophorus II. 190 Berger, Daniel-Diegese, 32–37; Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel,” 756. The date is also accepted by McGinn, Antichrist, 95.

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Berger’s identiﬁcation of the historical allusions of the Diegesis is for the most part accepted by D. Olster, but where Berger associates the strong ruler with Leo III, Olster prefers Constantine IV (ruled 668–685), who broke the ﬁrst Arab siege of Constantinople in 674–678, whose name also begins with the letter kappa, and who (according to Olster) inspired the image of the victorious emperor in the First Greek Redaction of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius.191 Much earlier dates for the historical section of the Diegesis Danielis, however, are proposed by C. Mango and R. Hoyland. Mango argues that the rule of “thirty-three years” of §6.25, which he assumes alludes to the length of the reign of the strong emperor rather than of the lads, does not tally with the thirty-four years for which Leo III actually ruled. More importantly, he wonders whether a Byzantine Greek of the time of Charlemagne’s coronation ever would have i) referred to Constantine V, the hero of great wars against the Arabs and the Bulgars, as a wicked king from the north; ii) described Irene, who was later canonised by the Orthodox Church for reintroducing icons, as a foul and foreign woman; or iii) considered the Arab threat over with after their defeat by the strong emperor. All these points have merit. Mango observes that the description of the Arab assault on Constantinople is accurate only to the point where they marshaled their forces outside the city wall in the winter of 716–717.192 The strong king of the Diegesis, he argues, is to be identiﬁed with Theodosius III (ruled 716–717), whose name begins with the letter theta, i.e., the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet.193 Mango theorises that the apocalypse was written during the ﬁrst few months of the siege, when Theodosius was still king, but hurriedly updated not long after his removal by Leo III in early 717, a version of events that would explain why manuscript B preserves the letter èta but manuscript M (redacted only months after B) contains the letter kappa and the additional note that the strong king will have a beast’s name. Hoyland works forward from the postulate that the only historical event recorded in the Diegesis is the Arab siege of Constantinople in 716–717. He rejects Mango’s identiﬁcation of Theodosius III as the strong king of the original text (and thus, by implication, the theory that 191

Olster, “Byzantine Apocalypses,” 65. In this Mango is also followed by Brandes, “Liudprand of Cremona,” 440. 193 “St. Andrew the Fool,” 312: “Now, if we consult the Oxford MS, we discover that the liberator’s name begins eﬁw tÚ hÄ stoixe›on toË élfabÆtou, and that 192

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M was redacted a few short months after B).194 He agrees with the argument that the Diegesis should be dated to the winter of 716–717, that the strong king is Leo III, and that the data after this point, including the references to the two lads, the wicked king from the north, and the foul and foreign woman,195 are no more than eschatological speculation. Each theory has its weaknesses and cannot fully address the claims of the other. On the one hand, many of the speciﬁc details recorded in the text do not ﬁt Berger’s historical reconstruction. No Byzantine emperor of the period ruled for thirty-three or thirty-six years, or was succeeded by his two sons. The Arab army never breached the walls of Constantinople in the siege of 717, nor did the general Arab threat suddenly dissipate after that time. In addition, observation about the fundamental discrepancy between the opinion in the Diegesis about the rulers of Byzantium and the ways in which an early ninthcentury Byzantine author ought to have thought about Leo III (an iconoclast), Constantine V, or Irene cannot be ignored without comment. On the other hand, the identiﬁcation of Theodosius III with the strong emperor in the original version is conceptually inelegant, since the Arab army and ﬂeet marshaled outside Constantinople not in the winter of 716 but in the summer and autumn of 717, several months after the coronation of Leo III.196 This fact calls into question Hoyland’s dating as well. Even more questionable is the insistence of both Mango and Hoyland that the ex eventu review of history ends with the notice of the Arab siege (either the one of 674–678 or of 717–718) and that everything after this event is eschatological speculation. he is not called yhri≈numow. The eighth letter of the alphabet being theta, the obvious candidate is Theodosius III.” I must confess that I do not understand this argument. Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 299 note 127, explains that “[Mango] takes the numerical value of the letter,” but this does clarify matters, since it is the numerical value of h that seems to be at issue here. Note, too, the oracle at Codex Bute, fol. 16v (and parr.), whose initial lines are translated by its editors as “La lettre thèta, je veux dire celle de Conon/règnera avec un adolescent pendant trois fois douze” (Vereecken/ Hadermann-Misguich, Les Oracles de Léon le Sage, 119). 194 Both Zervos (“Apocalypse of Daniel,” 764 note 3m) and Hoyland (Seeing Islam, 299 note 127) wonders if the èta refers to Heraclius (610–641). See note 62, supra, on Bousset, Heraclius, and the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel. 195 Rydén argues that the reference to this foul and foreign woman is drawn from the stock elements of the “evil empress” topos (“Andreas Salos,” 249–251). See also Olster, “Byzantine Apocalypses,” 72 note 39. 196 Treadgold, History of Byzantium, 104.

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The key to the problem is knowing where one ought to position the dividing line between history and prophecy, a subject which was addressed in Excursus I, supra. Although Alexander correctly warns us that not every datum that deals with historical matters is a vaticinium ex eventu,197 there can be a vast diﬀerence in form and scope between genuine future-time utterances based on a perceptive author’s appraisal of the political realia of his time and ex eventu reviews of past history and present exigencies. Genuine apocalyptic prophecies tend to be general predicative statements that do not chronologically extend too far from the author’s own time. Historical reviews, on the other hand, generally are far more detailed and cover a much broader chronological expanse. With this in mind, the regnal data contained in the ﬁrst part of the Diegesis Danielis is far more akin to ex eventu history than it is to prophetic statement. There are simply too many speciﬁc details present to dismiss the lot as eschatological expectation, even if these details do not even halfway match the historical record. To reiterate: in the case of the Diegesis, most of the information is too speciﬁc and too deﬁnitive to be anything but historical. The text identiﬁes a strong king, described once and named twice, who is said to have two sons and to have ruled for a set number of years, and who is followed by a wicked ruler and either a foreign man or a foul and foreign woman. Where the speciﬁcity breaks down, I propose, is not during the Arab siege of Constantinople early on in the Diegesis but rather the period in the text immediately following the accession of the foul and foreign woman, namely, the passage that notes the destruction of Constantinople and the kingdom’s passing to Rome (9.8). There is no history in this note, merely a vague statement that Berger and Zervos conveniently consider to ﬁnd a historical reﬂection in the coronation of Charlemagne, but which was an event that scarcely could have prompted a Byzantine to conclude that the torch had been passed from the centre of Christian culture and the heir to the classical civilisations of Solon and Caesar to the (at the time) backwater, outremer Rome. Moreover, if the foul and foreign woman is to be identiﬁed with the empress Irene, where is the mention of her son, Constantius VI, with whom she sometimes shared and continually struggled for the imperial throne?198 Finally, 197 198

Alexander, “Medieval Apocalypses,” 1000–1001. On the dates of their reigns, see Table II, infra.

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and most importantly, Berger’s analysis does not explain why Constantinople is said to be destroyed before the kingdom is passed on to Rome, even though the city will not fall for another four centuries, and then at the hands of the knights of the Fourth Crusade rather than to the Muslims. If the reference to the kingdom’s passing is historical, as Berger and Zervos argue it is, what is to be made of this notice of the destruction of Constantinople? Is it a genuine prophetic kernel, lost in a series of ex eventu historical data? If my reconstruction is correct, then the foul and foreign woman is indeed Irene, but the date of the redaction of manuscript B is not 800, 801, or even 802,199 but rather sometime shortly after 797, after Irene had engineered the ﬁnal downfall of her son, Constantine VI, with whom she had ruled since 792. Everything after this is eschatological prediction, including the destruction of the city and the passing of its power to Rome. That Irene was from Athens speaks to her being foreign; that she is called “foul” implies that manuscript B was possibly redacted by a supporter of her son or any one of a number of oﬃcials who believed that a woman should not be ruling the empire alone.200 Mango may be correct in assuming that anyone associated with the church would hardly term Irene, the restorer of the icons, as “foul,” but, as Olster observes, the Diegesis is overwhelmingly unconcerned with the issue of iconoclasm.201 It is entirely possible that the Diegesis was written by someone outside the church (there is the sense that the Byzantine apocalypses are, to some extent, popular works) or by someone in the church who did not feel the same way about Irene that Mango thinks that he ought to have felt. Alternately, Irene’s gender might have been the critical factor rather than her view on icons; rule by a woman must have been hard to accept for some Byzantines.202 Indeed, the Word of Daniel on the End of the World (§2.12) contains a similarly poor view of the Empress Irene.

199 Cf. Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht, 129, who dates the text to perhaps as late at 802, during the reign of Charlemagne. 200 See Treadgold, History of Byzantium, 126. 201 Olster, “Byzantine Apocalypses,” 65. This is true also of the other Byzantine apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles attributed to Daniel. See also note 577, infra. 202 M.V. Anastos, “Political Theory in the Lives of the Slavic Saints Constantine and Methodius,” Harvard Slavic Studies 2 (1954), 11–38 at 26 [= Studies in Byzantine Intellectual History (London, 1979)].

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Manuscript B was probably redacted from manuscript M (or a copy of it), which preserves an earlier version of the Diegesis. It is only in the earlier manuscript M that one ﬁnds the two crucial points of contact between the strong ruler and Leo III, namely, the note that his name began with the letter kappa and that it was also the name of a wild beast. This would mean that the wicked ruler is to be identiﬁed with Constantine V203 and the foreign ruler—recalling that manuscript M preserves this tradition rather than that of the foul and foreign woman—is none other than Leo IV (775–780), the son whose mother was a Khazar. This would mean that manuscript M dates from the period of the reign of Leo IV. In the redaction of the later manuscript B, it could be that the strong ruler is now Constantine V (with those stunning victories over the Arabs and Bulgars),204 the wicked ruler is Leo IV, and the foul woman, as I have suggested, is Irene. In the schema of manuscript M, Constantine VI does not appear because he has yet to rule; in that of manuscript B, the fact that he is a co-ruler with his mother Irene means that his reign is ignored so as to emphasize her characteristics.205 How this proposed reconstruction of the textual history of the Diegesis ﬁts with the evidence of the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11) remains to be clariﬁed. Zervos remarks that certain elements of the apocalyptic section of the Diegesis Danielis “could ﬁt into the apocalyptic environment that produced such works as the Sibylline oracles, 2 Baruch, 4 Ezra, and the Revelation of John.”206 Whether Zervos means to trace some of the elements in the Diegesis to a much earlier period (pace the similar arguments by Schmoldt and Henze) is unclear. What is clear, however, is that the Diegesis ﬁts much better into the apocalyptic 203 Mango’s argument could be turned against him at this point: Constantine V was a fervent iconoclast and well-deserving of the title “wicked,” if the author/redactor of the Diegesis was indeed concerned with such things. 204 Of course, this does not explain the èta. 205 It must be admitted, however, that neither the tradition of the two sons of the strong ruler, a prominent feature of both manuscripts, or the notice that the strong ruler or his lads reigned for thirty-three or thirty-six years cannot be reconciled with data concerning any Byzantine ruler of the period, nor have any of the theories adequately addressed either issue. My feeling is that with the Diegesis we are looking at a cross-section of an immensely complicated history of transmission that in its entirety circ*mscribes many more apocalyptic texts, not all of which are attributed to Daniel. As with any cross-section, certain strata are visible, but their history is frequently obscured. 206 Zervos, “Apocalypse of Daniel,” 757.

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milieu that produced the majority of the other Byzantine Daniel apocalypses than it does into a ﬁrst- or second-century environment.207 2.11. The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (cf. Greek §XIII [Slavonic §II]) Berger: No. 38, Gr. Daniel-Diegese (Dn.-D.) [see infra] Haelewyck: No. 253, Apocalypsis Danielis graeca (Diegesis Danielis) [see infra] Pertusi: (Slav) Visione e rivelazione del profeta Daniele

In 1897 Istrin208 printed an edition of a Slavonic text from a manuscript copy in the Graf Tolstoy Library.209 The text was called the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel and was under this title later translated into Italian by E. Folco. This translation appears in Pertusi’s Fine di Bisanzio,210 along with a discussion of the Slavonic text in the context of the other Slavonic Daniel apocalypse edited by Istrin (i.e., the Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (§2.13, below)) and other apocalyptic material attributed to Daniel. A closer inspection of this Slavonic text, however, reveals that it is actually a version of the same apocalypse that is preserved in a Greek copy in the Biblioteca Marciana (Venezia) codex gr. VII.22.211 This is the MS V which both Berger and Zervos consider a partial version of the Diegesis Danielis (§2.10) and which has the title Danihl ˜rasiw pr≈th. ˜rasiw ka‹ épokãluciw Danihl toË profÆtou. Berger’s edition of the Greek text appears on pages 24–26 of his volume, Die griechische Daniel-Diegese.212 The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel appears to contain material extant in several other apocalypses, including various Greek 207 See the more detailed argument on this topic in general in the section on the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persian and Elam (§2.5). 208 Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 159–162. Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, lists a page range of 84–131. 209 In his review of Istrin’s work (see note 105, supra, at 227), Gleye remarks that Istrin edits a Slavonic Vision of Daniel from two MSS, “Chilander” [Hilandarion] and a MS from the “Bibliothek des Grafen Tolstoj,” thereby implying that there is only one such Vision. But this is erroneous—these are diﬀerent texts. 210 E. Folco, in Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 81–89. Citations to the Slavonic Vision and Revelation of Daniel follow the line numbers in Folco’s translation. 211 On this codex, see note 28, supra. Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 203, asserts that the Daniel Diegesis is extant in Slavonic, but cites E. Kozak, who is referring to Slavonic copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (§2.23); see notes 239, 423, and 425, infra. 212 Citations to the Greek text of the Vision and Revelation of Daniel follow the verse numbers in Berger’s edition.

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recensions of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel (§2.3), the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times (§2.16), and, most importantly, the Diegesis Danielis. The precise textual relationship among all this apocalyptic literature, particularly between the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel and the Diegesis, as well as the history of the transmission of their constituent parts, still remains to be elucidated. What is now clear, however, is that the Greek text preserved by the Venezia codex, while certainly related to the Diegesis Danielis, is not a partial copy of it ( pace Berger and Zervos) nor even an abbreviation or paraphrase, but rather is a virtual copy of approximately 103 of the 170 lines of the Slavonic Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel that was published by Istrin and translated by Folco, including almost all the text in lines 85–170. It is also clear that this Slavonic text is not a unique translation of a lost Greek apocalypse but represents perhaps a slightly earlier version of the same apocalypse that is extant in the Greek in this one Venezia manuscript copy.213 The ﬁrst forty-nine lines of the Slavonic Vision and Revelation of Daniel are not found in the Greek text. That being said, the ﬁrst eighteen lines of the Slavonic are paralleled in the opening section of the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel, including the reference to the angel Gabriel, the note that the action takes place in the third year of the reign of Cyrus, and a historical review of the future fates of several cities. After this, the earth experiences many woes, and there are several cryptic allusions to individuals (Slavonic ll. 19–50). At this point the Greek text begins and it parallels the Slavonic until line 66. In this span of text there appears the ﬁgure of the good emperor ( cf. the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times, etc.), who brings peace and prosperity to the earth (Slavonic ll. 51–66; Greek vv. 1–13). The sceptre of Ethiopia arises, followed by a sceptre from the West, who defeats Ethiopia, and another from Cappadocia, and then ﬁnally three more, who rule over various places in the Mediterranean. Then Ishmael enters the scene, attacking the seven-hilled city (Slavonic ll. 67–85). None of this material is extant in the Greek text, which instead simply preserves the line ka‹ Ùp¤sv aÈt“ énastÆsetai sk∞ptron Aﬁyiop¤aw ka‹ basileÊsei basile¤an ﬁsxurãn (v. 14). It is more likely 213 The following description of the points of contact between the Slavonic and the Greek versions of this apocalypse is quite preliminary and meant only as a broad overview in lieu of a critical edition of this text.

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that the historically detailed Greek text that ultimately stands behind the Slavonic translation214 represents an earlier version of the Vision and Revelation than the Greek text of the Venezia manuscript copy.215 From this point the Slavonic and Greek texts almost perfectly mirror each other until the end of the apocalypse. The Ishmaelites (= Arab Muslims) are repulsed, thereby fulﬁlling the prophecy of Deut 32:30 (Slavonic ll. 83–94; Greek vv. 18–19; cf. the same prophecy in a slightly diﬀerent context in the Diegesis Danielis). More sceptres arise, and troubles stalk the earth and its inhabitants (Slavonic ll. 95–100a; Greek vv. 24–28). The Slavonic contains a brief note, not found in the Greek, about celestial and terrestrial signs and calamities (ll. 100b–105). Next, a foreign woman arises216 and more woes follow, with the sceptre ﬁnally passing to the Jews in Jerusalem (Slavonic ll. 106–121; Greek vv. 29–36). From this point until the end of the text the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel and the Diegesis Danielis cover the same general events, although i) the Diegesis represents a far more detailed version and ii) there are numerous major and minor diﬀerences between the two texts. The Antichrist appears under the reign of Dan. His physical attributes are described (Slavonic ll. 122–130; Greek vv. 37–46), as are the conditions of the earth and for its inhabitants during this time (Slavonic ll. 131–154; Greek vv. 47–71). The Antichrist then oﬀers to turn stone into bread, the stone is transformed into a snake, Enoch and Elijah make their appearance and are killed, and, in the end, the elect are saved (Slavonic ll. 155–170; Greek vv. 72–85). The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel would beneﬁt greatly from a critical edition of the Greek text prepared in light of the 214 Or translation/redaction; lines 100b–105 may have been inserted in the Slavonic. 215 This argument is based on the understanding of the role of history in historical apocalypses: the past is only meaningful inasmuch as it sheds light on the present situation and future expectations. The highly detailed events described in Slavonic ll. 67–85 precede the Muslim Arab invasions, and probably a century or more before the time when the original, lost Greek text was edited. In fact, portions of the material in this section are found also in the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel and in a passage quoted in Istrin, “A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 311 (so noted by Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 84). So we are dealing with an old portion of the text. It seems likely, then, that the redactor of the Venezia version of the Vision and Revelation simply abbreviated a portion of detailed historical data which preceded the Muslim attacks on Constantinople and which thus had no meaning for a later audience. 216 Irene again, presumably.

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Slavonic version and the points of contact with the Diegesis Danielis and the other texts I have identiﬁed. 2.12. The Word of Daniel on the End of the World (cf. Greek §XIV) García Martínez: Visions of Daniel Halkin: No. 1871a [see notes 217, 220, and 276, infra] Schmoldt: Unidentiﬁed Daniel E

According to Schmoldt (and to García Martínez, who follows Schmoldt), this text exists in one manuscript copy, Cambridge, Trinity College codex O.8.33 [olim C.26], fols. 71v–81v, which remains unedited.217 When we consult James’ catalogue description of this sixteenth-century manuscript, we ﬁnd the interesting note, “After a few lines Christ quotes a vision of Daniel which continues to the end. Much of it is occupied by a contest between an Abbot Stephanus mesokl¤j and a wicked king.”218 But there is more to this text than what would initially seem to be the case. R. Maisano has edited a composition that he titles Leonis Constantinopolitani de ﬁne mundi homilia.219 This text is extant in perhaps seven manuscript copies,220 including the one embedded in Trinity College codex O.8.33. It turns out that two of the seven manuscripts, the Trinity College codex and the fourteenth-century Vatican codex Vaticani gr. 1865, preserve versions of §§1–20 of the Leonis Constantinopolitani de ﬁne mundi homilia, attributed to Daniel.221 What is more, the Vatican copy carries the title lÒgow DaniØl toË profÆtou

217 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 243; García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 156. Halkin, BHG 3, no. 1871a, apparently identiﬁes this manuscript (by association with his no. 1871) as a copy of the Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel. 218 M.R. James, The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge (Cambridge, 1900), 1.430. 219 R. Maisano, L’Apocalisse apocrifa di Leone di Costantinopoli (Napoli, 1975). 220 Including Athínai, Bibliothèkos tès Hellados cod. 2187, fols. 236r–238r, and Jerusalem, Patriarchikè Bibliothèkè cod. Sabaitikos gr. 128, which Halkin, BHGN, no. 1871, identiﬁes as copies of the Discourses of John Chrysostom (and which are correlated with Schmoldt’s edition of the Discourses). Note that Halkin also identiﬁes Athínai, Bibliothèkos tès Hellados cod. 2187, fols. 228v–233r as a copy of this text (Catalogue des manuscrits hagiographiques de la Bibliothèque nationale d’Athènes (SubH 66; Bruxelles, 1983), 122–123). Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 39 note 130, but in the context of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City (§2.9), remarks: “Pure di origine cretese l’altra versione della Visio Leonis che si legge nei codd. Athen. gr. 2187, s. XV, e Sabait. gr. 128, s. XV–XVIII, ed. Maisano, pp. 117–125.” 221 And so noted by Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 39.

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per‹ t∞w sfrag∞w t«n ébbãdvn ka‹ per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now.

What we probably have here is either an apocalyptic text attributed to Daniel or a fragment of such a text which originally circulated independently—as evidenced by the Trinity College and Vatican copies—and which was later incorporated into this larger text Leonis Constantinopolitani de ﬁne mundi homilia. It is also possible that what later would become an autonomous Daniel apocalypse was excised from its place in this larger composition.222 Maisano proposes a textual stemma that posits an eleventh- or twelfth-century antecedent (which he labels b), no longer extant, of the Trinity College and Vatican copies.223 He dates the original version of the text to the ninth or the tenth centuries, perhaps closer to the end of the ninth century.224 Schmoldt, however, opines that perhaps the reference to the evil Empress before the coming of the Antichrist refers to the Empress Irene.225 If this is the case, then a date in the early years of the ninth century is possible. This would also mean that the Daniel apocalypses preserve another reference to Irene as the bad Empress (cf. the Diegesis Danielis, etc.).226 2.13. The Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (cf. Slavonic §I) Alexander: Slavonic Daniel Berger: No. 50, Slav Daniel I; No. 184, Slav Daniel III [see infra] Denis: Visions de Daniel en slave [see infra] DiTommaso: Slavonic Vision of Daniel or “Vision of Daniel” García Martínez: Slavonic Pseudo-Daniel Haelewyck: No. 265, Visio Danielis (slauice) [see infra] Oegema: 1 ApkDan (slaw) Pertusi: Visione del profeta Daniele sugli imperatori, sugli ultimi giorni e sulla ﬁne del secolo

Istrin, “A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” observes that MS 43 of the Moskva Publichnaia Biblioteka (now incorporated into the Rossiiskaìà Gosudarstvennaìà biblioteka, I believe, having been called after 1925 but before the fall of the Soviet Union the Gosudarstvennaìà biblioteka im. Lenina) preserves an untitled prophecy with Slavic text that is similar to the verses that commence the beginning of the Oracle of Leo the Wise as it is printed in Migne, PG 107. The identity of this text and its relationship to the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha remains unclear. 223 Maisano, Leone di Costantinopoli, 56–63. 224 Ibid., 26–31. 225 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 243–244; cf. Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 39: “Ma anche qui—dall’apparizione del ‘popolo dell’Oriente’ (cioè Gog e Magog), dell’imperatrice Irene (la nefanda) poi di Costantino (il buono) e del ‘giovane,’ qui di nome Archelao (‘inizio del male’, carestia, siccità, cataclismi, ecc.) . . .” 226 There is a third reference in the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11). 222

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Rydén, “Andreas Salos”: Old Church Slavonic Vision of Daniel; Life of St. Andrew the Fool: VisDanSlav = Slavonic Daniel Stegmüller: No. 117,15, Visio Danielis, versio serbica [see note 238, infra]

As is the case with many of the apocryphal texts preserved in the Slavonic tradition, the understanding of the manuscript evidence of the Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors is plagued by conﬂicting and contradictory testimony.227 The only certainty, it seems, is that the Slavonic text is a translation from a lost Greek original.228 For a long time it was believed that the Slavonic Vision of Daniel existed in two manuscripts only: Mount Athos, Monastery of Hilandarion (Chilander) codex 24, fols. 68r–69v, and Beograd, Narodna Biblioteka Srbije codex 651, fols. 243r–249r,229 the latter itself now lost, a casualty of the Great War of 1914. The Hilandar version, which is missing approximately the ﬁrst two hundred words of the text, was edited by Istrin in 1897230 and again by P.A. Lavrov (with variants from the Beograd manuscript) in 1899.231 The Beograd text of the Slavonic Vision of Daniel, which in codex 651 had been embedded in the Zbornik Popa Dragolia and which contained numerous minor interpolations,232 was edited by P.S. SreÆkoviÆ

227

The manuscript tradition of biblical apocrypha in the Slavonic and Eastern European tradition is extremely complex and comparatively little-known to western scholars as a whole. On the problem in brief, see DiTommaso, “Report on Pseudepigrapha Research.” On the subject of the full range of texts in the Slavonic OT apocryphal tradition, see now the essays in the forthcoming collection: L. DiTommaso and C. Böttrich, Old Testament Apocrypha in the Slavonic Tradition: Continuity and Diversity ( JSPSup; London/New York). 228 Alexander, “Medieval Apocalypses,” 1003; idem, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 63. 229 On the date of this manuscript, see P.J. Alexander, “Historical Interpolations in the Zbornik Popa Dragolia,” Actes du XIV Congrès international des Études Byzantines, Bucarest, 6–12 September 1971 (Bucarest, 1976), 23–38 note 5 [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire (London, 1978)]. This MS is often identiﬁed as “cod. 466,” which is the number L. StojanoviÆ assigns it in his catalogue (K‡ÚaÎo„ Hapo‰Ìe ·Ë·ÎËoÚeÍe y Åeo„pa‰y. IV. PyÍoÔËcË Ë cÚape ¯ÚaÏÔÌe ÍøË„e (Beograd, 1903), 290–294 at 293). I have reproduced the foliation as it is listed by StojanoviÆ; others record it diﬀerently. 230 Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 156–158, with a philological analysis at idem, “A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 260–268. 231 P.A. Lavrov, “BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” AÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍie ÚeÍcÚ˚ (SORYSAStP 67.3; Sankt Petersburg, 1899), 1–5. 232 On these interpolations, see P.J. Alexander, “Les débuts des conquêtes arabes en Sicile et la tradition apocalyptique byzantino-slave,” Bollettino del Centro di Studi ﬁlologici e linguistici siciliani 12 (1973), 7–35 at 9–12 [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire (London, 1978)]; and idem, “Historical Interpolations,” 23–38.

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in 1890.233 Unfortunately, several sources have misunderstood the realia of this copy of the text or its relationship to other manuscripts. Both Stegmüller and Haelewyck, for example, record that the Beograd version of the Vision extends over pages 10–13 of SreÆkoviÆ’s selection of excerpts from the Zbornik Popa Dragolia.234 It is quite clear, however, as Pertusi observes,235 that the text of the Vision ends at page 11 and diﬀerent material appears at page 12 and again at 12–13.236 Stegmüller also asserts that the text published by V. Makushev in 1882237 is a copy or version of this Beograd Vision on the Emperors as published by SreÆkoviÆ.238 This is an error; the Makushev text is a Slavonic copy of the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (see §2.23, infra) a point ﬁrst made in a non-Cyrillic publication by E. Kozak in 1892 and later conﬁrmed in two studies by V. Tupkova-Zaimova and A. Miltenova.239 Finally, Berger’s list of apocryphal apocalypses lists as separate texts “No. 50, Slav Daniel I” and “No. 184, Slav Daniel III,”240 but, as García Martínez correctly observes, the texts to which both of these numbers refer are identical.241 Another source of some confusion regarding the manuscript evidence for the Slavonic Vision of Daniel are the two recensions of a Slavonic text which were published by A.N. Popov and M. Speranskii P.S. SreÆkoviÆ, á·opÌËÍ ÔoÔa ‰pa„oÎa, Spomenik 5 (Beograd, 1890), 10–11. Stegmüller, Repertorium, No. 117,15; Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 211. 235 Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 42 note 136. 236 The ﬁrst text, which appears at the top of page 12, is actually one of the many Slavonic copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, so noted by V. TupkovaZaimova and A. Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ Ë ‚ cpe‰Ìo‚eÍo‚Ìa Å˙Î„arËﬂ (Soﬁa, 1996), 207–209. The second text is a copy of the so-called Interpretation of Daniel, described and edited (from this and several other MS copies) by Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova (and on which see the Inventory of Chapter Six, the Excursus on “Sundry Slavonic Daniel Apocrypha,” no. i). 237 See note 423, infra. 238 Stegmüller is followed in this error by DiTommaso, Bibliography. This is also the implication of Denis’ statement—upon which we have already commented in the section on the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel—that the Seventh Vision is preserved in a Slavonic apocalypse that is itself a copy of the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel that was published by Tischendorf (see note 406, infra). Denis could only make this statement if he understood the Makushev text to preserve a copy of the Slavonic Vision of Daniel on the Emperors. 239 E. Kozak, “Bibliographische Uebersicht der biblisch-apokryphen Literatur bei den Slaven,” JbPT 18 (1892), 127–158 at 139; Tupkova-Zaimova and Miltenova, “BË‰eÌËﬂÚa Ìa èpopoÍ ÑaÌËËÎ ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ Ë ‚ cpe‰Ìo‚eÍo‚Ìa Å˙Î„apËﬂ,” Palaeobulgarica 14.4 (1990), 39–46 at 41 note 17, and again in their àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ, 209. 240 Berger, “Alphabetisches Verzeichnis.” 241 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 153 note 41. 233 234

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in 1889.242 According to Haelewyck, these two recensions are copies of the same text that he lists in his Clavis under the title “Visio Danielis (slauice),” viz., our Slavonic Vision of Daniel.243 In fact, these two texts are two further copies of the Slavonic version of the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel. The Slavonic Vision of Daniel was translated into English by Alexander, based on the text from the Athos manuscript and including the introduction from the Beograd 651 manuscript, and into Italian by Pertusi, based on the text of both the Beograd 651 and Athos copies.244 According to Tupkova-Zaimova and Miltenova, however, the Slavonic Vision survives in three further manuscript copies, all of which are consulted in their excellent edition and translation of this text.245 The Slavonic Vision of Daniel opens with a scene where Gabriel takes Daniel to a high, unnamed mountain and reveals a vision of four beasts rising from the sea (§1).246 No mention is made of the place where Daniel was before he was taken away, nor of the date, regnal or otherwise, at which this event takes place. The angel shows Daniel a series of empires and emperors (more than four) identiﬁed variously as sceptres, animals, or horns, and whose names are sometimes given cryptically, such as the emperor whose name begins with the ﬁrst letter of the Greek alphabet but the eighth letter of the Roman one (§2). Gabriel then interprets the vision, identifying in more detail the succession of rulers and kingdoms which are to come, although these, too, remain largely enigmatic (§§2–4). It is diﬃcult to separate the historical from the mythical, and at ﬁrst blush it seems that the former is understood in light of the latter. The four beasts are eventually identiﬁed as four emperors, two from the east and two from the west, and it is further revealed that an emperor from Heliopolis will enter the “Seven-Hilled City,” which in this case must be Constantinople (§3). More strange place-names are men-

242

See note 425, infra. Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 211. 244 Alexander, “Appendix: English Translation of Slavonic Daniel,” Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 65–72 (portions of the text were also translated in his article, “Medieval Apocalypses,” passim); Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 95–102. 245 Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ, 118–124. 246 I employ the chapter divisions as they are articulated by Alexander, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. 243

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tioned: Tyrannis, Akrodunion, Mariana, and Enna,247 along with a reference to the Ishmaelites (§4). Overall, the interpretation complements the vision rather than explains it; only with reference to both is the full scope of history understood and, at the same, not understood, since so much in both remains cryptic. The middle sections of the Slavonic Vision of Daniel, §§5–8, is paralleled in the Greek Discourses of John Chrysostom. Daniel asks Gabriel to explain why these terrible things will befall the world, to which the angel replies: because of the sins of those who reside in it. Gabriel then tells Daniel about the seventh age, when the Ishmaelites’ power over the nations waxes strong (§5), a section that Alexander identiﬁes as substantively identical to a similar angelic reply in the earlier First Greek redaction of Pseudo-Methodius. Martial salvation appears in the form of an emperor, who defeats both the Ishmaelites (§6) and the blond-bearded peoples248 before arriving at Rome via Longobardia (§7). The emperor then marches from Rome to Constantinople (and while en route obliterates several rivals), where he rules for thirty-two years, promoting peace,249 assembling counsels of the wise, rebuilding churches, and protecting the pious (§§8–9). The ﬁnal two sections of the text (§§10–11) again borrow from the Greek Pseudo-Methodius. After the passing of the strong emperor, tribulation again stalks the earth. The Unclean Folk pollute everything and are only dispatched by the arrival of an archangel. Next to appear is the ﬁgure of the last Roman Emperor,250 who is followed 247 On these names, see Alexander, “Historical Interpolations,” 23–38 and Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 68–69, notes 31, 34, 39, and 41, although his descriptions of the place-names in the Zbornik do not always seem to match the manuscript evidence as it is presented by SreÆkoviÆ. 248 Alexander observes that the Greek term upon which the Slavonic is based, janyå ßynh, is the “standard Byzantine designation of the Western peoples” (Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 70 note 49). On the fair- or blond-haired peoples in mediaeval apocalypses, see the discussion in Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 40–77. Interestingly, by the eighteenth century, well after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the designation came to seen as referring to the Russians, who of course assumed the mantle of the defender of Orthodox Christianity against the Muslims (D.M. Nicol, The Immortal Emperor. The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans (Cambridge, 1992), 105). The topos of the Blond-haired invaders from the north appears in apocalyptic literature as late as the nineteenth-century Testament of Alexander the Great (see Chapter One note 45). 249 Part of this section is lifted from the Greek Pseudo-Methodius and is paralleled by a section in the Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World. 250 On the subject, see P.J. Alexander, “Byzantium and the Migration of Literary Works and Motifs: The Legend of the Last Roman Emperor,” M&H 2 (1971),

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by the “Son of Perdition,” i.e., the Antichrist. The Vision ends with the last Roman Emperor delivering the Christian empire to God, and with the Son of Perdition, after performing signs and wonders, slaying Enoch and Elijah on the cross of Cavalry. As with many of the other Byzantine Daniel apocalypses composed in Greek, the Slavonic Vision of Daniel is based on the various eighth-century Greek redactions of the Syriac Apocalypse of PseudoMethodius.251 Relying on his identiﬁcation of the historical allusions252 and the geographic references, Alexander posits that the Greek original of the Slavonic Vision of Daniel was composed in Sicily between 827 and 829, shortly after the rebellion of Euphemius and the start of the Arab occupation of Sicily in the summer of 827 but before the death of Michael II in October 829.253 W. Treadgold has since further narrowed this date to the spring of 829, noting that the text also records an account of the expedition sent at that time to relieve the Arab siege of Henna. He further argues that since the Slavonic Vision of Daniel and a pamphlet mentioned in the Life of St. Euthymius both predict the death Michael II and were composed in the spring of 829, it follows that they were composed by the same author. Treadgold believes this person to be none other than the future patriarch Methodius, who emulated his fourth-century name-sake Methodius of Olympia by composing a series of political prophecies. Treadgold also remarks that the knowledge of this relief expedition from Constantinople means that the Greek original was written in the East, possibly in the capital itself, although, pace Alexander, he admits that the author’s knowledge of Sicily and Syracuse in particular suggests a familiarity with the island.254 The Slavonic Vision of Daniel is conceptually similar to the Greek Diegesis Danielis, and it is possible that the two texts may represent 47–68 [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire (London, 1978)]. See also note 576, infra. 251 On the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, see the discussion concerning the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam (§2.5). 252 Which he understands to refer to the Byzantine emperors from Leo III (ruled 717–741) and ending with Michael II (ruled 820–829). 253 Alexander, “Les débuts des conquêtes arabes;” idem, “Medieval Apocalypses,” esp. 1013–1016. See also Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 317 note 2: “. . . die griechische Vorlage stammt aus dem 9.Jh. In einer längeren Herrscherliste ist Michael II. (820–829) der letzte identiﬁzierbare Kaiser.” 254 W. Treadgold, “The Prophecies of Pseudo-Methodius” [forthcoming in Revue des études byzantines]. Prof. Treadgold kindly forwarded me a draft copy of this paper.

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successively updated versions of an earlier document. But this also is true of the Greek/Slavonic Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.11), which, as we have seen, is related to the Diegesis. More work is required in this area. 2.14. The History of Daniel (Qissa-yi Dàniyàl) (cf. Persian §III) Berger: No. 48, Pers Daniel I Denis: L’Apocalypse persane de Daniel DiTommaso: Hebrew-Persian Apocalypse of Daniel García Martínez: Persian Pseudo-Daniel Haelewyck: No. 263, Apocalypsis Danielis persica Oegema: 1 ApkDan (pers) Pertusi: Visione persiana di Daniele Stegmüller: Nos. 117,8–12, Apocalypsis Danielis, versio persica litteris hebraicis expressa

The Qissa-yi Dàniyàl is composed in Persian but written in Hebrew characters. It survives in one manuscript, codex héb. 128 of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. The title, laynd h[yq, is provided by the superscription of the text itself. In 1838 S. Munk introduced the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl to scholarship with a brief note on the text in the ninth volume of S. Cahn’s Bible.255 The editio princeps appeared, accompanied by a German translation, in an 1867 article by H. Zotenberg.256 In 1887 J. Darmesteter transcribed into Persian characters a portion of the apocalyptic section of the text (fols. 83v–88v), to which he appended a translation in French.257 Another pointed and somewhat re-worked edition appeared in Y. Ibn Shmuel’s 1943 anthology.258 The Qissa-yi Dàniyàl has been translated into Hebrew by A. Jellinek under the title of “ laynd hç[m”259 and again by J.D. Eisenstein,260 into French by 255 S. Munk, “Note additionnelle sur les apocryphes persans.” In S. Cahn, La Bible, traduction nouvelle, avec l’hébreu en regard, accompagné des points-voyelles et des accents toniques, avec des notes philologiques, géographiques et littéraires, et les principales variantes de la version des Septante et du texte samaritain (Paris, 1838), 9.155–159 at 159. 256 H. Zotenberg, “Geschichte Daniels. Ein Apocryph,” Archiv für wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Alten Testaments (ed. A. Merx; Halle, 1867–1869), 1.385–427. 257 J. Darmesteter, “L’apocalypse persane de Daniel,” Mélanges Rénier (BHÉ, sciences philologiques et historiques 73; Paris, 1887), 405–420. 258 Y. Ibn-Shmuel, hlag yçrdm (Tel-Aviv, 1943; Jerusalem/Tel-Aviv, 21953–1954), 199–228. 259 A. Jellinek, “laynd hç[m. Erzählung Daniel’s,” çrdmh tyb. Bet ha-Midrasch. Sammlung kleiner Midraschim und vermischter Abhandlungen aus der ältern jüdischen Literatur (6 vols.; 1853–1877), 5.xxxvi–xxxvii, 117–130. 260 J.D. Eisenstein, μyçrdm rxw[. Ozar Midrashim. A Library of Two Hundred Minor Midrashim (New York, 1918), 1.97–103.

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F. Macler (partial translation),261 into German by A. Wunsche (and based on Jellinek’s Hebrew translation),262 into English by G.W. Buchanan,263 and most recently into Danish by J.P. Asmussen and H. Dadkhah.264 Of all the Daniel apocrypha, only the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl and the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet preserve both an extended ﬁrstperson narrative section (pseudepigraphic legendum) and a ﬁrstperson vision section (pseudepigraphic apocalypse).265 Yet in spite of this immediate correspondence in structure and ﬁrst-person narration, there appears to be little substantive connexion between the texts. For one thing, the narrative sections are very dissimilar in speciﬁc content and there is no need to suppose a dependence of one text on the other, even in the matter of the use of the highly unusual phenomenon of ﬁrst-person narration. Another area where the texts are quite unrelated is in the content of their visions. The Qissa-yi Dàniyàl contains an extremely detailed, very speciﬁc, Byzantinetype ex eventu review of history that overwhelmingly centers on political ﬁgures and events. The vision text of the Syriac Revelation of Daniel, in contrast, is far more vague and concentrates on the geographic, social, biological, and meteorological signs and calamities that precede the advent of the Antichrist and the other events of the end times. The action of the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl begins in Jerusalem but quickly moves to and around Shustar (rtçwç), the Persian capital. It is here, during the reign of Darius, that the reader encounters Daniel, scion of the royal line of Judah,266 weeping bitterly over his memories of 261

Macler, Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. Macler slightly revised the section in his thesis on the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl (which he calls the Persian apocalypse of Daniel) in a later article (“Apocalypses apocryphes II”). 262 A. Wünsche, “Midrasch Daniel,” Aus Israels Lehrhallen (5 vols.; Leipzig, 1907–1910), 2.57–80. [rep. Hildesheim, 1967] 263 G.W. Buchanan, “The Story of Daniel (Upon Whom Be Peace),” Revelation and Redemption. Jewish Documents of Deliverance from the Fall of Jerusalem to the Death of Nahmanides (Dillsboro, NC, 1978), 461–478. 264 J.P. Asmussen and H. Dadkhah, “En jødisk-persisk Daniel apokalypse, en oversaettelse af en apokryf Daniel tekst,” DTT 61 (1998), 199–215. The apocalypse is also noted by Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316, and by Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 4–5. 265 As with the Syriac Revelation of Daniel (§2.5), we will discuss in this chapter only the apocalyptic section of Qissa-yi Dàniyàl, since we have already addressed the description and analysis of the narrative portion in Chapter Two. 266 In the ﬁrst line of the manuscript Daniel is identiﬁed as one of the sons of Jeconiah (hynky) the king (cf. Bar. 1:3).

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the fate of Jerusalem and the Temple (Z 402).267 God sends an unnamed angel268 to ask why Daniel is weeping; after Daniel replies, the angel shows him all the things that will happen to the Israelites (ˆalarçy) in the future. The vision and the interpretation are one in the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl—the angel shows Daniel what is to happen, without the formal distinction between the vision and the interpretation. The apocalyptic section of the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl essentially contains two halves. The ﬁrst half is concerned with the series of rulers, two dozen in all, who are almost always referred to as kings or as sons of kings and never as beasts or otherwise cryptically described animal or human ﬁgures (Z 404–414). Notable among the kings in this series are the third, in whose reign the scholars of Israel will ﬂourish, the ﬁfth, whom most commentators associate with Mohammad, the eighth, who comes from the west but is killed in the east, the twelfth, under whom Israel will prosper, the sixteenth, the great builder of mosques who will be exalted as a prophet, and the twentieth,269 whose three sons will make their way in the world, one to Babylon, one to the west (the twenty-ﬁrst king) and one to the east (the twentysecond king), the latter later turning against his brother in the west and conquering his lands. The second half of the apocalyptic section describes the appearance of two false messiahs, the true Davidic messiah, and the events of the end time (Z 414–426). At one point, at the end of the series of the two dozen kings (Z 414), the tenor of the text shifts from the ex eventu historical to the genuine prophetic. This marks the turningpoint between the two halves of the apocalypse, which occurs after the death of the last king, who as the angel tells Daniel will arise from the Romans and inﬂict great suﬀering upon both the Ishmaelites and the Israelites. After this the ﬁrst false messiah appears, a giant over one hundred cubits tall, who will be joined in his war against the world by the armies of Gog and Magog. In the end times, the Messiah ben Joseph will run rampant over the world, but some of the Israelites will not believe his lies (Z 416–418). Because of the piety of these righteous Israelites, the angels Michael and Gabriel

267 None of the editions or translations divides the text by folio page, section, or line. As a result, I cite the Persian text throughout with reference to the pages in Zotenberg’s (Z) edition. 268 It is neither Michael nor Gabriel, who are mentioned in the third person later on.

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intercede with God on their behalf and kill the Messiah ben Joseph, all of which happens before the advent of the Messiah ben David (Z 418–420). The Messiah ben David eradicates the armies of Gog and Magog, and then he, Elijah, and Zerubbabel climb the Mount of Olives. With successive blasts of Elijah’s trumpet comes the healing of the sick, the resurrection of the dead, the manifestation of the hnykç, and the leveling of the earth.270 The sanctuary is completed and all Israel is gathered together. The messianic age lasts 1,300 years, after which comes the great judgment, from which the righteous are sent to Eden and the evil to Gehinnom. In contrast to many of the other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, where the identiﬁcation of the historical allusions can be a slippery task at best, the twenty-four kings in the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl match the historical record quite well, particularly, as Darmesteter outlines, from the ﬁfth king onwards, most of whom ﬁnd ready historical reﬂection in the list of 'Umayyad caliphs.271 The twentieth king, he believes, is Hàrùn al-Rashìd (ruled 786–809), whose three sons correspond with the three sons mentioned in the text.272 If this historical reconstruction is accurate, then the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl is a ninth-century text. Denis, however, prefers to date the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl to the First Crusade, at the end of the eleventh century.273 There are clear parallels between the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl and the Hebrew Nevu’ot Daniel (§2.22), including the reference to the two Messiahs of Joseph and David, although the parallels are not exact. On the other hand, although it shares some elements with some of the Greek apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha, my sense is that the Qissayi Dàniyàl stands more on the periphery than at the centre of the Byzantine apocalyptic tradition.

269

Not the twenty-ﬁrst, as Hoyland states (Seeing Islam, 329). The leveling of the topography of the land is a common feature in end-time speculation, particularly in articulations of the New Jerusalem; see L. DiTommaso, “The Dead Sea New Jerusalem Text: Contents and Contexts” (Diss: McMaster, 2001) [monograph forthcoming]. 271 Darmesteter, “L’Apocalypse persane de Daniel,” 417–420. 272 These three sons do not appear to be Ouales, Axiaphar, and Morphosar, the three sons of Hagar who appear in the Greek Diegesis Danielis. For one thing, the chronology is oﬀ: even the latest date of composition for the Diegesis (800 ce) is too early for the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl. 273 Denis, Introduction, 1302–1303. 270

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2.15. Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel (cf. Greek §XV) Alexander: Pseudo-Chrysostom Berger: No. 42, Gr. Daniel IV Bousset: M II DiTommaso: Greek Discourses of John Chrystostom regarding the Vision of Daniel García Martínez: Discourses of the Holy Father John Chrysostom on the Vision of Daniel Haelewyck: No. 258, Sermo Chrysostomi e uisionibus Danielis (graece) Halkin: No. 1871 and No. 1874m [see notes 217, 220 and 276, infra] Oegema: 4 ApkDan (gr) Pertusi: Discorso del santo padre nostro Giovanni Crisostomo sulla visione di Daniele Rydén, “Andreas Salos”: First Greek Vision of Daniel Schmoldt: LC: Der Logos unseres heiligen Vaters Johannes Chrysostomos aus den Visionen Daniels Stegmüller: No. 117,1, Visio Danielis, versio graeca

The Discourses of John Chrysostom survives in at least two Vatican manuscripts, codex Barberinianus gr. 284 [olim III.3], fols. 130v–141v, which also contains a copy of The Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World, and codex Ottobonianus gr. 418, fol. 301, which also preserves a copy of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel. A. Vassiliev presented the editio princeps of the Discourses in 1893;274 the text was edited again and translated into German by Schmoldt in his oft-cited unpublished 1972 dissertation.275 The Discourses is possibly preserved in a partial state in two further manuscripts.276 Halkin records that “Athen. codex 2605” (presumably Athínai, Bibliothèkos tès Hellados codex 2605), fols. 257r–268v,

274 A. Vassiliev [Vasiliev] “BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” Anecdota graeco-byzantina (Moskva, 1893), 33–46 at 33–38. The Discourses is so noted by Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316 note 3, and identiﬁed in Halkin, BHG 3, as no. 1871 (from BHG ). On emendations to Vassiliev’s edition, see N.G. Politis, “Dioryvtikã tina eﬁw tå Anecdota graeco-byzantina toË Vassiliev,” VV 4 (1897), 94–99 at 97. K. Krumbacher, in addition to mentioning the existence of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel and the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel, notes Vassiliev 33–58, but does not distinguish among what are actually ﬁve discrete texts edited on these pages (Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur von Justinian bis zum Ende des oströmischen Reiches (527–1453) (Handbuch der Altumswissenschaft 9.1; München, 21897), 628). 275 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 220–241. 276 But not Athínai, Bibliothèkos tès Hellados cod. 2187, fols. 236–238, and Jerusalem, cod. Sabaitikos gr. 128. Halkin, BHGN, no. 1871, identiﬁes these two manuscripts as copies of the Discourses of John Chrysostom (and are so correlated with Schmoldt’s edition of the Discourses) but in reality are more likely to be copies of the Word of Daniel on the End of the World (see the discussion at §2.12, supra).

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contains what he describes as “Narratio e Visionibus Danielis excerpta” attributed to Methodius, Bishop of Patara, a manuscript to which he assigns the number “1874m.”277 In his Novum auctarium, Halkin then correlates this identifying number with the information “Schmoldt 224–234, § 213–612,” i.e., with a portion of Schmoldt’s edition of the Discourses.278 It is worth recalling at this point that Halkin has already identiﬁed the full text of this edition with the numerical siglum “1871.”279 What seems to be the case, then, is that he considers the text which is preserved in this Athenian manuscript codex 2605 to be a version of part of the Discourses. Halkin’s assertion is indirectly supported by E. Mioni, who in his catalogue of Greek manuscripts in the Biblioteca Marciana identiﬁes codex gr. XI.25 [olim Nanianus 300], fols. 160r–165v as a second copy of the text preserved in the Athenian 2605 manuscript.280 Both the incipit and the explicit of the Venetian text are lost, making it diﬃcult to identify on the basis of its description in a manuscript catalogue.281 In addition, Mioni cites Vassiliev at “34, 27–38,” which is an odd reference, given that none of Vassiliev’s pages have thirtyeight lines of text. At the same time, the reference “34,27” does point to a place in page 34 of Vassiliev’s edition of the Discourses that bears quite a similarity to the Greek text that Mioni records.282 In addition, both the text of the Vassiliev edition at this place and what Mioni records of the Venetian text exhibits a close resemblance to the incipit of the Athenian text as it is presented by Halkin.283

277 Halkin, BHG 3, no. 1874m. Haelewyck, Corpus apocryphorum VT, 208, associates the number “1874m” with the BHGN only (see the following note). Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 39, simply lists Halkin no. 1874m as a separate text, without making a connexion with the Discourses. 278 Halkin, BHGN, no. 1874m. 279 Ibid., no. 1871. See note 276, supra. 280 E. Mioni, Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum. Codices graeci manuscripti. III: Codices in classes nonam decimam undecimam inclusos et supplemento duo continens (Roma, 1972) 139–140: “Methodius ep. Patarensis [ps. —], Visiones Danielis . . . Inc. mut. . . . expl. mut. . . . sed pauca desunt (cfr. cod. Athen. 2605, ﬀ. 257–268v; vide etiam A. Vassiliev . . . pp. 34, 27–38 et BHG 1874m).” 281 Incip.: (O) lumpiãda §poreÊyh eﬁw buzan . . . ÖEteken d¢ ≤ buzant¤a uﬂoÁw tre›w

ka‹ tÚn m¢n ßna §pvnÒmasen tØn toË patrÚw aÈtoË proshgor¤an ÜErmhllon, tÚn d¢ ßteron ßrbanon, tÚn d¢ tr¤ton klaÊdion; expl.: metå taËta genhsetai t«n nekr«n énãstasiw ka‹ (. . .). 282 . . . ka‹ ≤ buzant¤a tre›w uﬂoÁw ka‹ tÚn m¢n pr«ton vnÒmasen . . .; cf. with the

text in the previous note. 283 T°toke d¢ Buzant¤a tre›w uﬂoÊw. tÚn pr«ton »nÒmase katå tØn proshgor¤an toË patrÚw ÑErmÒlaon, tÚn d¢ deÊteron ÑErbãnon . . .

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My preliminary inclination concerning these Venetian and Athenian texts—if we recall the obvious pastiche nature of the Discourses—is that they might preserve an independent prophecy which was (originally?) attributed to Methodius284 but which in the two Vatican copies was later reworked into what Alexander calls the “second part” of our Discourses of John Chrysostom: [The Discourses] consists of four parts. It begins with Pseudo-Methodius’ narrative concerning the Ethiopian princess Cusheth, her daughter from King Byzas, Byzantia, the latter’s marriage to Romulus, and the interpretation of Psalm 68:31 according to which the Christian Empire is to last until the end of time. There follows, as a second part, a piece not found elsewhere, in which it is said that God, because of the sinfulness of Christians, will call in the Ismaelites, who will then enter the city of the Seven Hills (Constantinople) with arms and horses, shed much blood, carry oﬀ large amounts of booty, and advance ßvw ÉAttal«n. The third part reproduces, again almost literally, certain parts of the (lost) Greek original of the Slavonic Daniel [i.e., our Slavonic Vision on the Emperors (§2.13)]. In section 5 of that work, where the angel speaks of the devastation by the Arabs of certain countries, Pseudo-Chrysostom inserts after the mention of Sicily the words “the so-called Rebel City” and then continues with the Slavonic Daniel’s prediction of a divinely revealed emperor anointed at Achradina and destined to defeat the Arabs at Petrinon. The fourth and ﬁnal part is again literally taken from Pseudo-Methodius and is strictly eschatological: the coming of the Antichrist, the episode of Enoch and Elijah, and the Second Coming.285

As for the date of composition of the Discourses, the terminus a quo is probably 827–829, that is, the period which saw the Arab invasion of Sicily and the composition of the Greek original of the Slavonic Vision of Daniel the Prophet on the Emperors. In fact, García Martínez opines that the description of the Arab conquests in the Discourses might correspond with this Arabian expedition to Sicily and so provide us with a date for the text.286 Alexander, however, advances the idea that the reference to an Arab invasion ßvw ÉAttal«n indicates that the Discourses was written not in 827–289 but in the year 842, when the caliph al-Mu'tasim 284 Cf. Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 38: “La Visio che passa sotto il titolo ‘Discorso di san Giovanni Crisostomo sulla visione di Daniele,’ perché non è altro centone dell’Apocalypse of Methodius (siriaco-greco-latina) [ma] con interpolazioni dalla Vis. Dan. gr. e syr. . . .” 285 Alexander, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 72–73. 286 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 155.

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ordered an armada of 400 warships to set sail northwards from their Syrian ports to attack Constantinople. He argues that such a vast ﬂeet would not have bypassed the important Byzantine naval stronghold of Attalia, and posits that the record of its fall is that to which the Discourses refers.287 The weakness with this theory is that there exists no corroborating evidence that the armada ever took Attalia. As it turns out, the Arab ﬂeet never reached the Byzantine capital; it was utterly wrecked near the Chelidonian Islands, with only a handful of ships surviving to limp back to their Syrian ports.288 Still, Alexander places the composition of the Discourses in the short period between the report of Attalia’s fall, where the prospect of 400 warships spurred the spontaneous creation of this pseudonymous text, and the eventual foundering of the ﬂeet. 2.16. The Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World (cf. Greek §XVI) Alexander: Daniel Ka‹ ¶stai Berger: No. 41, Gr. Daniel III Bousset: D I DiTommaso: Greek Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World García Martínez: Visions of Daniel on the Last Times and on the End of the World Haelewyck: No. 257, Vision Danielis de tempore nouissimo et de ﬁne mundi (graece) Halkin: No. 1872 Oegema: 3 ApkDan (gr) Pertusi: Visione del profeta Daniele sull’ultimo tempo e sul compimento del secolo Rydén, “Andreas Salos”: Second Greek Vision of Daniel; Life of St. Andrew the Fool: Daniel Ka‹ ¶stai = Vision of Daniel, and VisDan = Vision of Daniel [see note 290, infra] Schmoldt: VD: Die Vision Daniels über die letzte Zeit Stegmüller: No. 117,2, Visio Danielis de tempore novissimo

The Vision of Daniel on the Last Times was ﬁrst edited by Vassiliev289 and then almost eight decades later again by Schmoldt, the latter accompanied by a German translation.290 As with almost all the

287

Alexander, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 75–77. See the sources cited at Alexander, Byzantine Apocryphal Tradition, 75 note 11. 289 Vassiliev, Anecdota graeco-byzantina, 38–43. For emendations to the text, see again Politis, VV 4 (1897), 97. Edition identiﬁed in Halkin, BHG 3, as no. 1872 (following BHG ). 290 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 202–219. The Vision of the Last Times is 288

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Byzantine apocalyptic literature attributed to Daniel, there are questions surrounding the number of manuscripts in which this text is extant. First, Vassiliev, who edits the text from the same Vatican codex Barberiniani gr. 284 [olim gr. III.3]291 from which he recovered a copy of the Discourses of John Chrysostom, remarks that the Vision of the Last Times appears also in two Biblioteca Marciana codices, gr. II.125 [olim Nanianus 181] and gr. VII.38 [olim Nanianus 154], although he does not provide the precise foliation for either copy.292 Vassiliev’s information about these two Venetian copies is reiterated by Stegmüller293 and Haelewyck.294 But this information is out of step with Alexander’s unambiguous statement that the text is preserved in one manuscript only.295 Schmoldt provides a resolution to the conundrum: he considers both Venetian manuscripts to be copies not of the Vision of the Last Times but rather of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (§2.23).296 This assertion is supported by the comments of Mioni, who describes both codices in his catalogue of the Greek manuscripts in the Biblioteca Marciana.297 Second, Vassiliev also asserts that the text at Marciana codex gr. II.125 is paralleled by two Paris copies located in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France codices gr. 947 and gr. 2180, an assertion that is reiterated by Stegmüller but not by Haelewyck. These Paris texts, too, however, are copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, a fact made clear by Mioni’s comments, by the fact that Schmoldt again

identiﬁed by Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316 note 3, and in Halkin, BHGN, as no. 1872. Rydén, Life of St. Andrew the Fool, 10 and 19, distinguishes between “Daniel Ka‹ ¶stai” (no. 1872, as treated in Alexander) and this “Vision of Daniel” (simply no. 1872). 291 Fols. 141v–152v; Vassiliev lists fol. 142 ﬀ., but the title actually appears near the bottom of the sheet at fol. 141v. 292 Vassiliev, Anecdota graeco-byzantina, xxiv. 293 Stegmüller, Repertorium. 294 Haelewyck, Clavis Apocryphorum VT, 207. 295 Alexander, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 77. 296 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 115–116. 297 E. Mioni, Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. I: Codices in classes a prima usque ad quintam inclusi. Pars Altera: Classis II, codd. 121–198—Classes III, IV, V (Roma, 1972), 14, re cod. gr. II.125: “Visio Danielis prophetae . . . (ed. E. Klostermann . . . 115–120; BHG 1874)”; idem, Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. II: Codices qui in sextam, septimam atque octavam classem includuntur continens (Roma, 1960), 80, re cod. gr. VII.38: “brevior editis in ﬁne (ed. V. Istrin . . . pp. 135–139 et etiam e nostro codice E. Klostermann . . . pp. 115–119, ll. 1–99; BHG 1874).”

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lists them as such, and, most importantly, in Halkin’s Manuscrits grecs de Paris, the manuscripts of which he cross-indexed with Stegmüller’s identifying numbers.298 In other words, both the two Venetian texts and the two Parisian texts in question are copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, and not of the Vision of the Last Times. Third, both Vassiliev and Haelewyck assert that this apocalypse also survives in the Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek codex phil. 58 [olim 211], fols. 44–50, listed by Haelewyck as dating from the sixteenth century.299 According to H. Hunger, however, codex phil. gr. 58 is a ﬁfteenth-century manuscript of Pindar, while codex phil. gr. 211, which is from the sixteenth century, has only 33 fols.300 From the perspective of its content, and thus its date and provenance, the Vision of Daniel On the Last Times is best described as a patchwork-quilt of material drawn from a diversity of sources from various historical periods. Alexander’s reconstruction of the composition of this text, the ﬁnal form of which he dates to 867–869,301 is detailed, brilliant, and, in the main, convincing.302 He identiﬁes no less than ten separate parts, ﬁve of which are historical and ﬁve of which are eschatological. The ﬁve ex eventu historical pieces describe various historical events from the eighth and ninth centuries. In order, these are i) the Muslim sack of Rome in 846, composed in Italy or perhaps even Rome; ii) the early eighth-century Muslim conquest of the southern Iberia; iii) the internecine strife of the second

298 See §2.23, on the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel. For BNF codd. gr. 947 and gr. 2180, see Halkin, Manuscrits grecs de Paris, 92–93, 232. On the Venezia codd., recall also that the text at codex gr. II.125 has been edited twice: once by Tischendorf (employing variants from the two Parisian copies) and once in a critical edition by Klostermann (employing the text from the two Venetian copies at codd. gr. II.125 and gr. VII.38, and the two Parisian copies). There seems to be no question that all four codices preserve copies of the same manuscript. 299 Vassiliev, Anecdota graeco-byzantina, xxiv–xxv, and Haelewyck, Clavis Apocryphorum VT, 207. This is the same text that Istrin, “A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa” and Bousset, “Geschichte der Eschatologie,” 298, identify as a copy of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (see §2.23 and esp. note 417, infra). The reason cited below why cod. phil. 58/211 cannot be a copy of the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times also means that it cannot be a copy of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel. 300 H. Hunger, Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 1: Codices historici. Codices philosophici et philologici (Museon (neue Folge) 4.1; Wien, 1961), 64, 319. 301 Berger, “Hellenistisch-heidnische Prodigien,” 1462, however, dates the text to the eighth century. 302 Alexander, Byzantine Apocryphal Tradition, 77–95.

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quarter of the ninth century among the southern Italian principalities; iv) the murder of Michael III in 867; and v) the Arab-Byzantine conﬂict in Sicily, speciﬁcally the events of 852–853, but also possibly referring to the earthquake that struck Constantinople early in 869. The ﬁve eschatological pieces are as follows: i) a description of the coming of a victorious emperor (whose name begins with the letter lambda)303 that parallels a portion of the Discourses of John Chrysostom;304 ii) a passage on three emperors, again reﬂecting a section from the Discourses;305 iii) a note on a good emperor who will rule for thirty-two years, which agrees very closely with a section from the Slavonic Vision of Daniel the Prophet on the Emperors;306 iv) a section foretelling the coming of an angel of destruction; and ﬁnally v) a passage on the Last Roman Emperor, which recalls the articulation of the topos in the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius and, in its last sentences, the Discourse. Whether Alexander has correctly isolated of the constituent parts of the Vision of the Last Times and adequately recounted the process of their redaction is open to debate.307 He does not appear to account for Bousset’s hypothesis that the ﬁrst so-called eschatological element (i.e., the notice of the victorious king whose name begins with a lambda) may be identiﬁed with the ﬁgure of Leo III, who, as we have seen already, plays an important role in other Byzantine Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles.308 While it is true that the notice of this emperor was lifted from its eschatological context in the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, the speciﬁc references to his name and his actions suggest that the redactor of the Vision of the Last Times may have adapted an eschatological motif to ﬁt an ex eventu historical parallel. The fact that Leo III reigned after many of the events described in the earlier sections of the Vision of the Last Times seems unimportant given that these sections are themselves without an overall chronological order. In fact, it seems to me that the dividing line between history and prophecy should be set before the appearance of the

303 On the way that this information is presented in the text, see Rydén, “Andreas Salos,” 232 note 83. 304 See Vassiliev 36.17–34 (Discourses) and 39.15–40.16 (Last Times). 305 Vassiliev 36.34–37.13 (Discourses) and 40.16–41.10 (Last Times). 306 Vassiliev 41.10–24 (Discourses) with Slavonic Vision of Daniel §9. 307 For a diﬀerent account of the contents of the apocalypse, see Rydén, “Andreas Salos,” 232–233. 308 Bousset, “Geschichte der Eschatologie,” 282.

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emperor who will reign for thirty-two years, whose ultimate antecedent was an eschatological expectation of a coming king on the order of Constantine the Great, who is said to have ruled for such a span of time,309 or perhaps somewhere in the previous period of the three emperors, although again we must be sensitive to the fact that the author/redactor of the Vision of the Last Times might have been historicising the originally eschatological material he adapted from the Discourses. A full analysis of this complex text is beyond the scope of this chapter. Regardless of the many issues surrounding the original date and provenance of its many constituent elements, what seems clear is that Alexander is correct in his argument that the extant version dates from the period 867–869. 2.17. The Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar (cf. Hebrew §IV)310 Berger: No. 45, Hebr Daniel Denis: La (Quatorzième) Révélation/Vision (de l’archange Gabriel) à Daniel DiTommaso: Mediaeval Genizeh Fragment of a Hebrew “Vision of Daniel” García Martínez: Hebrew Pseudo-Daniel Oegema: ApkDan (hebr) Rydén, Life of St. Andrew the Fool: VisDanHeb = Vision of Daniel in Hebrew

This Jewish apocryphal Daniel apocalypse is preserved in a unique manuscript folio, inscribed recto and verso, which was discovered by S. Schechter in the Cairo Genizah and later presented by him to

309

Rydén, “Andreas Salos,” 233. See note 576, infra. Both Berger (Daniel-Diegese, xv, re No. 46: “Frgm Hebr Daniel”) and Oegema (Zwishen Hoﬀnung und Gericht, 129 note 90: “FrDan (hebr)”) refer to a fragment of a Daniel apocalypse, which is preserved at Oxford, Bodleian cod. heb. 2642, fol. 43 and which was published ﬁrst under the title jyçmh twmy tdga by S. Wertheimer (twçrdm ytb ( Jerusalem, 1893–1897), 2.30) and again by I. Lévy (“Une apocalypse judéo-arabe,” RÉJ 67 (1914), 178–182). The text contains what appears to a portion of an ex eventu review of history, within which Lévy identiﬁes historical ﬁgures dating from the end of the seventh and the start of the eighth centuries, although of course we cannot be sure as to what point in history this review ceases. García Martínez, however, rightly observes that the text is “a simple fragment of Arab history, seen from a Jewish perspective” and not a fragment of an apocryphal Daniel apocalypse. The text does not mention Daniel nor do its contents give any reason to believe that it should be associated with the prophet, despite a possible passing allusion to Dan 8:8. Although ex eventu references to kings and empires are hallmarks of Daniel apocalypses both biblical and apocryphal, they are by no means limited to them, and thus one cannot simply attribute an anonymous text to Daniel on this basis. Had the empires been four in number (cf. Daniel 2 and 7), a better case could perhaps be made. 310

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the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Although its formal title is laynd ˆwzj (line 2 of the recto), we have added to it the phrase “by the river Kebar”311 (rbk rhn l[; cf. Ezek 1:1, 3; 10:15, 20, 22; 43:3), which appears on line 4, in order to distinguish this apocalypse from the many others that bear this title or variations on it. García Martínez states that the title of this text is “the fourteenth vision” of Daniel, reading (apud L. Ginzberg) the phrase dòòy ˆwzj (recto, line 3).312 Y. Ibn-Shmuel proposes the emendation òdyh ˆwzj (“of the hand”),313 which would allude to the hand that grasped Daniel at Dan 10:10, a reading which A. Sharf considers preferable.314 If the adjective “fourteen” were unique to this text, one might tend to agree with Ibn-Shmuel and Sharf. The fact that the title “Fourteenth Vision” also appears—admittedly in a diﬀerent context—in the Coptic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel at least proves that there is precedent for this otherwise unusual term. The principal physical characteristic of this manuscript sheet that aﬀects the reading of the text is a tear running from the half-way point along the right margin (viewed recto) to the bottom margin at a point one third of the way from the bottom left corner. The net eﬀect is that the sheet is divided into two fragments; viewed recto, the second, smaller piece essentially encompasses the lower right quadrant. The folio recto contains twenty-two lines of text and several words scribbled in the right-hand portion of the upper margin. The ﬁrst line is a single line of text from another composition,315 the second line is the title line, and the rest of the page contains the

311 The word rbk is transliterated in a variety of ways (e.g., Sharf, “ByzantineJewish Historical Source,” 121: “Óebar”; García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 157: “Quebar”), but the Hebrew is very clear at this point. See A. Sharf, “hyfnzyb ydwhy twdlwtl rwqmk ‘laynd ˆwzj’” Bar-Ilan 4/5 (1967), 197–208; reprinted as “A Source for Byzantine Jewry under the Early Macedonians,” Byzantinischneugriechische Jahrbücher 20 (1970), 320–328, and “The Vision of Daniel as a ByzantineJewish Historical Source,” The Jews and Other Minorities in Byzantium ( Jerusalem, 1995), 119–135. [page references to “Byzantine-Jewish Historical Source”] 312 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 156–157. Buchanan, “Vision of Daniel,” 419 note 216, retains Ginzberg’s reading of the text but argues that it should be translated as “the Vision of the Lord”; see L. Ginzberg, “laynd ˆwzj” r[fk[ç yzng: Geniza Studies in Memory of Doctor Solomon Schechter (TSJTS 7; New York, 1928), 1.313–323. 313 Ibn-Shmuel, “laynd ˆwzj,” 249. 314 Sharf, “Byzantine-Jewish Historical Source,” 120–121 note 12. 315 Which Sharf (ibid., 120 note 11) calls “the concluding blessing of another composition.”

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initial twenty lines of text. The verso contains twenty-six lines of text, the last ﬁve of which are seemingly only partially preserved. Because of the fractured state of the text at the bottom of the verso, and the fact that no photograph of the verso of the smaller piece exists (see infra), it is unclear whether the text ended here or continued on other sheets no longer extant. The text of the Vision is apparently continuous, since the catchword in the bottom margin of the recto corresponds to the ﬁrst word on the verso. The editio princeps, with the text arranged line by line, was published by Ginzberg in an essay in his 1928 volume dedicated to Schechter. The frontispiece to the volume contains a negative photograph of the recto side of the sheet, the smaller piece included.316 The text of the Hebrew Vision of Daniel was later edited by Ibn-Shmuel in a running, pointed text that in places diﬀers signiﬁcantly from Ginzberg’s edition,317 and by R. Bonﬁl (verso only, lines 5–24).318 Bonﬁl’s article also includes positive photographs of both sides of the manuscript sheet, but with the smaller piece missing. English translations of the text, which also to some degree diﬀer both among themselves and from the editions, are oﬀered by J. Starr (very partial),319 Sharf (almost complete, and based principally on Ginzberg’s edition),320 and G.W. Buchanan.321 Since no photograph of the verso exists with the smaller piece included, it is impossible to check these editions and translations in this regard. The Hebrew Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar opens with the note that the revelation occurs during the reign of Cyrus, the king of Persia, although the regnal year is not identiﬁed (recto, line 3). As mentioned, the place is the River Kebar (line 4), which is a site that is particularly associated with Ezekiel’s vision of the divine presence. The vision is never revealed to the reader, but Gabriel, the captain of the celestial host (line 5), appears to Daniel and interprets that 316

Ginzberg, “ laynd ˆwzj.” Ibn-Shmuel, “laynd ˆwzj.” See, esp., the places in his text that correspond to recto lines 17–22 and verso lines 5–6. According to Sharf, “Byzantine-Jewish Historical Source,” 120, the poor state of the text on the verso of the sheet prompted IbnShmuel to emend the text radically. 318 Bonﬁl, “ tytwrpsw tyrwfsyh hdw[tk ‘laynd ˆwzj’.” 319 J.A. Starr, The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204 (Texte und Forschungen zur byzantinisch-neugriechischen Philologie 30; Athínai, 1939), 134–135, 141, 152. 320 Sharf, “Byzantine-Jewish Historical Source,” the translation of which was later reprinted in his “Vision of Daniel.” 321 Buchanan, “Vision of Daniel.” 317

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which is to happen at “the end of days” (μymyh tyrjab; line 7). The ﬁrst part of the vision is an ex eventu review of history that details the rise, rule, and fall of a succession of kings, who are identiﬁed cryptically. The ﬁrst is identiﬁed by the sign bO rO aO (line 7), the second by the sign bO ytç (line 11), the third by the name ˆwal (who will rule with the help of a “man of Cush” (yçwk çya), lines 15–16), the fourth “a man from Arabia” (line 17), and so on for another three kings, until Tyre shall conquer the kingdom (verso, line 1). There next follows a brief interlude wherein Gabriel tells Daniel to seal his words until the end of time (lines 2–5). Following this, the interpretation of the vision resumes with more references to endtime (?) events, beginning with the rise of a “son of a wicked man” (line 6), who will rule over ˆwpwlfpa (line 7).322 For the most part, however, the description of events on the verso of the folio is concerned less with kings and more with social structures and physical phenomena. As with the rest of the text, the information here is enigmatic. Rome will be burned with a heavenly ﬁre (line 10) but those ( Jews?) who live in other places, including Rome, will be spared and blessed (lines 13–14). Climactic and meteorological calamities will follow (lines 16–22). Rome is again mentioned in line 24. The last four lines of the text are extremely fragmentary and unclear, although most of the editors and translators of the text insert—without evidence, in my opinion—a note that the Messiah will appear (line 26).323 As with most of the other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, there is some discussion surrounding the date of composition and provenance which invariably touches on the identities of the biographical and historical allusions. The general consensus is that the ﬁrst three kings allude to Emperors Michael III, surnamed the Drunkard (ruled 842–867),324 Basil I, called the Macedonian (ruled 867–886, co-ruler 322 This is clearly a transliteration from the Greek, ÉEptãlofow. See below for further comment. 323 See Ibn-Shmuel, “ laynd ˆwzj”: [jyçmh] ˚lm ˚lmy za; Sharf, “Vision of Daniel”: “Then the Messiah will reign”; Buchanan, “Vision of Daniel”: “Then the [messianic king] will rule.” But note the text as edited by Ginzberg, “laynd ˆwzj”: . . . m ˚lmy za. Because the smaller piece of the manuscript sheet on which this text appears is not included in any of the published photographs, it is impossible to check the text at this point. 324 The bO rO aO is unexplained, however. Ginzberg “laynd ˆwzj,” 313–314, and IbnShmuel, “laynd ˆwzj,” 245, understand the letters as referring to the word brwa, or “enemy”; Starr, Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 135, calls the symbol “undecipherable”;

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from 870),325 and Leo (ˆwal) VI (ruled 870–912, sole ruler from 886) and that the Vision was composed in the milieu of the late ninthcentury or early tenth-century Byzantine Empire.326 Oegema, however, remarks that the text could date from as early as the eighth century,327 while at the other end of the spectrum S. Krauss opines that allusions to “great Tyre” (verso, line 1) and the burning of the “cities of Rome the guilty” (tbyyjh [i.e., Byzantium] ymwr twryy[; verso line 10) could refer to the period surrounding the Crusader sack of Constantinople in 1204.328 So much remains unclear, however, even at the level of understanding the text of the Vision itself, which in places permits several readings. As mentioned, the text and translations diﬀer among themselves in many minor points, and a portion of the text appears to have been lost since Ginzberg’s time. These diﬃculties only add to the confusion surrounding the extremely cryptic allusions to other, perhaps historical ﬁgures and events,329 such as the “man from Arabia” (recto, line 17) and the mysterious city ˆwpwlfpa.330 In addition, a lack of reference to the struggle with the Islamic Arabs robs us of a historical reference point that assists in dating

S. Baron (A Social and Religious History of the Jews, vol. 3 (New York, 1957), 315 note 6) assumes that they refer to Michael’s chief minister Bardas; Buchanan, “Vision of Daniel,” 419 note 217, views the letters as gematria (by his reckoning, “one thousand, two hundred, three”) but does not oﬀer an identiﬁcation. On this number, see also S. Krauss, who, following Ginzberg, arrives at a ﬁgure of 1202 (“Ein neuer Text zur byzantinisch-jüdischen Geschichte,” Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher 7 (1928–1929), 57–86, translated as “Un nouveau texte pour l’histoire judéobyzantine,” RÉJ 87 (1929), 11–27 [page references to the French edition]). Three cryptic letters also ﬁgure in the Diegesis Danielis and the Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel (§§2.10 and 11, cf. note 184), and it may be that an answer should be sought in a Byzantine context. 325 The bO ytç likely stand for the ﬁrst letters in both his title and his name: BasileËw Bas¤leiow. 326 Sharf, “Byzantine-Jewish Historical Source,” 134–135, observes that the Vision’s positive, even loyal, attitude toward Byzantium is in marked contrast to the antiByzantine Jewish sentiment of earlier periods (such as the second half of the seventh century) and that the contrast made between Rome and Byzantium might be reﬂective of the clash between the two over territories in southern Italy during the second half of the ninth century. This is also the era, Sharf notes, that Liudprand of Cremona made his famous embassy to Byzantium. Bishop Liudprand, it will be recalled, wrote of the importance of Daniel apocalypses to the Byzantine state. 327 Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht, 129. 328 Krauss, “Un nouveau texte,” suggests the following order of kings: Michael III, Basil I, Leo VI, Romanos I Lakapenos. 329 See Starr, Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 135: “This obscure composition . . . bristles with diﬃculties.” 330 Cf. note 322, supra.

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many of the other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. If we assume that the text as it stands is a product of the ninth century, it is extremely odd to ﬁnd that it speaks so voluminously of the relationship among the nations (especially on the verso of the manuscript sheet) but oﬀers nothing regarding what was in reality the central feature of Byzantine foreign policy, namely, the dire threat posed by the Muslim expansion. One answer is that the text antedates the struggle between the Byzantines and the Arab Muslims, but this seems unrealistic given the fairly solid historical allusions just mentioned. Another possibility is that because only a single sheet survives of what might have been a much longer text, all references to the Byzantine-Arab struggle might have been lost. A third possible answer is that the community that produced or redacted the Hebrew Vision of Daniel had a very restricted historical perspective, and was concerned—through the prophetic word—with historical ﬁgures and events only inasmuch as they were important to the community. A close analogy would be the way in which the Qumran community interpreted world events in light of biblical prophecy and ﬁltered through the narrow lens of its own past history, present needs, and future expectations. In this scenario, the person or community that produced the Hebrew Vision of Daniel simply might not have been concerned with the Byzantine-Arab conﬂict as being particularly important. An analogous situation in the Daniel apocalypses exists in the way that the author/redactor of the Greek Diegesis Danielis seems to have been uninterested in the iconoclastic controversies of the eighth century, contrary to the modern expectations of his interests. Bonﬁl argues that much of the text of the verso of the Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar is a pastiche, drawn from or inﬂuenced by Byzantine Greek apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. García Martínez takes this to mean that “we cannot see in this work—in contrast to what Ginzberg suggested—the evidence of a Jewish apocalyptic tradition that would have emerged after a millennium of silence.”331 This last statement, however, seems contra-indicated by the evidence that the Jewish apocalyptic tradition remained alive in post-Second Temple times.332 What is more, even if the Hebrew Vision of Daniel 331

García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 157. See the texts contained in A. Jellinek, çrdmh tyb [translated, to a great extent = A. Wünsche, Aus Israels Lehrhallen (5 vols.; Leipzig, 1907–1910)]; n.b. also some of the texts discussed in M. Buttenwieser, “Apocalyptic Literature, Neo-Hebraic,” The 332

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were a mere patchwork of Byzantine ideas and expectations, the fact that these were given Jewish expression (with Jewish concerns and a Jewish perspective) must to some degree speak to the existence of a community for which the apocalyptic voice had some meaning. I am not so sure that Bonﬁl is entirely correct, either. The pastiche form is common enough among the Byzantine apocalyptic writings attributed to Daniel, but whereas those texts are also noted for their distinct lack of literary ornamentation, the Hebrew Vision of Daniel is far closer in style to the non-Byzantine texts, with its comparatively rich introductory section and the clear sense that Daniel’s vision is mediated by an angel. Whatever its origins, the Hebrew Vision of Daniel is no mere reﬂection of a Byzantine Christian antecedent, but more probably should be understood as a Jewish adaptation of the form. We should also recall that this text was likely composed in a culture that might have had access to both the Byzantine and Arab Muslim traditions of apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha. The Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar gives the impression of being a redacted text, perhaps in places several times removed from the original. Even bearing in mind the adage that apocalypses in general are often cryptic and not always internally consistent, several items stand out. Most signiﬁcant perhaps is the matter of the place in the text where the angel Gabriel orders Daniel to seal the interpretation until the end of time (verso, lines 2–5). Normally, such instructions or commands precede or conclude the description of a vision and its interpretation; they do not appear in the middle of it. One might argue that the Hebrew Vision of Daniel preserves more than one vision-interpretation, such as we ﬁnd in Daniel 7–12, which contains a sequence of visions and their interpretations, each one framed by its own introductory and concluding formulae. If the Vision of Daniel could be shown to share this structure, then the seemingly odd placement of Gabriel’s instructions might be explained as the

Jewish Encyclopaedia. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times (ed. I. Singer, et alii; New York/London, 1901–1905), 1.675–685 [slightly revised = Neo-Hebraic Apocalyptic Literature (see note 1, supra)] and Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. On the subject of mediaeval Jewish apocalyptic, see now M. Idel, “Jewish Apocalypticism: 670–1670,” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture (ed. B. McGinn; New York, 1996), 204–237.

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conclusion to one vision-interpretation, which immediately precedes another vision-interpretation at line 6. Yet this argument fails to hold water. To begin, despite the problems with reading this text, it is clear that Hebrew Vision of Daniel contains only one vision and its interpretation, not a sequence of visions, and there is absolutely no sense that the subject of the text on the verso after line 5 is diﬀerent from what precedes line 2. Moreover, the clear introductory formula of recto lines 4–6 (where Daniel is standing at the Kebar and sees Gabriel) is not repeated before verso line 6. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that every one of the extant Daniel apocalyptica consists of no more than a single vision or revelation and its interpretation, sometimes framed by introductory and concluding formulae.333 In other words, the Daniel 7–12 pattern of a sequence of visions and interpretations is never reﬂected in the any of the other later Daniel apocalypses, and there is no reason to think that anything is diﬀerent here with the Hebrew Vision of Daniel. Given the unlikelihood, then, that the Hebrew Vision of Daniel contains more than one vision-interpretation or that it preserves a unique example of what should be concluding formula placed in the middle of an interpretation, another explanation for this unusual placement could be that its unusual structure is a result of editorial redaction. Another indication that we might be dealing with a redacted text is the apparent confusion over the identity of the city called ˆwpwlfpa (verso, lines 6 and 14). Ginzberg suggests that it refers to Rome, the legendary seven-hilled city of antiquity;334 this view is also followed by Sharf in his studies.335 But Buchanan correctly observes that Rome is called by name several times throughout the text (verso lines 10, 12, and 24) and at verso lines 12–14 a clear distinction is made between Rome and ˆwpwlfpa.336 Now, the epithet “seven-hilled” is often employed in other Byzantine-era apocalypses to refer to Constantinople.337 The diﬃculty with assuming that ˆwpwlfpa is Constantinople is that in the list of blessed places, which includes Rome and which 333 The Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl contains both legenda about Daniel (unusually, told in the ﬁrst person) and a concluding vision. But there is only one vision, with its own introductory and concluding formulae. 334 Ginzberg, “laynd ˆwzj,” 321 note 7. 335 Cf. Sharf, “Vision of Daniel,” note 18. 336 Buchanan, “Vision of Daniel,” 420 note 226. 337 In fact, it appears in almost every Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypse!

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is contrasted by Buchanan with mention of the war in ˆwpwlfpa, also includes ˆylwbmfsya, or Istanbul/Stamboul. Accordingly, if a distinction between Rome and ˆwpwlfpa is to be made, it also ought to be made between Istanbul and ˆwpwlfpa. This means that ˆwpwlfpa can be neither Rome nor Constantinople, and that makes no sense, since “seven-hilled” cannot refer to anything else but Rome or Constantinople. A possible explanation for this apparent contradiction is that the Hebrew Vision of Daniel is a redacted document and there may be several layers of text—including one wherein Rome is called ˆwpwlfpa and one wherein Constantinople is called ˆwpwlfpa—that are not fully harmonized. The author or redactor of the Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar borrows some terms and themes from the biblical Book of Daniel. Most conspicuous is the theme of a succession of kingdoms, each ruling in its turn, with the entire enterprise of history ﬁrmly under the control of God. This is common enough to most of the other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses as well. What is unique with this text, however, is that, as in the court tales of Book of Daniel, righteous kings are rewarded and wrong-headed or prideful kings are punished. The Vision, for example, asserts that God will increase the kingdom of Leo, the third king, on account of his providing relief to the people of the saints of the Most High (recto, lines 15–16),338 but that God will shorten the reign of the king who tortures them with expulsion (recto, lines 19–20). Krauss argues that the Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar is the product of a Jewish convert to Christianity. Sharf ﬁrmly refutes this thesis.339 In its style, content, and tenor, this apocalypse is Jewish. As Rydén observes, it is related to a “Vision of Daniel,” although I hesitate to agree with him that it is a version of the “Vision of Daniel,”340 since this assumes that there was only one such “Vision” and that, even if this archetype did exist, the Hebrew Vision of Daniel is no more than a version of it. The Hebrew Vision also shares some elements with the Andreas Salos apocalypse which is part of the Life of St. Andrew the Fool.

338 On what this exactly could mean, see the discussion in Sharf, “ByzantineJewish Historical Source,” 127–128. 339 Krauss, “Un nouveau texte”; Sharf, “Byzantine-Jewish Historical Source,” 124–126. 340 Rydén, Life of St. Andrew the Fool, 345.

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2.18. The Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid (cf. Arabic §IV) Previously unidentiﬁed by any of the major studies before Cook.

This apocryphal Daniel apocalypse is part of a larger composition, the Kitàb al-malà˙im of Ibn al-Munàdì (died 947).341 The ﬁrst study of this Daniel apocalypse appears in D. Cook’s 2002 Arabica article, most of which is devoted to an English translation of the text.342 Based on the internal evidence of the text, Cook dates the present form of the apocalypse to the years 934–947, although he notes that it is possible that Ibn al-Munàdì updated an older text.343 If we judge the information in the text’s prologue to be at least partly true, then Ibn al-Munàdì simply recorded what he had heard from others. The Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel is by some degree the longest of all the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. Cook has divided it into eight distinct sections,344 and there is no reason why we should not follow his lead here.345 The revelation,346 which is itself not recorded, is interpreted by an angel, but it is not the angel Gabriel, who plays a part in the interpretation and is referred to in the third person (pp. 88–91). The ﬁrst section, a review of history, concentrates on the reign of a series of kings (pp. 76–77), which Cook identiﬁes as the 'Abbàsids of the end of the ninth and beginning of the tenth centuries. The second section revolves around the rise of the Sufyànì, the messianic ﬁgure—false, as it turns out—of the Syrian Muslims (pp. 77–86). The action, which ranges along the width of the Muslim world from North Africa to the Arabian peninsula, involves the conﬂict between the 'Abbàsid sultan and this Sufyànì, who is supported by other local and tribal messianic ﬁgures. The third section concerns the downfall of the Sufyànì and the appearance of the Óasanì, who is the true messianic ﬁgure and a descendant of the 341 Ibn al-Munàdì, Kitàb al-malà˙im (Qumm, AH 1418/1997 CE), 76–111. On the connexion with mal˙ama literature in general and the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl speciﬁcally, see Chapter Four, §5. 342 D.B. Cook, “An Early Muslim Daniel Apocalypse,” Arabica 49 (2002), 55–96. 343 Ibid., 59, 65: “. . . it is possible that it is based upon earlier documents and ideas.” 344 Cook’s translation contains the page numbers to the 1997 edition of the text (see note 341, supra). I employ these page numbers whenever I cite from Cook’s translation. 345 Ibid., 58–60. 346 So it is called in the conclusion, p. 111.

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Muhammad the Prophet (pp. 86–91) The Sufyànì emerges victorious in his conﬂict with the sultan, but God turns on him after a series of atrocities in Arabia. Here the text breaks oﬀ, and Cook notes that other sources tell us of a battle between the Sufyànì and the Óasanì in which the former is defeated and seeks asylum in Byzantium. The next section details the Óasanì’s war with the Byzantines (pp. 91–99), whom he overcomes. The ﬁfth section of the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel somewhat jarringly introduces the ﬁgure of the Antichrist and other ﬁgures seemingly opposed to the Óasanì (pp. 99–104). Much is said about the temptations oﬀered by the Antichrist, but the section ends with his authority challenged by al-Hidr and then Jesus (also identiﬁed as Messiah), who kills him. The next section concerns the messianic kingdom (pp. 104–108) and the dynasty of rulers drawn from the grandsons of the prophet Muhammad. All the nations will accept the call to Islam and a host of good things will come to the population of earth. But this is not to be the end of tribulation, however. After the line of the prophet dies out, a mawlà will be appointed to rule over the decaying kingdom. The appearance of the dàbbat alard (Qur"àn 27:82) precipitates the death of all true believers and the removal of the Qur"àn from the world. The seventh section continues in the same vein, concentrating on the terrible events at the end of the world (pp. 108–110). Gog and Magog will appear, having broken through the barrier that hitherto had kept them from the land. The Tigris and Euphrates will dry up, and corruption and pestilence will stalk the earth. The Ethiopians will rise to strike Mecca and the Ka'ba, but God will smite them and also kill Gog and Magog. On the last day no non-Muslim will be left on earth. The ﬁnal section (p. 111) is a conclusion to the apocalypse, wherein Daniel asks the angel why he did not identify all the historical ﬁgures to come. The angel answers that if this knowledge is known, enemies of these ﬁgures would use this to plan pre-emptive strikes against these ﬁgures and their families. Excursus II: The Figure of Daniel and the Arabic Muslim Daniel Apocalypses Sometime in the decades and the centuries following the death of the Prophet Muhammad there seemingly arose among the Arab Muslims an intense interest in the ﬁgure of Daniel. Although Daniel is not mentioned in the Quràn, he somehow came to be associated with a wide range of

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pseudepigraphic texts. Included in the lot are the two apocryphal apocalypses, the Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid and the Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil, plus a half-dozen prognostica, the most famous and well-known of which, an anthological scientiﬁc treatise often called the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, enjoyed a very wide popularity. The Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel begins with a curious prologue in which the history of its transmission is recounted (p. 76). In it, the author relates that the information about the future that he is about to record is fourthhand. He says that an acquaintance spoke to him of a certain man from the ahl al-kitàb ( Jews and Christians; literally, the “people of the book”) who collected accounts of apocalyptic wars. This non-Muslim told the acquaintance that this particular apocalypse had once belonged to the “elders” (i.e., the non-Muslim elders, although whether Jew or Christian it is impossible to say), who regarded its secrets with such awe that they rarely showed it to anyone whom they do not trust. Unfortunately, the tale of how or why they let it out of their possession is not preserved. What do we make of this odd story? Even if the notice of the existence of this non-Muslim collector of apocalypses is ﬁctitious, the fact that the author includes it is highly suggestive. It would seem to indicate that, in the author’s time at least, there were enough of these apocalypses publically available that the idea that they could be acquired by a private person would not have been considered unbelievable. The story therefore supports Bishop Liudprand of Cremona’s assertion about the wide prevalence of Daniel apocalypses among the Byzantines and the Saracens (see §1, supra and Chapter Five note 9). More to the point, if there were in fact many such apocalyptic books in circulation within the author’s Arabic and Muslim compass, this could mean that this Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel was not composed in vacuo but perhaps rather in the conscious conceptual context of other Daniel (Byzantine?) apocalypses. Certainly some of the topoi seem familiar. As for the transmission history of the text which this prologue purports to relate, it is diﬃcult to know where to draw the line between record and invention. The obvious conclusion is that the prologue is a fabrication, preﬁxed to the apocalypse in order to accord it the musty odour of age and authority. It seems unlikely, for example, that a non-Muslim individual or a group of such elders would compose, know of, or even care about an apocalypse that is so clearly Arabic and Muslim in scope and orientation. On the other hand, this elaborate tale of transmission history, while grossly inaccurate, might actually contain the kernel of truth that the text was indeed one which had been preserved in some previous form, which the author then either recorded faithfully or redacted. R. Hoyland remarks that “Muslim interest in this genre [apocalypse] is illustrated by the existence of numerous versions of the apocalypse of Daniel, one allegedly translated from a Greek manuscript at the behest of Mu'àwiya I, and also by the report that the caliph Marwàn II was pleased at an “apocalypse of Enoch” compiled for him by Cyriacus, bishop of Sistanm,

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for it showed him succeeded by his son.”347 In the Kitàb al-Fitan (18–19), it is reported that the Muslims, upon conquering Shùshtar, where tradition located the tomb of Daniel, discovered a book in the treasury of Hurmuzàn, the Persian commander. The book, which apparently was found along with the head of Daniel himself, told of ﬁtan—civil disorders and wars. The book was taken to one 'Umar, who read it and sent it thence to a certain Ka'b, who copied it into Arabic.348 It should also be remembered that certain copies of the aforementioned Mal˙amat Dàniyàl contain prognostics concerning ﬁtan. Evidence for lines of literary transmission between the Byzantines and the Arab Muslims regarding the ﬁgure of Daniel is also suggested by the prognostica. In the case of the Lunationes Danielis (see Chapter Four, §3), there seems to be a shared interest with certain eastern Daniel prognostica concerning the connexion between Adam, Daniel, and the secrets of the Cave of Treasures. In addition, it is possible that the Byzantine Greek Praedictiones Danielis (see Chapter Four, §4) and the Arabic/Syriac Mal˙amat Dàniyàl (see Chapter Four, §5) are in fact copies of the same text, although it is impossible to determine their precise relationship at this point. As for the Somniale Danielis (see Chapter Four, §2), which was one of the most popular extra-biblical compositions in the mediaeval West, Lamoreaux reports that the lost dream manual of Kirmànì, who ﬂourished at the end of the eighth or beginning of the ninth centuries was based in part on “books” of the prophet Daniel.349

2.19. The Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil (cf. Arabic §III) Berger: No. 36, Ar Daniel Denis: L’Apocalypse arabe de Daniel DiTommaso: Arabic Daniel Apocalypse García Martínez: Arabic Pseudo-Daniel Haelewyck: No. 262, Apocalypsis Danielis arabica Oegema: ApkDan (arab) Pertusi: L’Apocalisse araba di Daniele Stegmüller: No. 117,3a, Apocalypsis Danielis, versio arabica; No. 117,3b

According to F. Macler, who transcribed the text and translated it into French in an article published in 1904, the Arabic Vision of Daniel is a translation from a lost Greek text composed by a Byzantine Christian during the period when the Empire was under dire threat 347 Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 330. Enoch apocrypha outside 1, 2, and 3 Enoch are extant. 348 S.A. Arjomand, “Islamic Apocalypticism in the Classical Period,” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture (ed. B. McGinn; New York, 1996), 238–283 at 244. 349 J.C. Lamoreaux, The Early Muslim Tradition of Dream Interpretation (Albany, 2002), 26.

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from the Arab Muslim invasions of the eight and ninth centuries.350 The manuscript itself (which is preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France under the shelf number arab. 150, fols. 14r–20r) does not preserve a title, but towards the end of the text Daniel calls what he has experienced a “vision” (§68).351 This title also helps us distinguish this text from the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel. There is some confusion concerning the number of manuscripts in which the Arabic text is preserved. García Martínez asserts that the Vision “has come down to us in two Mss,”352 but he does not identify them. In his Clavis, Haelewyck lists two editions of the Vision,353 each based on a diﬀerent manuscript, the ﬁrst partially edited and translated into English in 1888 by Gottheil354 and the second edited and translated by Macler.355 Denis cites Haelewyck on the matter and asserts that Gottheil’s text is based on “un autre ms. que Fr. Macler,”356 while Henze merely lists Gottheil’s edition under the general rubric of the Arabic apocalypse attributed to Daniel.357 Haelewyck’s argument is that Gottheil based his partial edition of the Vision on a short text from a manuscript codex belonging to the Union Theological Seminary in New York. According to Gottheil, however, the text he presents in his brief article is a copy of the text contained in the Union Theological Seminary codex. In other words, he does not use this Union Theological Seminary codex at all; in fact, he tells us explicitly that his manuscript comes from Paris, “Arabic Paris MS. 107” to be precise.358 It could very well be that the previous scholarship has simply misunderstood what Gottheil says. But what of this Union Theological Seminary manuscript codex? Even if Gottheil did not base his edition on it, he still maintains

350 F. Macler, “L’Apocalypse arabe de Daniel: publiée, traduite et annotée,” RHR 49 (1904), 265–305 at 272–273. 351 I employ the divisions of the text according to Macler. 352 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 150; n.b.: by assigning two distinct numbers to this text (viz., 117,3a and 117,3b), Stegmüller, Repertorium, appears to consider that Macler’s article refers to two separate and diﬀerent texts. 353 Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 209. 354 R.J.H. Gottheil, “An Arabic Version of the ‘Revelation of Ezra’,” Hebraica 4 (1887–1888), 14–17. 355 Macler, “L’Apocalypse arabe.” 356 Denis, Introduction, 1303 note 130; see also Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 38 note 120, where Gottheil’s work is cited as an edition of the Macler text. 357 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 3. 358 Gottheil, “Arabic Version,” 14.

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that it contains a short text which itself is a copy of the Arabic Vision of Daniel. In fact, though, this short text was translated into English in a 1886 article by I.H. Hall, who titled it “The Vision of Ezra the Scribe Concerning the Latter Times of the Ishmaelites.”359 A quick glance through this short text demonstrates, contra Gottheil, that it is not a second copy of the Arabic Vision of Daniel but is a copy of the Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra, another edition of which, coincidently, was published by F. Baethgen in the same year but from a diﬀerent manuscript.360 In sum, then, Gottheil does not use the short text from the Union Theological Seminary manuscript codex, nor is it a copy of the Arabic Vision of Daniel.361 The problem with the number of manuscripts is not yet resolved, however. We have seen how Gottheil identiﬁes his manuscript as “Arabic Paris MS. 107.” He does so on the basis of comments made by H. Derenbourg, whom Gottheil states had sent him extracts from the text.362 As we have seen, Macler, who is seemingly unaware of Gottheil’s work, employs the Paris codex arab. 150. On the surface, these statements would seem to imply that there are two Paris manuscript copies of the Arabic Vision of Daniel, viz. BNF manuscript codices 107 and 150, and that this could be the situation to which García Martínez refers. The solution to the problem is simple: codex arab. 107 is the old shelf-number of codex arab. 150.363 In other words, the Arabic Vision of Daniel is extant in one, unique Paris copy.

359 I.H. Hall, “The Vision of Ezra the Scribe Concerning the Latter Times of the Ishmaelites,” Presbyterian Review 7 (1886), 537–541. 360 F. Baethgen, “Beschreibung der syrischen Handschrift ‘Sachau 131’ aus der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin,” ZAW 6 (1886), 199–210. This is not the Syriac version of 4 Ezra. For further sources on this apocalypse, see DiTommaso, Bibliography, 473. 361 Denis, Introduction, 1303, states that the Arabic Vision of Daniel is not the “Révélation d’Esdras, qui est un titre erroné.” Why he should assert this is unknown; he certainly does not mean the Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra, which he cites explicitly a little further along in the same paragraph. 362 Gottheil, “Arabic Version,” 14. 363 The text in both manuscripts—and, indeed, both editions—begins at fol. 14r and ends at fol. 20r, and a comparison of the Arabic text presented in Gottheil’s edition with the text provided by Macler’s edition demonstrates that the texts are identical. Furthermore, in characterizing their manuscripts, both Gottheil (again, apud Derenbourg) and Macler cite the same description from W. MacGuckin (the Baron de Slane), Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris, 1883–1895), 1.34: “Explication de la vision que la prophète Daniel raconta à son disciple Esdras, et indication de ce qui doit arriver aux enfants d’Ismaël et d’Agar la Copte.”

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The Arabic Vision of Daniel is one of the longest of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, and opens with Daniel’s exhortation to Ezra to listen to his story about what will happen to the sons of Ishmael (§§2–3). Presumably Ezra the Scribe is meant, which would then suggest that it was Ezra who recorded his master’s words. At the end of the text, however, we are told that Daniel himself wrote down what he had experienced (§68). Whatever the case, Daniel has had a vision of an angel, but he tells Ezra that he learned about the future not by seeing things and having them interpreted, but when the angel urged him to open and read a scroll (§§4–5; cf. Isa. 29:11; Ezek. 2:9–10; Rev. 5:1). Unlike the Daniel apocalypses in the biblical Book of Daniel (but in step with the majority of the other apocryphal apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles), the time and setting in which this Vision occurs are left unmentioned. As with the two Syriac Daniel apocalypses and the Coptic Fourteen Vision of Daniel, the Arabic Vision of Daniel is a long text, much longer than the Byzantine examples of the genre. Unlike the Syriac compositions, however, but very much like the Fourteenth Vision, the Arabic Vision of Daniel pays great attention to the details of the (ex eventu) historical review, particularly to the names of the rulers and a description of their reigns, which are presented by means of characteristically cryptic allusions. The description of the kings and their eﬀect on various populations is consistently interrupted by Daniel’s pleas to God and general statements about divine justice. The author of the Arabic Vision of Daniel seems to have seconded his allusions for the rulers and kingdoms of his historical review from both the Book of Daniel (horns, beasts) and 4 Ezra (eagles, wings, lions). The date of the Arabic Vision of Daniel is open to debate. Oegema suggests “vielleicht aus der Zeit der Kreuzzüge,”364 although its staccato nature might suggest that it is a composite document constituted of older sources. Whatever the case, there is a close aﬃnity between the Arabic Vision and the Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra, so much so that, as we have seen, Gottheil understood the former to be an Arabic version of the latter.365

364 365

Oegema, Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht, 128–129. Gottheil, “Arabic Version.”

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2.20. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete (cf. Greek §XVII) Previously unidentiﬁed by any of the major studies.

The Biblioteca Marciana codex gr. VII.22 [olim Nanianus 244], written by the Cretan George Klontzas in the year 1590,366 contains two copies—at fols. 59r and fols. 84r–86r—of what might be described as the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete.367 The second copy bears the title ÑEt°ra ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl per‹ t∞w nÆsou krÆthw. It is possible but unlikely that these texts are copies of the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus368 or, given the reference to Crete,369 copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel.370 More information will require an examination by autopsy of both texts in this Venetian codex. G. Morgan, however, states that the prophecies ascribed to Daniel in Marciana gr. VII.22 (he does not provide speciﬁc foliation nor does he give any indication that there might be two copies of the text in this codex) are actually a version of a Byzantine propheticsatirical poem.371 The poem appears in two other versions in diﬀerent manuscripts: Biblioteca Marciana codex gr. IX.19, fol. 338bis recto, and a codex from the Brontisi Monastery in Crete, wherein the prophecies are attributed to Daniel the Monk.

366

On this codex, see note 28, supra. Mioni, Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum II, 36 (re fol. 59r): “Methodius Patarensis [ps. —], De regnis gentium et alia vaticinia, i.e. Orakelweltchronik . . . de Danielis vaticinio in Cretam insulam”; 36–37 (re fols. 84r–86r): “Methodius atarensis [ps. —], De regnis gentium et alia vaticinia, i.e. Orakelweltchronik . . . de Danielis visionibus in insulam Cretam.” 368 There are two reasons why I do not believe that these two BM cod. gr. VII.22 texts are copies of The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus: i) the island mentioned is Crete, not Cyprus; and ii) the incipit of the text at fols. 84r–86r is OÍa¤ oÍa¤ soi krÆthw poliorkoum°nhw, which although begins with a word of woe, seems unlike the incipits recorded for the other copies of the Island of Cyprus. But ultimately an examination by autopsy is required. 369 Copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel occasionally mention the island; cf. Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fols. 61v–63v, which begins ka‹ ≤ n∞sow KrÆthw t∞n =ãxhn aÈt∞w. 370 Again, two reasons: i) Mioni is obviously familiar with The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, since in the same catalogue he explicitly identiﬁes the text preserved at fol. 86r as a copy—clearly, he would have mentioned that these texts at fol. 59r and fols. 84r–86r were copies had he felt that this were the case; and ii) the incipit of the text at fols. 84r–86r is diﬀerent. But, again, ultimately an examination by autopsy is required. 371 G. Morgan, “A Byzantine Satirical Song?” ByzZ 47 (1954), 292–297. 367

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Morgan dates the original form of the poem to the middle of the tenth century on the basis of an allusion to the Empress Theophano, wife of both Romanos II and Nicephorus Phocas. Much later, and stripped of its chronology, its prophecies were attributed to Daniel by Klontzas and incorporated in his collection of eschatological pronouncements. 2.21. The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel (cf. Coptic §II) Berger: No. 47, Kopt Daniel Denis: La Quatorzième Vision de Daniel DiTommaso: Coptic and Arabic “Fourteenth Vision of Daniel” García Martínez: Coptic Pseudo-Daniel Haelewyck: No. 261, Quartadecima uisio Danielis Oegema: ApkDan (kopt) Pertusi: XIV Visione copta di Daniele Stegmüller: No. 117,3c, Visio Danielis, versio arabica; No. 117,3d, Visio Danielis, translatio germanica versionis arabicae; No. 117,6, Apocalypsis Danielis, version coptica [see infra]

The title of this Christian apocalypse is derived from its terminal position in some of the Coptic Bibles, which contain the stories of Bel and the Dragon but split and label them as the “twelfth” and “thirteenth” vision respectively. The Coptic text is extant in at least three372 manuscripts,373 including John Rylands University Library codex 419 and British Library codex Or. 1314374 (anno 1374),375 the latter also containing a mediaeval Arabic translation of the Coptic 372 The existence of a third manuscript of the Coptic text is suggested by an old note that refers to the Bibliothèque impériale, fonds Saint-Germain-des-près 21 and is provided by E. Quatremère (“Daniel et les douze petit* prophètes. Manuscrits coptes de la Bibliothèque impériale, no 2, Saint-Germain, no 21,” Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque impériale et autres bibliothèques 8 (1810), 220–289 at 228–229). Most interestingly, Quatremère observes that the MS preserves “une note Arabe, presque entièrement eﬀacée, qui se lit au bas, contient ces mots: Ceci existoit dans l’original Arabe, et nous l’avons traduit de l’arabe en copte” (229; italics original). 373 More manuscripts are suggested by C.H. Becker’s note: “Der Tattam’sche Text [see note 380, infra] baut sich auf einer Pariser [i.e., the text cited by Quatremère], einer Cairoer [!] und zwei in seinem Privatbesitz beﬁndlichen Handschriften auf, von denen die älteste, die Pariser, a.H. 1071 geschrieben ist” (“Das Reich der Ismaeliten im koptischen Danielbuch,” (NAWGött, phil.-hist. Klasse 1916; Berlin, 1916), 6–57 at 8). 374 Sometimes referred to as Coptic 729, from its place in W.E. Crum, Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1905), No. 729, 320–321. 375 And not 1090, as is stated in both Denis, Introduction, 1302, and Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, No. 261. The mistake may be traced to a misreading of Crum, Catalogue, 321, who notes that “the coptic of Daniel [was copied] on the 9th Hathor A.M. 1090 = AD 1374.”

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text376 in parallel columns on each folio, recto and verso. That the Arabic is a translation from the Coptic and not vice versa is suggested by the gematria included in the text (vv. 24, 47, 56), which, if the reconstructions are accurate, assume a Graeco-Coptic alpha-numeric system rather than an Arabic one. That Coptic rather than Greek is the original language of composition is indicated by the geographic horizon of the text, which, as García Martínez observes, is thoroughly Egyptian.377 The Coptic text was ﬁrst published by C.G. Woide in 1799,378 and again later by J. Bardelli,379 H. Tattam (and accompanied by a Latin translation),380 and Macler (with a French translation).381 The Arabic text was edited by C.H. Becker in 1916.382 The Coptic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel begins with a preamble reminiscent of Dan 10:1–5. Daniel, having fasted and remaining unanointed with oil for a fortnight and a half, stands by the River Tigris during the third year of the reign of Cyrus the Persian and experiences a vision (vv. 1–3). The general template for this vision is the one of the four beasts and ten horns in Daniel 7, although the Fourteenth Vision diﬀers from the biblical text in the description of the details of the four beasts (vv. 4–10) and the fact that an additional nine horns are added, making nineteen in total (vv. 11–12). The next three verses describe how Daniel meets the angel who will interpret his vision.383 The four beasts are identiﬁed as the kingdoms of the Persians, the Romans, the Hellenes (Byzantium), and the “Sons of

376 The Arabic is deﬁnitely not a diﬀerent text, as is implied by Stegmüller’s assigning it a discrete number (Repertorium, Nos. 117,3c–d). 377 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 152. 378 C.G. Woide, Appendix ad editionem Novi Testamenti graeci e codice manuscripto Alexandrino cum dissertatione de versione bibliorum aegyptiaca. III. De libris apocryphis aegyptiacus V. et N.T. (Oxford, 1799), 141–148. 379 J. Bardelli, Daniel copto-memphitice (Pisa, 1849), ix–xii, 103–112. 380 H. Tattam, “Visio decima quarta,” Prophetae maiores in dialecto linguae aegyptiacae memphitica seu coptica (Oxford, 1858), 386–405. To the best of my knowledge, it was Tattam who ﬁrst divided the text into eighty-eight numbered verses. I follow his versiﬁcation, as does most of the rest of the scholarship on this text. 381 F. Macler, “L’Apocalypse copte de Daniel,” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel (Paris, 1895) 35–55; slightly revised as “Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. III. L’Apocalypse copte de Daniel,” RHR 33 (1896), 163–176. 382 Becker, “Das Reich der Ismaeliten.” 383 O. Meinardus is wrong to understand two visions here, the ﬁrst running from verses 3–10 and the second from verses 11–15 (“A Commentary on the XIVth Vision of Daniel according to the Coptic Version,” OCP 32 (1966), 394–449 at 410) The information about the horns and the angel follow naturally from the scene of the four beasts, just as they do in Daniel 7.

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Ishmael.” These Ishmaelites are the Islamic Arabs, who will destroy the cities of the former kingdoms and from whom will sprout the aforementioned nineteen horns, here interpreted as kings (vv. 16–23). From verses 24 to 64 the Fourteenth Vision is concerned with the description of the tenth thorough nineteenth kings and with the events during their reigns. After verse 64, however, and continuing to the end of the apocalypse, the interpretation proceeds completely beyond the information detailed in the vision. The action revolves around two entities called “Pitourgos”384 and “Sarapidos,”385 who war with each other until the former destroys the latter (v. 75). After this, a “King of the Romans” will arise over the “Sons of Ishmael” and dominate them for forty years (vv. 76–77) before the appearance of Gog and Magog (v. 78) and the Antichrist (v. 79), who will slay Enoch and Elijah in Jerusalem (v. 80). But the Ancient of Days—who is identiﬁed as a “Son of Man”—will appear, raise Enoch and Elijah from the dead, and kill the Antichrist (vv. 81–83). The Fourteenth Vision ends with the interpreting angel bidding Daniel to conceal what he has written, which Daniel does, and Daniel’s praise of God, the master of the times and the years (vv. 85–88). Unlike most of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, the Coptic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel has been the subject of a considerable amount of scholarly attention over the past two centuries. The bulk of this attention has been devoted to establishing the date of the composition of the text, primarily through the identiﬁcation of its numerous but often obscure historical allusions, and to a discussion of the related topos of the nineteen Muslim kings. Becker understands the historical events and ﬁgures described in Fourteenth Vision as pertaining to the end of the 'Umayyad dynasty (around the middle of the

384 I.e., pi (the Coptic article) + tourgos (representing “Turk”) = “the Turk” (so H. Suermann, “Notes concernant l’apocalypse copte de Daniel et la chute des Omayyades,” POr 11 (1983), 329–348 at 339 note 17). But Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 290, maintains that “the identity of the Pitourgos is unclear.” The identiﬁcation of Pitourgos with the Turk is also possible if we assume that the name “Sarapidos” is an allusion to the Fâtimîds, but cf. J.M. van Lent, “The Nineteen Muslim Kings in Coptic Apocalypses,” POr 25 (2000), 643–693 at 662 note 57, who notes that the name Pitourgos could refer to Salàh al-Din (viz., Saladin) or to the Ayyubid dynasty (who took power from the Fâtimîds) in general. 385 Hoyland suggests that the name alludes to Sarapis, the Graeco-Egyptian god, and “so probably the Fatimids.” (Seeing Islam, 290)

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eighth century),386 while Macler argues these things best ﬁt the context of the fall of the Fâtimîd dynasty387 and the time of the Third Crusade (i.e., the last decades of the twelfth century). In his 1966 commentary on and English translation of the text, Meinardus combined the elements of both theories.388 He suggests that the original version of the Fourteenth Vision dealt with the fall of the ‘Umayyads and was written in the second half of the eighth century, but that this version was redacted and updated almost ﬁve centuries later, perhaps “under the stress of the fall of Jerusalem (1244),”389 so as to incorporate the events concerning the fall of the Fâtimîds, the Mongol invasions, and the Crusades.390 As for the often tenuous nature of the correlation between the information preserved in the Fourteenth Vision and the historical record, Meinardus remarks that, regardless of the level of redaction, “it is unnecessary and unwarranted ‘to match’ every statement in the apocalypse with a historical event.”391 In a later article, however, Meinardus changed his mind on the very late date of the ﬁnal redaction of the Fourteenth Vision. He argues that the anonymous biographer of the Alexandrian patriarchs Mark III (1166–1189) and John VI (1189–1216) is also perhaps the author of Vision, since it is referred to in the prologue to his work on Mark III.392 Following Meinardus, H. Suermann attempts to reconstruct the original apocalypse in an English translation, and accordingly omits the parts of the text that he understands to refer to the Turks, the fall of the Fâtimîds, the Arab-Nubian wars, and the like.393 Notably,

386 Note Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316 note 7: “Der Text stammt aus dem 13. Jh. basiert aber in deutlicher Weise auf einem apokalyptischen Werk aus der zweiten Hälfte des 8. Jh, das u. a. vom Untergang der Omayaden handelt.” 387 See also Crum, Catalogue, No. 729, 320–321 at 320 n. 2: “The date of composition might be estimated by the account of the conquest of Egypt by the ‘Turks’ (? Mamlukes).” 388 Meinardus, “Commentary.” 389 Ibid., 403. 390 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 152, claims that the updating of the apocalypses took place “in a period no earlier than the 11th century.” Whence and how he derives this timetable is unknown; he wrote before Hoyland, infra. 391 Meinardus, “Commentary,” 403. 392 Meinardus, “New Evidence.” It does not seem that in this article he supports his earlier line of reasoning that the present form of the Fourteenth Vision is a redacted text. 393 Suermann, “L’Apocalypse copte de Daniel.”

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although he attributes much of the interpretation of the events beyond the beginning of the reign of the eighteenth Muslim king (vv. 54–75) to activity of the redactor, Suermann considers the section from the advent of the King of the Romans to the end of the apocalypse (vv. 76–88) to be part of the original text, positing that it “est composé des éléments traditionnels de la ‘légende de l’Antichrist’.”394 More recently, Hoyland has questioned whether the historical allusions are clear enough to establish a deﬁnite date, instead postulating that if the original language of the Fourteenth Vision was Coptic, “one would not wish to place its composition much later than the eleventh century, when Arabic was becoming established as the principal language of Egypt.”395 In response to Meinardus’ arguments for a thirteenth-century date, Suermann’s reconstruction of an original apocalypse, and Hoyland’s claim that the bulk of the allusions of the Fourteenth Vision defy positive identiﬁcation, J. van Lent notes that the topos of the nineteen Muslim kings appears in other Coptic Arabic apocalypses, including the Apocalypse of Shenute II, which he dates to time of the collapse of the 'Umayyad dynasty.396 For van Lent, the core of the Fourteenth Vision (including a fair amount of material which Suermann consigns to a later redaction) dates to the post-'Umayyad period, many of its historical allusions are indeed identiﬁable, and, pace Macler, the Fourteenth Vision was redacted in the second half of the twelfth century, the focal point being the fall of the Fâtimîd dynasty.397 Each of the theories regarding the date of composition of the Fourteenth Vision has its strengths but none of them stands pre-eminent. Despite the attempts to date the text precisely, I am inclined to agree with Hoyland’s assessment, if not for the same reason. While he states that the historical allusions are too indistinct to identify, it seems to me that the fact they permit many diﬀerent and equally

394

Ibid., 347. Hoyland, Seeing Islam, 290. On the subject of the decay of the Coptic language, see the sources cited in van Lent, “Nineteen Muslim Kings,” 663 note 63. The fact that these two languages existed side-by-side perhaps explains the aforementioned British Library codex (which contains the Coptic and Arabic text of the Fourteenth Vision) and also helps cement the idea that Egypt was the place where the text was composed. 396 van Lent, “Nineteen Muslim Kings,” 654. 397 Ibid., 661–662, 668. A date at the end of the twelfth century is also the assessment of Denis, Introduction, 1302. 395

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compelling scenarios. In other words, it is not that the evidence cannot be made to ﬁt a historical scenario, it is that it ﬁts too many disparate scenarios. What is clear, though, is that the historical data embedded in this apocalypse appears to be unconnected with that of the other apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. 2.22. Nevu’ot Daniel (cf. Hebrew §V) Previously unidentiﬁed by any of the major studies.

The Nevu’ot Daniel was discovered in the Cairo Genizeh and currently is located in Sankt Petersburg, Russia.398 It is unpublished, but M. Ben Sasson is currently preparing an edition of the text, a preliminary transcription of which he graciously made available for the purposes of the present study. It must be stressed that my presentation and analysis of this text is necessarily incomplete:399 we still await the publication of the text and a detailed study of its points of contact with other mediaeval apocalypses, Jewish and Christian. The text of the Nevu’ot Daniel extends over three and a half folio pages in manuscript, with a deﬁnite ending in the middle of page four recto. The transcription reveals that each folio page contains anywhere from twenty-four to twenty-seven lines of text. The Nevu’ot Daniel appears to have a deﬁnite structure, although— as is the case with much of the Byzantine-era apocalyptic literature—the precise sequence of events is frequently diﬃcult to follow. It is possible that the beginning of the text is missing, since it does appear that the Nevu’ot Daniel commences in the middle of the vision report. Whatever the case, the ﬁrst half of the text is devoted to this report, which in the extant text begins with a fairly detailed but cryptic review of history involving, among others, ﬁgures such as the King of Babylon, the King of Edom (or the Red King), and a certain Mahmed (Mo˙ammad?). At the end of the historical review there is a brief section describing the physiognomy of the Antichrist, a common concern of the late antique and mediaeval apocalypses, including, as we have seen, the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet (§2.5). 398 So Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 5 note 7. The precise shelf-number is unknown. Fragment probably apud Firkovich or Kapustin. 399 In accepting Prof. Ben Sasson’s oﬀer I stated that I would not quote from the text directly nor describe its contents in any great detail. I did not have access to photographs of the text but, as noted, had to work from a transcription; as a result, several of my comments regarding it are deductive.

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In the Nevu’ot Daniel the Antichrist is named Armilius400 and identiﬁed as l[ylb ˆb—the “son of Belial.”401 The focus of the action now switches to Daniel himself, who is accompanied by an angel. The angel reassures Daniel, telling him not to fear, and then proceeds to interpret the vision. The interpretation—if indeed this is what the text describes—appears to be somewhat out of step with the events as portrayed in the vision. It begins with a short account of Armilius’ actions and proceeds to a description of the advent of the Messiah son of Joseph, a righteous man from the children of Ephraim. This Messiah performs three signs to prove his identity but he (or another person) is killed.402 The children of Israel then ﬂee to the desert, but they are not abandoned by God. Instead, under the banner of the Messiah they kill Armilius and, with God’s help, subdue the wicked nations. After this Zerubbabel and Elijah appear; Zerubbabel sounds a great shofar and the glorious and brilliant New Jerusalem descends from the heavens. Next, Abraham and Moses materialise, followed by the Messiah son of David, the royal messiah. Aaron appears, and the world rejoices, singing songs to God, and the Levites and priests will make their sacriﬁces. The Nevu’ot Daniel ends with Daniel’s statement that he revealed to Ezra (cf. the Arabic Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil (§2.19)) all that he has seen, which will be hidden until the end days. It is impossible to date this text precisely without a more detailed study of its historical allusions, and for this reason I have situated the Nevu’ot Daniel chronologically towards the end of this roster of Daniel apocalypses. References to the kings of Ishmael and Mahmed suggest a date after the Arab Muslim expansion from the Arabian peninsula. Several references to Babylon might indicate a Babylonian Jewish provenance, although both Damascus and Egypt are mentioned. Even from this cursory description of its contents one should be able to recognise several points of contact with the other apocalyptic texts attributed to Daniel.

400

The only Daniel apocalypse to do so; see note 2, supra. And elsewhere “the Edomite.” 402 The Messiah ben Joseph appears a bit later; the text is unclear. There is a reference to the dead being revived which immediate follows the killing of the ﬁgure and precedes the Messiah ben Joseph’s reappearance (a few lines later) at the head of an army. 401

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2.23. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (cf. Greek §XVIII [Slavonic §III]) Alexander: Last Daniel403 Berger: No. 39, Gr. Daniel I Bousset: D II Denis: L’Apocalypse grecque de Daniel [but n.b. the discussion in §5, infra] DiTommaso: Greek Last Vision of Daniel García Martínez: Apocalypse of the Prophet Daniel on the End of the World or The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel Haelewyck: No. 255, Ultima uisio Danielis (graece) Halkin: Nos. 1873, 1874, 1874c [see note 415, infra], 1874d Oegema: 1 ApkDan (gr) Pertusi: Visione del profeta Daniele or Ultima visione del profeta Daniele or Profezia del santo padre nostro Metodio, arcivescovo di Patara, sugli avvenimenti che si veriﬁcheranno alla ﬁne del settimo secolo su richiesta dell’imperatore signore Leone il Saggio Rydén, Life of St. Andrew the Fool: VisDanUlt = Vision of Daniel Schmoldt: LVD: Die griechische “Letzte Vision Daniels” Stegmüller: No. 117,3, Ultima visio Danielis [see note 412, infra]; No. 117,13, Visio Danielis, versio russica A; No. 117,14, Visio Danielis, versio russica B; 117,15, Visio Danielis, versio serbica

Of the many Byzantine apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles attributed to Daniel, the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel is preserved in the most copies but is at the same time one of the most diﬃcult to understand. To begin, the state of the manuscript evidence is extremely confusing, a fact exacerbated by the various (and often generic) titles that previous research has assigned to this text. As for its content, even a cursory reading of the text seems to conﬁrm that García Martínez is entirely correct in terming the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel more a haphazard collection of short oracles than a sustained apocalypse proper.404 But this is true also for the majority of the rest of the Byzantine Daniel apocalyptic literature, and it remains to be seen whether this form of literature may yet be included under the deﬁnition of the genre. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel was ﬁrst edited from three manuscript copies by K. von Tischendorf in his seminal work, Apocalypses apocryphae.405 The three manuscripts are Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale 403 Although Alexander labeled this text the Last Daniel, he never discusses it in his book (Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 62 note 6). The reason this minor note is cited here is to avoid a possible source of confusion: in it Alexander incorrectly remarks that Bousset refers to this text as “B V.” 404 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 154. 405 K. von Tischendorf, Apocalypses apocryphae Mosis, Esdrae, Pauli, Iohannis, item Mariae dormitio, additis evangeliorum et actuum apocryphorum supplementis (Leipzig, 1866), xxx–xxxiii.

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de France codices gr. 947 and 2180,406 and a ﬁfteenth-century codex from Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana gr. II.125 [olim Nanianus 181].407 In 1893 A. Vassiliev published a second edition of the text from two408 diﬀerent manuscripts:409 Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana codex Ottob. gr. 418, fols. 298v–300v,410 and Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (as this library is now known) codex phil. gr. 162, fols. 164v–167v.411 The year 1895 saw the publication of the edition of E. Klostermann, who employed the same three manuscripts consulted by Tischendorf plus a second copy from the Marcian Library, codex gr. VII.38 [olim Nanianus 154].412 Later in that year Klostermann 406

See note 298, supra. I think it is possible that the manuscript described by J.-P. Migne in 1858 (Dictionnaire des Apocryphes, col. 185) as preserving a Vision of Daniel but identiﬁed as “Codices Barocciani, no 148” is actually a mistaken reference to Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], which preserves two copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (fols. 61v–63v and 96v–97v). Migne’s note is copied by Stegmüller, Repertorium, no. 117. For more on this manuscript, see sub-section (i) of the Inventory of Chapter Six, Excursus: “Notes on and Manuscripts of Unidentiﬁed Greek Daniel Apocalypses.” 408 Not one manuscript, as indicated by García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 154 note 43. 409 Vassiliev, Anecdota graeco-byzantina, 43–47. 410 Bousset, “Geschichte der Eschatologie,” 289, indicates that in his edition of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel Vassilev did not employ this Vatican copy but rather the copy at Wien, ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 58 [olim 211], fols. 44–50. But Vassiliev himself seems to indicate otherwise; in his Anecdota graeco-byzantina, xxiv–xxv, he identiﬁes the Wien 58/211 text as a copy not of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel but rather of the text he presents at 38–43, viz., what I call The Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World (§2.16). Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 257, also lists ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 58 as a copy of this Vision on the Last Times. But the cod. phil. gr. 58/211 text is not actually a copy of either text; see note 417, infra, for more on Bousset, and note 300, supra (and the text to which this note refers) for more on the mysterious cod. phil. gr. 58/211. 411 Vassiliev, Anecdota graeco-byzantina, xxiv, records that the text begins at fol. 163, and in this is followed in this by Stegmüller, Repertorium, Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 206, the manuscript catalogue (H. Hunger and O. Kresten, Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 2: Codices juridici. Codices medici (Museon n.F. 4.2; Wien, 1969), 265) and the on-line manuscript catalogue of the Viennese codices held by the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 115, indicates that the text begins at fol. 164, however. 412 Klostermann, Analecta, 113–120. The conﬂation of the Tischendorf, Vassiliev, and Klostermann editions (in the case of the latter, only the three manuscripts that Tischendorf also employs) is identiﬁed in Halkin, BHG 3, as no. 1874 (following the information in BHG ), but identiﬁes none of the manuscripts explicitly. As for the fourth manuscript Klostermann consults (i.e., the one not employed by Tischendorf ), Halkin identiﬁes this as no. 1874d. Note that both Vassiliev, Anecdota graeco-byzantina, xxiv, and Stegmüller, Repertorium, consider all the manuscripts employed by Tischendorf and Klostermann (i.e., the two Paris copies and the one [Tischendorf ] or the two [Klostermann] Venezia copies) to be examples of a diﬀerent apocalypse, the Vision 407

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wrote a brief article listing variations of the text from a second Wien copy, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek codex iur. gr. 6, fols. 201v–202v.413 Still in 1895, Macler published a French translation based on Klostermann’s edition.414 Two years later, in 1897, V.M. Istrin produced what was in eﬀect the fourth edition of the text published in the nineteenth century.415 He employed as his base text codex 217 of the Monastery of Koutloumousion at Mount Athos, fols. 181–183, and accompanied by the variants from British Library codex Harley 5734, fols. 42–45,416 and the Monastery of St. John (Patmos) codex 529, fols. 13–21. In addition, Istrin printed a roster which included eleven manuscript copies of the text, while in 1900 Bousset provided his list of twelve manuscript copies of the text.417 Despite the great interest throughout the last half of the nineteenth century in the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, comparatively little research was devoted to the text in the decades that followed.418

of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World, while Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, 207, considers only the two Venezia manuscripts to be examples of this Vision on the Last Times. For a more complete discussion of this problem, see the section on this text at §2.16. Note also that Haelewyck, 206, erroneously cites Stegmüller nos. 117, 3 and 177,16 as referring to the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel; the ﬁrst number is correct, but the second refers to the Somniale Danielis (on which, see Chapter Four, §2). 413 E. Klostermann, “Zur Apokalypse Daniels,” ZAW 15 (1895), 147–150. Identiﬁed by Halkin, BHGN, as another edition of no. 1874. 414 F. Macler, “L’Apocalypse grecque de Daniel” and “Apocalypse du prophète Daniel au sujet de la ﬁn du monde,” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel (Paris, 1895), 89–92, 93–99 [slightly revised = “Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. V. L’Apocalypse grecque de Daniel,” RHR 33 (1896), 288–319 at 309–316]. 415 Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 135–139. Halkin, BHG 3, identiﬁes this edition as no. 1873 (following BHG). [LVD2] 416 Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” cites fols. 42–46. 417 Istrin, “A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 269 note 1, and Bousset, “Geschichte der Eschatologie,” 289. One text which is listed by both scholars but which is not a copy of the Last Vision of the Prophet Vision of Daniel is Wien, ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 58 [olim 211], fols. 44–50 (which, by the way, is the same text that Vassiliev Anecdota graeco-byzantina, xxv, and Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, assert is a copy of the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World (§2.16)). On the mysterious and ubiquitous cod. phil. gr. 58/211, see notes 299, 300, and 410, supra, and the text to which note 300 refers. Tellingly, Schmoldt does not include cod. phil. gr. 58/211 in his roster of manuscript copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (“Vom jungen Daniel,” 115–116). A second text which is identiﬁed by Bousset as a copy of the Last Vision is Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145, fols. 31–32; on this, see note 34, supra. 418 Halkin is really the only exception. He lists three of the manuscripts associated with this text (BHG 3: London, BL cod. Add. 25881, fols. 238–241 and Oxford,

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This state of aﬀairs persisted until 1972, when Schmoldt produced his edition, German translation, and commentary of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel.419 The only true critical edition of the text, it relies on nineteen manuscript copies, the oldest of which dates to 1332/1333.420 In the Inventory of Chapter Six a further six copies of the Greek text of the Last Vision are now listed, bringing the potential total to twenty-ﬁve extant copies of the text.421 It is also quite probable that still more Greek copies have yet to be identiﬁed. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel is also preserved in Slavonic copies, the current tally of which numbers eleven.422 A south-Slavonic copy of the text appears in V. Makushev’s article in the 1882 issue of the PyccÍiÈ ÙËÎoÎo„Ë˜ecÍiÈ B©cÚÌËÍ.423 As we have seen, Stegmüller incorrectly associates this copy with the copy of the Beograd Vision on the Emperors as published by SreÆkoviÆ.424 Two more copies of the Slavonic text of the Last Vision were edited by M. Speranskii in the nineteenth (and penultimate) installment of the A.N. Popov’s bibliographical survey of the monuments of Russian literature.425 Actually, a fragment of one of the Speranskii texts had already been published Bod. cod. Barocci 145, fols. 96v–97v; BHGN: Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145, fols. 61v–63v) and indicates (correctly) that they are part of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, but then incorrectly associates these manuscripts with the text edited by Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 140–142 (i.e., the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1)). Neither Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT, nor DiTommaso, Bibliography, notice this inconsistency. 419 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 114–187, 245–273. Identiﬁed by Halkin, BHGN, however, as another edition of no. 1873. Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 316 note 3, erroneously understands the texts edited by Vassiliev, Istrin, and Schmoldt to be three separate texts. 420 Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. gr. 1700, fols. 100–105. 421 Many of these require examination and veriﬁcation by autopsy. 422 The Greek Last Vision is periodically mistakenly identiﬁed with the Slavonic Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (§2.13). 423 V. Makushev, “O Ì©ÍoÚop˚ı˙ pyÍoÔËcﬂı˙ ·Ë·ÎioÚeÍÌ ‚˙ Å©Î„pa‰©. II. PyÍoÔËcË cep·cÍa„o ÔËc˙Ïa,” RPhV 7 (1882), 1–29 at 23–26. The connexion with the Last Vision is made by Kozak, “Bibliographische Uebersicht,” 139, and by a comparison of the title of this text with the title of Franko’s text (see note 427 and the list of manuscripts for this text in the Inventory of Chapter Six). Kozak describes the manuscript as a “serbische Handschrift aus dem 17. Jahrhundert,” but Makushev seems to date it to “XVI ‚©Ía” (17). 424 Stegmüller, Repertorium, No. 117,15. See note 238, supra. 425 M. Speranskii, “ÅË·Îio„paÙË˜ecÍie ÏaÚepiaÎ˚ A.H. èoÔo‚˚Ï.” COIDRMoskva (1889.3), 58–64 and 95–98; cf. Stegmüller, Repertorium, Nos. 117,13 (Popov/Speranskii 95–98) and 117,14 (Popov/Speranskii 58–64). Stegmüller in turn is cited by Denis, Introduction, 1303 note 131, who notes correctly that Stegmüller numbers 117,13/14

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in 1854 by I. Sreznevskii.426 Still another copy of the Slavonic Last Vision was edited by I. Franko in the fourth volume of his seminal anthology of the early Russo-Ukrainian legenda and pseudepigrapha.427 Tupkova-Zaimova and Miltenova list several more copies in their excellent edition/translation of and commentary on the Slavonic text, including two more Beograd codices and one from the Monastery of Panteleimon at Mount Athos.428 There is yet another complete copy located in the Národního Musea of Praha, codex IX.A 44, fols. 258r–v, which, according to the manuscript catalogue, is a copy of the Franko text, although the compilers of the catalogue draw no connexion between it and the Greek Last Vision.429 Finally, according to Pertusi, the Povest’o Car’grade (The History of Constantinople), by one Nestor Iskinder, preserves a long section that is mirrored by material in the middle parts of the Greek text of the Last Vision.430 The Greek copies of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel preserve several titles, possibly late additions all. Most common is ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl,431 a few examples of which are extended to include additional data.432 The Biblioteca Marciana codex gr. II.125 preserves the title épokãluciw toË profÆtou DaniØl per‹ t∞w and 117,15 refer to the same text. On the Popov/Speranskii copies, see Kozak, “Bibliographische Uebersicht,” 139: “Der erster und dritter Stelle [i.e., the Makushev and Popov/Speranskii 95–98 copies] angeführte Text steht dem griechischen, in der Ausgabe C. Tischendorf . . .” As for the Popov/Speranskii 58–64 copy, Kozak remarks that this is “eine Besondere Redaktion.” García Martínez identiﬁes only the Popov/Speranskii 58–64 text as a Slavonic copy of the Last Vision (“PseudoDanielic Literature,” 153 and 153 note 40). 426 I. Sreznevskii, U‘enyìa zapiski Imperatorskoì Akademiìi nauk 1 (Sankt Petersburg, 1854), 135–136; cf. Stegmüller, Repertorium, No. 117,14. 427 I. Franko, AÔoÍpiÙË Îe„eÌ‰Ë Á ìÍpaªÌc¸ÍËı PyÍoÌËci‚ IV (L’vov, 1906), 255–258. Although a detailed comparison of this copy with the Greek copies of Last Vision is beyond the scope of this chapter, at ﬁrst blush it would appear that the Slavonic text seems to reﬂect closely the Greek text of Vassiliev’s edition. 428 Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ; several of these copies were previously noticed by Istrin (“A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. ÇË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 268–287) who provided partial parallels from the Greek MSS. 429 J. Va“ica and J. Vajs, Soupis staroslovanskÿch rokopis% Národního Musea v Praze (Praha, 1957), 28. 430 Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio, 77–81; the passages in the Last Vision correspond to Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 137,3–138,2, and Vassiliev, Anecdota graecobyzantina, 44,26–29 and 45,11–46,13. 431 E.g., London, BL cod. Add. 25881, fols. 238–241, etc.; see further the list of manuscripts for texts with this title in the Inventory of Chapter Six. 432 Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.38 [olim Nanianus 154], fols. 350v–352r: ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl ka‹ per‹ t∞w KvnstantinoupÒlevw ka‹ per‹ toË eﬁrhnikoË basil°vw ka‹ per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw; Wien, ÖNB cod. iur. gr. 6, fols.

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suntele¤aw toË kÒsmou,433 from which García Martínez draws the

alternate title under which he discusses this text. In addition, a few manuscripts contain the title ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniØl épo t∞w pentekaidekãthw and its variations.434 The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel opens with the statement that three angels will be sent to the earth, each having a speciﬁc geographic area as its responsibility. The third angel’s compass is Asia, Phrygia, Galatia, Cappadocia, Syria and to the “mother of the cities,” i.e., Constantinople (§§1–9). A largely cryptic and somewhat choppy historical review follows, beginning with an eclectic mix of references to historical ﬁgures and geographic locations (§§10–46). Then the Byzantines discover a righteous man, who reigns for thirty-two years and defeats all the peoples, particularly the Arabs, the Ethiopians, the Franks, and the Tatars (§§47–59).435 He is followed by another emperor, who reigns for twelve years before surrendering his power to God at Jerusalem (§§60–61).436 This emperor has four sons, who reign in Rome, Alexandria, the seven-hilled city (Constantinople), and Thessalonica, but who will kill each other in civil war (§§62–65). A wicked woman then arises,437 after which time Constantinople disappears beneath the sea (§§66–71), while in Thessalonica another king rules until this city, too, slips under the waves (§§72–73). The

201v–202v: ≤ teleuta¤a ˜asiw toË megãlou profÆtou DaniØl, ¥tiw diå toË §n èg¤oiw patrÚw ≤m«n Meyod¤ou Patãrvn §faner≈yh ≤m›n; Wien, ÖNB cod. suppl. gr. 172, fols. 19v–24r: ÉH §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl, ¥tiw diå toË §n èg¤oiw patrÚw ≤m«n Meyod¤ou §piskÒpou Patãrvn §faner≈yh ≤m›n. 433 Venezia, BM cod. gr. II.125 [olim Nanianus 181], fols. 6r–10r. 434 Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145, fols. 61v–63v: ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl épo t∞w petekaidekãthw ≤m°raw t∞w aﬁxmalvs¤aw ßvw t∞w XristoË katabãsevw ßvw t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now; fols. 96v–97v: ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl épo t∞w petekaidekãthw ≤m°raw t∞w aﬁxmalvs¤aw ßvw t∞w XristoË katabãsevw, ka‹ épÚ t∞w XristoË katabãsevw ßvw t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. gr. 695, fols. 261ﬀ: ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl épo t∞w petekaidekãthw. 435 The topos of the good Emperor who reigns for thirty-two years is also found in the Greek Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men (§2.6), the Slavonic Vision of Daniel on the Emperors (§2.13), and the Greek Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World (§2.16). It also might play a part in the ex eventu historical review of the Greek Diegesis Danielis (§2.10). See note 576, infra. 436 Rydén, “Andreas Salos,” 235, understands this action to indicate the point where the apocalypse switches from ex eventu historical review to genuine prophecy, but the comparatively speciﬁc data of the four sons and the wicked women (this last must be understood in the light of the wicked woman in the Diegesis Danielis) suggests that this is not the case. Note also the argument in Excursus I, “History, Prophecy, and the Dating of Apocalypses,” supra. 437 Is this yet another reference to Irene?

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Last Vision ends with the advent of the Antichrist, the appearance of demons, the telescoping of history, and other eschatological events (§§74–85). A number of passages in the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel are reﬂected in other Daniel apocalypses, particularly, as Schmoldt demonstrates in his commentary to the text, in the Greek Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City (§2.9). The Last Vision also shares elements with apocalyptic texts attributed to ﬁgures besides Daniel, including the Andreas Salos apocalypse that is part of the Life of St. Andrew the Fool. Although the Last Vision unquestionably contains several older elements,438 whose original version may be among the oldest of all the Byzantine Daniel apocalyptic texts, the reference to the “great Philip” (Ù m°gaw F¤lippow) in its extant versions might indicate a date around the eleventh or twelfth centuries, approximately around the time of the First Crusade at the turn of the century. Schmoldt provides several options for the identiﬁcation of this ﬁgure,439 but the consensus opinion centers on Philippe I of France (1060– 1108).440 J. Wortley states that the present form of the text “unmistakably reﬂects conditions at Constantinople in the thirteenth century” but recognises that an earlier form might have circulated in the ninth century.441 I am critical of previous attempts to understand it as a form of the one Greek Daniel apocalypse from which most or all of the rest ultimately derived (including copies and versions in other languages). Still, the Last Vision should prove to be a signiﬁcant piece of evidence in any future study which seeks to clarify the textual and thematic relationships among the full corpus of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha.

438 Berger, “Hellenistisch-heidnische Prodigien,” 1462, dates the text to the eighth century. 439 Schmoldt, “Vom jungen Daniel,” 174. 440 Macler, Les apocalypses apocryphes, 95 note 1, and García Martínez, “PseudoDanielic Literature,” 154. Bousset, “Geschichte der Eschatologie,” and Rydén, “Andreas Salos,” 235–236, prefer a thirteenth-century date. 441 Wortley, “Literature of Catastrophe,” 9.

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2.24. The Book of Daniel (Dàniyàl-nàma) (cf. Persian §II) Berger: No. 49, Pers Daniel II DiTommaso: see note 442 [infra] García Martínez: included under Persian Pseudo-Daniel [but not discussed] Haelewyck: see note 442 [infra] Oegema: 2 ApkDan (pers)

Like the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl, the Dàniyàl-nàma is a Persian text but is written in Hebrew characters.442 Unlike the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl, however, the Dàniyàl-nàma is composed in poetry rather than prose. The Dàniyàl-nàma is the one text that falls well outside the chronological limitations of our study, having been composed by one “Kvàja Bokàrà"ì” (apparently a title) in the Seleucid year 1918 (1606 ce) and then redacted ninety-eight years after that. All the same, I include a brief mention of it in this roster if only for the sake of completeness. For a long time the Dàniyàl-nàma was believed to survive only in a unique, nineteenth-century manuscript, British Library codex Or. 4743, fols. 2r–65r, but recently an incomplete text, dating from 1913 and preserving only the ﬁrst 234 distichs, has been discovered among the manuscripts of Jerusalem’s Hebrew University.443 The Dàniyàl-nàma was introduced to scholarship in a 1935 article written by I. Levy.444 Since that time, almost all the comparatively slight amount of work on this text has been done by A. Netzer, including the publication of the editio princeps in his 1969 Columbia dissertation.445 To the best of my knowledge, outside of several essays that quote from part of the text, the Dàniyàl-nàma has never been translated in its entirety, although the aforementioned dissertation does contain some sections of the text translated into English.

442 DiTommaso, Bibliography, incorrectly conﬂates the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl with the Dàniyàl-nàma, as does Haelewyck, Clavis apocryphorum VT. 443 MS H2680. See A. Netzer, “Dànìàl-e Nabì. iv. Dànìàl-Nàma,” Encyclopaedia Iranica (ed. E. Yarshater; Costa Mesa, 1993), 6.657–660 at 660. 444 I. Levy, “Danial-Nama: A Judeo-Persian Apocalypse,” Jewish Studies in Memory of George A. Kohut, 1874–1933 (edd. S.W. Baron and A. Marx; New York, 1935), 423–428. 445 A. Netzer, “A Study of Kh(w)àje Bokhàrài’s Dàniyàl-nàme” (Diss: Columbia, 1969).

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Table II: A List of the Byzantine Emperors, 379–1180 The following list is adapted from the list of emperors in Treadgold, 857–861.446 I have omitted rivals and regents, made changes to many names, and added co-ruler and dynastic notations. The list begins with Theodosius I, the last ruler of the entire Roman Empire, and ends with Emmanuel I Comnenus, the last strong emperor before a quarter-century-long succession of weak rulers that preceded the fall of Constantinople to the soldiers of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Asterisks indicate periods of co-rulership. Theodosius I (379–395) Theodosian Dynasty Arcadius (395–408) Theodosius II (*402–408, 408–450) Pulcheria (*414–c. 416) Thracian Dynasty Marcianus (450–457) Leo I (457–474) Leo II (*473–474, 474) Zeno Tarasicodissa (474–491) Basiliscus (*475–476) Anastasius I (491–518) Justinian Dynasty Justinus I (518–527) Justinianus I (527–565) Justinus II (565–578) Tiberius II Constantinus (*578, 578–582) Mauricius Flavius Tiberius (*582, 582–602)

Constantinus V Name of Dung (*720–741, 741–775) Leo IV the Khazar (775–780) Constantinus VI (*780–790, 790–792, *792–797) Irene the Athenian (*780–790, 792–802) Nicophorus I (802–811) Stauracius (811) Michael I Rhangabe (811–813) Leo V the Armenian (813–820) Armorian Dynasty Michael II the Armorian (820–829) Theophilus (829–842) Michael III the Drunkard (842–867)

Heraclian Dynasty Phocas the Tyrant (602–610) Heraclius (610–641) Constantinus III Heraclius (641) Heracleonas Constantinus (*641, 641) Constans II the Bearded (641–668) Constantinus IV (*654–668, 668–685) Justinianus II the Slit-Nosed (685–695) Leontius (695–698) Tiberius III Apsimar (695–708) Justinianus II Rhinometus [bis] (705–711) Philippicus Bardanes (711–713) Anastasius Artemius (713–716) Theodius III (716–717)

Macedonian Dynasty Basilius I the Macedonian (867–870, *870–886) Leo VI the Wise (*870–886, 886–912) Alexander (912–913) Constantinus VII (913–959) Romanus I (*919–944) Romanus II (959–963) Basilius II the Slayer of Bulgars (*963–976, 976–1025) Nicophorus II Phocas (*963–969) Ioannes I Tzimisces (*969–976) Constantinus VIII (*976–1025, 1025–1028) Romanus III Argyrus (1028–1034) Michael IV the Paphlygonian (1034–1041) Michael V the Caulker (1041–1042) Zoë (1042) Constantinus IX (*1042–1055) Theodora (*1042–1055, 1056) Michael VI Bringas (1056–1057)

Isaurian Dynasty Leo III the Syrian (717–741)

Comnenus Dynasty Isaac I Comnenus (1057–1059)

446

W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, 1997).

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Table II (cont.) Ducas Dynasty Constantinus X Ducas (1059–1067) Michael VII Ducas (1067, *1068–1071, 1071–1078) Romanus IV Diogenes (*1068–1071) Nicephorus III Botaniates (1078–1081)

Comnenus Dynasty [bis] Alexius I Comnenus (1081–1118) Ioannes II Comnenus (1118–1143) Emmanuel I Comnenus (1143–1180)

3. The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses and the Genre “Apocalypse” The clearest and certainly most-cited deﬁnition of the literary genre “apocalypse” remains the one proposed by J.J. Collins in Semeia 14 and reiterated in both editions of his book, The Apocalyptic Imagination.447 It states that an apocalypse is “a genre of revelatory information with a narrative framework, in which a revelation is mediated by an otherworldly being to a human recipient, disclosing a transcendent reality which is both temporal, insofar as it envisions eschatological speculation, and spatial as it involves another, supernatural world.” There have been alternate deﬁnitions proposed, but, as Collins demonstrates, these have been either too myopic in scope, in that important elements or characteristics are ignored so as to concentrate on a single theme or strand of tradition, or too hyperopic, in that the application of a relatively simple and general deﬁnition causes the importance of or the relationship among these elements or characteristics to become obscured.448 On the basis of his deﬁnition Collins discerns two categories of apocalypses, the “otherworldly” type and the “historical” type.449 Each type corresponds to a speciﬁc strand of tradition, at least within the context of the apocalypses of early Judaism, one strand marked by an over-riding interest in cosmological speculation, the other by 447 Collins, “Introduction,” in Apocalypse: The Morphology of a Genre, Semeia 14 (1979), 9; The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature (Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 21998), 4–5. See also idem, “Introduction,” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume I: The Origins of Apocalypticism in Judaism and Christianity (edd. J.J. Collins; New York, 1998), xiii. 448 Collins, Apocalyptic Imagination, 9–11; n.b. also: “the genre is not constituted by one or more distinctive themes but by a distinctive combination of elements, all of which are found elsewhere” (12). 449 Note Alexander’s 1968 article, “Medieval Apocalypses,” 998 note 2, where he distinguishes between “historical” apocalypses and those “concerned primarily or exclusively with religious topics such as the afterlife.”

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visions that betray an intense interest in history.450 The apocalyptic visions of the Book of Daniel are textbook examples of “historical” apocalypses. The only serious challenge to the substance of Collins’ deﬁnition has been the proposal to append to it the aspect of function, in that an apocalypse is “intended to interpret present earthly circ*mstances in the light of the supernatural world and of the future, and to inﬂuence both the understanding and behavior of the audience by means of divine authority.”451 This functional aspect is an essential component of the deﬁnition of the genre,452 and transcends the division between cosmic and historical apocalypses. It also separates apocalypses from prognostic texts, where the element of free will at the level of the individual is inapplicable. At the same time, though, the functional aspect of the deﬁnition applies equally to some of the prophetic literature in the Hebrew Bible, particularly those portions pertaining to the geo-political fate of Israel or Jerusalem. Are the Daniel apocrypha examined in this chapter actually apocalypses, at least from the perspective of the aforementioned deﬁnition of the genre? Scholars such as A.A. Vasiliev453 and Olster454 discuss them as such without comment. García Martínez states that all the “pseudo-Danielic” literature which he examines in his survey “oﬀer the same basic apocalyptic scheme: a discourse on history in the form of an oracle, vision, reading of a text, etc., followed by an eschatological section in which the ﬁgure of the Antichrist plays a leading role.” Furthermore, and addressing the functional aspect of the deﬁnition of the genre, he asserts that all these texts, “emerge from the need to clarify the present situation which is reﬂected more or less in detail, in the light of the ﬁnal conﬂagration.”455 A diﬀerent conclusion, however, is reached by Henze, who argues that “only a few of the apocalypses attributed to Daniel . . . ﬁt Collins’ description. They are all concerned with what has been called ‘apoc-

450

Collins, Apocalyptic Imagination, 5–8. Semeia 36; quoted by F. García Martínez, “Apocalypticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls,” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume I: The Origins of Apocalypticism in Judaism and Christianity (edd. J.J. Collins; New York, 1998), 164. 452 Although in itself it cannot serve as a deﬁnition of the genre. 453 A. Vassiliev [Vasiliev], The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860 (Cambridge, MA, 1946). 454 Olster, “Byzantine Apocalypses.” 455 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 160. 451

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alyptic eschatology,’ but this, too, can take many forms.”456 Henze adds that although there are certain motifs common to several apocalypses, these motifs were popular in many other apocalypses of late antiquity and the mediaeval period, and, as a result, little can be said from the study of the Daniel apocalypses in particular about the history of the genre apocalypse.457 The raw data is presented in Table III on page 198. Along the left-hand margin of the Table there is a list of the texts,458 which, as they are in the roster above, are arranged in their approximate chronological order.459 Each text is referred to by its place in the roster of apocalypses above and by an abbreviated title. A row of numbered columns runs along the top margin of the Table. The ﬁrst twelve columns refer to characteristics of the genre apocalypse as they are listed by Collins and which are elucidated in the legend following the Table. The thirteenth numbered column in the row refers to the functional aspect of the deﬁnition. The penultimate column, which is labeled “time,” indicates whether the apocalypse in question refers to a speciﬁc time at which Daniel’s vision is reckoned to have taken place, while the ﬁnal column, titled “angel,” refers to whether an angelus interpres is mentioned in the text and, if so, is explicitly named. The information presented in Table III demonstrates that all the apocryphal Daniel texts discussed in this chapter are remarkably similar in content to the visions of Daniel 7–12.460 This is particularly true with respect to those categories corresponding to the three fundamental chronological components of “historical” apocalypses: an exposition of the present-day dilemma, a review of the historical 456 Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 6. I am not interested in “apocalyptic eschatology” with respect to these Daniel apocalypses other than to assert that all the apocalypses exhibit this type of eschatology. 457 Ibid., 6–7. 458 The information for Daniel 7–12 apud Collins, Apocalyptic Imagination, 7. 459 As with the survey, the chronology is not exact and the texts are arranged by the hypothetical dates of their ﬁnal forms. 460 Obviously, each of the apocalyptica addresses itself to a diﬀerent historical plight, which will also be diﬀerent from the plight that stands behind the vision of the Book of Daniel. Daniel 7–12 is addressed to Jews aﬄicted by Antiochus Epiphanes, while the majority of the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses are addressed to Christians aﬄicted by the Arab Muslim invasions. But these are not generic diﬀerence, simply immediate ones of content. On the large-scale parallels between the Book of Daniel and the apocryphal apocalypses in matters of content and form outside the concerns of genre, see §4.

* text is certainly or probably fragmentary

legend 1. Cosmogony 2. Primordial events 3. Recollection of past 4. Ex eventu prophecy 5. Persecution 6. Other eschatological upheavals 7. Judgment/destruction of wicked

Book of Daniel 7–12 §2.1 V. of D. on Cyprus* §2.2 V. of D. on Blond Race* §2.3 7th Vision of Daniel §2.4 V. of the Young Dan. §2.5 Revelation of Daniel §2.6 V. of D. on Holy Men §2.7 Oracle of Daniel §2.8 Proclamation of Daniel * §2.9 Seven-Hilled City §2.10 Diegesis Danielis §2.11 V. and R. of Daniel §2.12 Word of Daniel* §2.13 V. of D. on the Emperors §2.14 Qissa-yi Dàniyàl §2.15 Disc. of Chrysostom §2.16 V. of D. on Last Times §2.17 V. of D. by the Kebar * §2.18 Apocalypse of Daniel §2.19 V. of Daniel to Ezra §2.20 V. of D. on Crete* §2.21 14th Vision of Daniel §2.22 Nevu’ot Daniel §2.23 Last Vision of Daniel §2.24 Dàniyàl-nàma

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

5 x x x x x x x

4 x x x x x x x

6 x x x x x x x u x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x n x x x /

? ? x x ? x x x

x ?

x x n

7 x ? ? x

x x x x x x

x ? x x ? x x ?

x x x x d

9 x

Judgment/destruction of world Judgment/destruction of otherworldly beings Cosmic transformation Resurrection Other forms of afterlife The “functional” aspect

x x x

x x

3 x

x x x

x ? x x x ?

10 x x x x x x x i x

Table III: The Daniel Apocalyptica: Generic Elements

11 x

13 x x x x x x x d x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x no no no Cyrus no no Darius no no Cyrus no no no Cyrus no no

time various no no Cyrus Darius Darius no no no no Gabriel no Gabriel “angel” no no Gabriel “angel” “angel” no “angel” “angel” no

angel various no no Gabriel no no no

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circ*mstances that led to it, and an expectation of an imminent future resolution. Furthermore, our texts mirror historical apocalypses (and, again, similar to the visions of Daniel 7–12) in that they are unconcerned with cosmogony, primaeval history, and the judgment or the destruction of the world. It is also the case that all our texts disclose the temporal and spatial “transcendent reality” which stands at the heart of the deﬁnition of the genre and which is reﬂected in all its examples. These apocryphal Daniel texts are clearly apocalyptic. But is the correspondence in content enough to conclude that they are also apocalypses?461 There are two formal diﬀerences between the visions of Daniel 7–12 and some of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha which are unreﬂected in the data of Table III and which might have an bearing on this question. First, the introductions that preface each of the visions in the Book of Daniel are not always present in the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha. These introductions may contain any or all of three distinct components: i) a chronological marker specifying the time at which the action in the narrative occurs, which in the Book of Daniel is identiﬁed with reference to a year in the reign of a speciﬁc king; ii) an aﬃrmation that Daniel is the author of the narrative,462 which is sometimes accompanied by additional information concerning his actions or state of mind; and iii) a note on the place where the action of narrative takes place. Less than one third of the apocryphal texts examined in this chapter preserve such chronological markers, and fewer still contain an authorial aﬃrmation in the text or a note about Daniel’s location. There seems to be no pattern to the appearance of any or all of these components in the apocalyptic apocrypha, and it may be the case that the inclusion of this information in any given text was merely a matter of the author’s discretion.463 However, the lack of such introductory information in these apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha is ultimately unimportant to the issue of their genre. First, although critical to the processes underlying the 461 It must be remembered that not all apocalyptic texts are generically apocalypses. See Collins, Apocalyptic Imagination (note 447, supra) for details. 462 Sometimes in the ﬁrst person (Daniel 8 and 9), sometimes in the third (Daniel 7 and 10–12), although in all four visions Daniel refers to himself in the ﬁrst person. 463 It should be noted that a concern with specifying the time and place of a vision is witnessed in the dream-poetry of the Middle Ages; see A.C. Spearing, Mediaeval Dream-Poetry (Cambridge, 1976), 12.

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transmission of the messages of the text,464 this introductory material is not an integral part of Collins’ deﬁnition of the genre. Some apocalyptic apocrypha share with the visions of the Book of Daniel a concern for specifying the time and place of the vision, others do not, but in no way does the appearance or omission of some or all of these introductory elements inform the issue of their genre. Second, the clear references to regnal dates in the visions of Daniel 7–12 are one of the deliberate editorial devices that the author465 of the ﬁnal redaction of MT Daniel employed to link together his various materials. The post-biblical authors, however, did not need to insert such editorial linkages.466 Moreover, when chronological information about the vision was included, its function was to reinforce the information that Daniel is the seer. This is the information which is most critical to the transmission of the messages of the text, not the data about the time or place. Third, even though the key information that Daniel is the seer appears in the ﬁrst few lines in only a minority of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha,467 it was regularly conveyed in short notices within the context of the text (e.g., in the Nevu’ot Daniel ) or, more signiﬁcantly, through the titles of most of the texts. Compositions such as the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel and Seventh Vision of Daniel leave no room for doubt as to the identity of their (pseudonymous) author.468 The second and more important formal diﬀerence between the visions of the Book of Daniel and some of these apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha involves the ﬁgure of the mediating angelus interpres. In the Book of Daniel, revelatory information is always mediated by this otherworldly ﬁgure, even if it is not communicated in the context of a strict vision + interpretation formula.469 The net result is that

464 The message cannot be transmitted in vacuo —it requires the twin attributes of authenticity and authority, which are in part provided by this introductory information. See §4. 465 On the use of the term “author” (instead of “redactor”) in this situation, see Chapter One note 4. 466 This is because of the authority exerted by the biblical Book of Daniel in the matter of the chronology of the story of Daniel; see Chapter Two, §3. 467 See, e.g., the personal aﬃrmation in the ﬁrst line of the Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.8), which, while not mentioning Daniel per se, is clear enough. 468 The temporal and regnal references in the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha and the Daniel prognostica are quite illuminating in their own right, apart from the matter of genre. 469 Cf. Daniel 9, where there is no formal vision per se.

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the mediated quality of the revelatory message of the text is unmistakable.470 This last point is true for all apocalypses and, as such, is a key component of Collins’ deﬁnition. The ﬁgure of the mediating angel appears in nine of twenty-two apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha examined in this chapter.471 What this means is that nearly half of these texts are apocalypses. Not only do they share with the rest of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha a close correspondence with the visions of Daniel 7–12 in matters of content, but they also fulﬁl all the formal requirements of the genre, including the essential qualiﬁcation that the revelatory information is mediated by an otherworldly being to a human recipient. As a result, Henze’s assertion that only a few of these apocalyptic Daniel texts ﬁt the deﬁnition of the genre is open to question.472 The problem is with the twelve other texts in the roster, however, which do not include the angelus interpres or the typical verbal formulae and other such devices which indicate to the reader that the vision is mediated.473 The overall impression is that these twelve texts have been “streamlined” in form: stripped of all unnecessary ornamentation, only the substance of the revelatory information remains, which is communicated to the reader in an unmediated fashion. This “streamlining” of form is largely characteristic to the Byzantine Daniel texts.474 I have remarked several times already that many of the longer examples resemble more a loose series of oracular pronouncements than they do apocalypses. This was also the judgment of García Martínez regarding the serial nature of the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel. In addition, there are several examples listed in the roster above of what appear to be short oracular fragments attributed to Daniel, which are themselves perhaps remnants of older and longer apocalypses. In all these texts, the lack of the

470

On the nature of these messages, see §4, infra. Not including the Dàniyàl-nàma (§2.24) or the unedited Greek Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium (§2.7). 472 Henze makes this claim without the knowledge of the full extent of the Byzantine Daniel texts, in which revelation overwhelmingly tends not to be mediated. In other words, he makes this claim based on a group of texts that I would say contains a high percentage of apocalypses proper. 473 Most typically, these are formulated by phrases such “And then he [the angel] showed me” or “And then I saw.” 474 Which number ﬁfteen in total, including those which are now only preserved in other languages; See note 478, infra. 471

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angelus interpres indicates that they are not apocalypses, since they do not communicate a mediated revelation.475 Yet these Byzantine Daniel texts are not simply oracles, either. For one thing—and this is true for all the apocalyptic Daniel texts, Byzantine or otherwise—they closely mirror the historical type of apocalypses in every other respect. Furthermore, as I will outline in detail below, I am convinced that the missing mediating angelus interpres in these texts is not a function of their being oracles, qua oracles, but is a result of the evolution of the genre apocalypse in this particular context. In other words, for reasons which are intimately connected to the “streamlining” of the form in its Byzantine exemplars, the angelus interpres came to be omitted in a certain evolutionary branch of the apocalyptic form, which is not precisely the same thing as saying that it was never part of the form in the ﬁrst place. As a result, I prefer to use the term “apocalyptic oracles” to describe these Byzantine Daniel texts. Although it maintains a formal distinction with the genre apocalypse proper, the term recalls the origins of the form in that genre, rather than in the genre oracle. It also reﬂects the fact that regardless of their formal genre, these texts were almost certainly understood to be apocalypses and, more importantly, were understood to function as apocalypses (and here we refer again to the functional aspect of the deﬁnition of the genre). It also allows for the interesting possibility of the dynamic mutation of form resulting from a historic evolution of the genre. To sum up the argument thus far, all the Daniel apocrypha discussed in the chapter are unquestionably apocalyptic, and in their content (and thus in their message)476 they share a close correspondence with the “historical” type of apocalypse. Approximately half are apocalypses proper, while the other half, which for the most part correspond with the Byzantine Greek Daniel texts, are apocalyptic oracles. The question now is what does this taxonomy mean to the study of the genre apocalypse? As mentioned, Henze states that the study

475 Contra Brandes, “Liudprand von Cremona,” 441: “Diese Apokalypsen beschreiben nicht nur das Ende der Welt, sondern bieten in der Regel—um ihre Glaubwürdigkeit zu erhöhlen—auch historisches Material (in der Form vaticinia ex eventu), weshalb man die meisten dieser Schriften zu Recht ‘historische Apokalypsen’ genannt hat.” 476 The purposes of the biblical and post-biblical apocalypses speciﬁcally attributed to the ﬁgure Daniel are the subject of the next section.

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of the Daniel apocalypses reveals nothing about the history of the genre,477 but I would think that the streamlining apparent in such a clearly delineated body of texts implies a radical generic evolution transpiring within its speciﬁcally Byzantine contexts. Although not much research has been devoted to the topic of the formal evolution of the genre from its antecedents in the early Jewish and Christian literature,478 it would appear that the streamlining of form common to the Byzantine Daniel apocalyptic oracles is mirrored in a great number of other Byzantine historical “apocalypses,” including the variations on the Oracle of Leo the Wise and the Apocalypse of PseudoMethodius. These as a class are far less likely to contain the mediated revelation and literary ornamentation more common to the visions of the Book of Daniel and the other ancient examples of the type.479 Such an evolution might have resulted from a long-standing tension between a number of static and dynamic factors. Over time, a store-house of images and expectations built up in the collective consciousness of certain, probably interrelated groups within the Byzantine Empire, whose members consistently and for diverse reasons resorted to the device of apocalyptic historiography and the ﬁgure of Daniel to articulate their understanding of and response to various historical plights. This store-house represents a relatively static element, whose expressions consistently appear in the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles: the ﬁgures of the Antichrist and of Elijah and Enoch, the coming of the Blond-Haired race, the appearance of Gog and Magog, the legend of the Good Emperor, and so on. Another static element was a concern for the fate of the Empire and its citizens, which remained the focus of the Byzantine apocalyptic literature, since it was the stage upon which much of the divine plan for Christendom was and would be manifested. The dynamic element in the equation was the many diﬀerent crises experienced 477

See note 457, supra. The material in the following paragraphs is adapted from the information presented in DiTommaso, “Christian Daniel ‘Apocalyptica’.” The topic of the formal evolution of mediaeval apocalypses in general is not discussed in the otherwise excellent articles in R.K. Emmerson and B. McGinn, The Apocalyptic Imagination in Medieval Literature (Philadelphia, 1992) or in B. McGinn (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture (New York, 1996). 479 For further examples, see Vassiliev, Anecdota graeco-byzantina, 47–58, and the texts edited in E. Trapp, “Vulgärorakel aus Wiener Handschriften,” ÉAKROYINIA. Sodalium Seminarii Byzantini Vindobonensis, Herberto Hunger oblata (edd. J. Koder and E. Trapp; Wien, 1964), 83–120. 478

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by the Byzantine Christians in the period between the fourth and tenth centuries. These crises were precipitated by wars and dynastic struggles, many of which were connected fundamentally with the long conﬂict with the Arab Muslims. The synthesis of these points produces a theory that might explain the evolution of the oracular nature of the Byzantine Daniel apocalyptic texts. As the Empire lurched from crisis to crisis, and as new apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles were composed to address each crisis, these images and expectations, which through sheer familiarity had become part of the collective consciousness of the Byzantines, were employed time and again in order to provide historical meaning and coherence to these crises. In his book on seventh-century Byzantium, J.F. Haldon speaks of the need to achieve a level of balance between the narratives which the Byzantines intended to describe and understand their world and the realities which they actually perceived or experienced.480 When the balance was no longer in evidence, either the narratives were altered to correspond with the world or the world was acted upon in order to make it ﬁt the narratives. In a way, the constant updating of this apocalyptic historiography represented an ongoing response to historical crises wherein the narratives, which in this case are the apocalyptic texts, were constantly being produced to ﬁt the changing reality. It is possible, then, that through familiarity and overuse the genre became streamlined and more oracular in form481—the message was the key element, and there became no need to preﬁx a long introduction to it or to couch it in the ﬁction of angelic mediation.482

480 J.F. Haldon, “Religion and Belief,” Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture (Cambridge, 1990), 324–375 at 326. 481 These apocalyptic texts are also quite short. The majority of the Byzantine apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles attributed to Daniel (the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel is an exception) are approximately the same length as a chapter or two in the Book of Daniel, while the apocalypses written in the other languages generally tend to be much longer compositions. Cf. here the Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel, the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam, the Arabic Vision of Daniel, the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid, and the Coptic/Arabic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel. 482 Note that of the ﬁfteen Byzantine Daniel apocalyptic apocrypha, the mediating angel is present in the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel, the Slavonic Vision of Daniel on the Emperors, and the Slavonic version of the Vision and Revelation of Daniel the Prophet (the Greek version lacks the angel). Is it possible that the element of the mediating angel was reintroduced when the originally Greek apocalypses were translated?

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And there is no question that the apocalyptic format and the storehouse of images and expectations were overused. Bishop Liudprand’s statement that Daniel apocalypses were commonplace in the Empire, and Salimbene de Adam’s record of the eﬀect of one of these texts upon the inhabitants of Constantinople during the dark days of the Fourth Crusade, are certainly supported by the number of apocalyptic Byzantine texts explicitly attributed to the prophet.483 What is more, not only were the images and expectations part of the collective Byzantine consciousness, but so too were the literary applications of these images and expectations, that is, the discrete oracles. Entire portions of past apocalyptic texts were reused and updated, with the result that many of the Byzantine Daniel apocalyptic oracles consist of both new material and old, the latter often drawn from the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius or other, even older Daniel apocalypses, including the original (but now lost) Greek version of the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel, which dates from the period before Justinian. In addition, texts such as the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus and the Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race, which exhibit an inordinate amount of this streamlining of literary form, are almost certainly oracular fragments of even older and perhaps longer apocalypses which unfortunately are no longer extant. The end result, as Alexander correctly understood, was a situation where both themes and texts were endlessly recycled and reworked. To borrow an idea from the geneticist R. Dawkins,484 these discrete oracles functioned along the lines of “memes,” or set clusters of ideas whose birth and evolutionary history were, in this case, determined by a combination of their innate qualities (what they said and in what contexts could they be applied) and the geo-political setting (the state of the Byzantine Empire at any given time). Again we see the interaction between the static and the dynamic elements.485

483 We should recall that this total does not include the still-unidentiﬁed texts residing in the manuscript collections of libraries and institutions or those which simply have been lost. Cf. also the manuscript copies of the Greek Praedictiones Danielis, which are frequently identiﬁed by the label “Danielis prophetae apocalypsis” or, in at least one case, the explicit title of ˜rasiw profÆtou DaniØl; on these texts, see Chapter Four, §4. 484 R. Dawkins, The Selﬁsh Gene (Oxford, 1976), chapter 11. 485 The idea of oracles = memes will be ﬂeshed out in my future extended study on the Byzantine Daniel apocalyptica and the broader medieaval apocalyptic tradition; see the Preface to this volume.

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The increasingly pastiche nature and the streamlined form of these apocalyptic oracles suggests that the genre apocalypse could have evolved within its Byzantine contexts. Over time, the Byzantine expressions of apocalyptic historiography concentrated on the message of the text, and what had tended to be articulated explicitly in the formal apocalypses through introductory formulae and explicit mediation was now in its Byzantine manifestations simply assumed. The authors of the apocryphal oracles, however, still thought that they were describing apocalyptic visions rather than oracles, and that is why so many of the titles contain phrases to this eﬀect. Indeed, it is debatable whether anyone at the time would have noticed the diﬀerence between a formal apocalypse and any of these apocalyptic oracles. While it is true that there is a text called the Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium and that a few of the manuscript copies of other Byzantine Daniel texts contain the description diÆghsiw or xrhsmÒw, the overwhelming majority of the manuscript copies of all the texts preserve the description (in title or incipit) ˜rasiw. To conclude, in their basic form and substance the apocryphal apocalypses and the apocalyptic oracles match up extremely well the elements of historical-type apocalypses, with the one important exception being the issue of mediated revelation, which is largely uncharacteristic of the Byzantine apocalyptic oracles. Far more signiﬁcant, though, is the fact that all the Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles fulﬁl the basic requirement of the genre in that they provide revelatory information within a narrative framework about an eschatological future which involves a supernatural setting. Indeed, the fundamental message of these apocryphal apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles alike is the same and is unaﬀected by the issue of mediation. As we shall see in the next section, the nature of this message illuminates a critical link between these apocryphal texts and the apocalyptic visions of the Book of Daniel. Excursus III: Dead Sea 4Q “Pseudo-Daniel” Preserved among the thousands of scraps of texts discovered in Qumran Cave Four are fragments from several compositions associated with Daniel. 4Q242, the Prayer of Nabonidus, does not mention Daniel but is part of the same tradition that is expressed in another venue at Daniel 4. Many commentators have assumed that 4Q243, 4Q244, and 4Q245 are copies of one document, although J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint, its DJD editors, argue persuasively that 4Q243 and 4Q244 (Pseudo-Daniel a–b ) each preserve fragmen-

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tary copies of the same text,486 which is diﬀerent from the composition which is represented by the fragments of 4Q245 (Pseudo-Daniel c ).487 4Q246, the so-called “Son of God” text, is unrelated to 4Q242, 4Q243/244, or 4Q245. As with all the Qumran “‘Pseudo-Daniel” texts, 4Q243/244 is written in Aramaic. The fragments are dated palaeographically to the ﬁrst half of the ﬁrst century ce, although the original composition is at least a century older.488 4Q243/244 is a diﬃcult text to understand, not only on account of its fragmentary nature (forty identiﬁable fragments belong to 4Q243, fourteen to 4Q244), but also because it is awkward to classify in the light of the material we ﬁnd in the Book of Daniel. Most commentators, including J.T. Milik, who ﬁrst published transcriptions of several fragments,489 have reconstructed the structure of the underlying document as a type of court tale, à la Daniel 1–6, where Daniel is the focus of the narrative and is speaking before a king. In 4Q243/244, the king is Belshazzar. The most signiﬁcant feature of 4Q243/244 is a long, ex eventu review of history which, if the reconstruction of the text is accurate, extends from the primaeval period through the Hellenistic era and into the eschatological age. In both its forms and content 4Q243/244’s review of history is atypical when compared to those in the Book of Daniel and the apocryphal apocalypses. To begin, it is embedded in a third-person narrative rather than the ﬁrst-person, mediated revelatory vision of the sort that is encountered in Daniel 7–12 and in the apocryphal apocalypses. What this means is that the text which is preserved in the fragments of 4Q243 and 4Q244 is not, strictly speaking, a pseudepigraphon.490 Other disjunctive features of the review of 4Q243/244 include the fact that the historical information is not presented cryptically491 and displays a marked interest in historical events before the Babylonian Exile, the latter a feature of its underlying Deuteronomic theology of history.492 As we shall

486

They overlap at 4Q243 13 and 4Q244 12. J.J. Collins, and P.W. Flint, “4Qpseudo-Daniela–c ar,” Qumran Cave 4.XVII. Parabiblical Texts, Part 3 (ed. J.C. VanderKam; DJD 22; Oxford, 1996), 95–164, pls. VII–IX, X. 488 Collins and Flint believe that it was likely composed in the period from the mid-second century BCE to the coming of Pompey (“4Qpseudo-Daniel,” 137–138). But see below. 489 J.T. Milik, “‘Prière de Nabonide’ et autres écrits d’un cycle de Daniel. Fragments araméens de Qumrân 4,” RB 63 (1956), 407–415 at 411–415. 490 Contra García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 147. 491 The speciﬁc naming of ﬁgures in 4Q243/244 is unlike that which we encounter in the Book of Daniel or in the apocryphal apocalypses, although in a few instances (see the Seventh Vision of Daniel (§2.3)) there are places where a proper name is written en clair. 492 Collins and Flint, “4Qpseudo-Daniel,” note that their study of 4Q243, 4Q244, and 4Q245 casts doubt on what hitherto was thought to be several further points of contact between the fragments and the Book of Daniel, including the use in the former of a four-kingdom schema. 487

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see in §4, below, one characteristic of the reviews of history both at Daniel 2 and throughout the visions of Daniel 7–12 is a total lack of interest in the primaeval history or, indeed, in events before Nebuchadnezzar. The reason for this phenomenon is that the longue durée is unimportant to the understanding of the immediate plight which has precipitated the composition of the apocalypse. It is also unimportant to the overall theology of history of the Book of Daniel, which is markedly diﬀerent from that of 4Q243/244. A lack of interest in events before the Exile is also reﬂected in all the many apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, although whether these later apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles reﬂect all the elements of the Danielic theology of history is a matter for further discussion.493 The third-person narrative structure, along with the fact that the text lacks an angelic mediating ﬁgure,494 throw doubt on its genre, even though its review of history is set in an apocalyptic context. Collins and Flint remark that the review of history in 4Q243/244 is ex eventu by virtue of some sort of revelatory writing (4Q243 6) from which, they suggest, Daniel reads.495 It is unlikely that the author of this writing, if indeed a human ﬁgure, is either Daniel or Enoch. Interestingly, the connexion between ancient written knowledge (a topos most commonly associated with the ﬁgure of Adam and the Cave of Treasures) and the ﬁgure of Daniel appears consistently in the context of the Daniel prognostica. Its most developed expression is found in some copies of the anthology known as the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, wherein Daniel sojourns to a special cave in Jerusalem, from which he retrieves tablets which had been placed there by Adam and upon which much prognostic information is revealed.496 To summarise the argument I advance in another study,497 certain integrative elements of 4Q243/244 suggest that it was composed in the ﬁrst few decades of the second century, before the Antiochene oppression and in the light of an authoritative ﬁve-chapter collection of Daniel court tales (i.e., what we know now as MT Daniel 2–6).498 The rejection of the Deuteronomic theology of history in Daniel 9 might also indicate that it was written as a response to 4Q243/244. 4Q245 is, as mentioned, almost certainly part of a composition separate from that which is preserved by the fragments of 4Q243 and 4Q244. It consists of four Aramaic fragments, the ﬁrst of which contains the name

493

Which I intend to conduct in a future article. The possibility that the book is of angelic origin is not enough to call 4Q243/244 an apocalypse (contra Collins and Flint, “4Qpseudo-Daniel,” 125). 495 Collins and Flint, 4Qpseudo-Daniel,” 135, and also 149, where they insightfully note that the same phrase (bytk hbw) is reﬂected at 4Q550 4 1, “where the reference is to an archival document.” Although the name of Enoch appears at 4Q243 9 1, Collins and Flint are careful not to associate this writing with him. 496 See Chapter Four, §5. 497 “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244) and the Book of Daniel,” DSD [forthcoming]. 498 See also the discussion on accretive and integrative chronological markers in Chapter Two, passim. 494

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of Daniel, mention of a book or writing, and what appears to be a simple list of priests or High Priests (written en clair) rather than a review of history. The second fragment is deemed by Collins and Flint to be eschatological in nature, although, contrary to previous scholarship, they do not subscribe to the theory that a passage in it alludes to resurrection. The third and fourth fragments are very small.499 4Q245 may be dated to the early ﬁrst century ce. The possible association of a book/writing with Daniel and the presence of an eschatological section calls to mind 4Q243/244, but whether 4Q245 is actually a speciﬁc Daniel apocryphon is impossible to determine. 4Q246, which consists of one fragment of two partial columns of text that has been dated paleographically to the last third of the ﬁrst century bce, is one of the most famous of all the Qumran Cave Four fragments because of its pre-Christian reference to a “Son of God” ( la yd hrb) at ii 1. The literature on this Aramaic fragment, the original text of which may date from the second century bce, is extensive,500 and I shall conﬁne my remarks to its relationship with the Book of Daniel. 4Q246 does not mention Daniel, nor is there any indication that Daniel himself is speaking. The text describes several expected eschatological ﬁgures and events, although the identiﬁcation and meaning of these have been hotly debated, including whether the “Son of God” ﬁgure is a positive or negative one. One’s position on this ﬁgure, of course, will colour one’s view on the nature of the connexion between it and the çna dbk of Daniel 7, which is clearly a positive ﬁgure. But overall, 4Q246 seems to reﬂect the imagery and vocabulary of the Book of Daniel, although the latter never mentions or alludes to Assyria (see 4Q246 i 6). Compared to the review of history of 4Q243/244, the elements of 4Q246 are described in a language much more cryptic and vague, just as we ﬁnd in the visions of Daniel 7–12 and the apocryphal apocalypses. As for the relationship between the Cave Four Pseudo-Daniel texts and the later Daniel apocrypha, and in particular the apocryphal apocalypses, García Martínez is entirely correct when he states that no relationship exists at any level.501

4. The Book of Daniel and the Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses The apocalyptic visions of MT Daniel appear in chapters 7 to 12.502 They are witnessed by Daniel the prophet, are articulated by means 499

Collins and Flint, 4Qpseudo-Daniel,” 153–158. See the Inventory of Chapter Six. As G. Vermes observes, many of the early theories on the meaning of 4Q246 were hampered by an incomplete knowledge of the text and the hypothetical reconstruction of the lacunae (“Qumran Forum Miscellanea I,” JJS 43 (1992), 299–305 at 301). 501 García Martínez, “Pseudo-Danielic Literature,” 161. 502 Unlike the court tales, where the Greek witnesses to the text are substantively 500

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of a highly symbolic and cryptic vocabulary, and their interpretations are mediated by an angelic ﬁgure. Unlike the narratives of the court tales, the visions are communicated in the ﬁrst person rather than the third. Also unlike the court tales, the visions relate little of Daniel’s life and deeds, no more than a few chronological and geographic notices informing the reader as to when and where each vision took place. It is reasonable to assume that such notices are products of the redactional process that occurred shortly before or during the production of the ﬁnal form of MT Daniel.503 Daniel 7 is set in the ﬁrst year of the reign of King Belshazzar, in the period after the events of Daniel 4 but before those of Daniel 5.504 Daniel is in his bed, which presumably is in the capital city itself (7:1).505 In his vision Daniel sees four great beasts rising from the sea, the last exceedingly strong, with great iron teeth and many horns, including a solitary horn which has eyes and which speaks aloud (7:2–9). Daniel then sees a ﬁgure called the Ancient of Days, clad in white, who takes his seat on his ﬂaming throne in a courtlike setting (7:10). The fourth beast is slain and its body destroyed, while the other beasts are deprived of their sovereignty, although they are allowed to remain alive for a short while (7:11–12). Finally Daniel sees the coming of “one like a human being” (çna dbk),506 who approaches the Ancient of Days and is given everlasting dominion over the earth and its inhabitants (7:13–14). Daniel is distressed by all which he sees and seeks an interpretation from one of those who attends the divine throne (7:14–15). The interpreting angel507 tells Daniel that the four beasts represent four diﬀerent from the MT witness (cf. Daniel 3–6 and the addition of Susanna and Bel and the Dragon), the apocalyptic visions do not contain such major discrepancies between the Greek and the Aramaic/Hebrew texts. 503 On the composition history of MT Daniel, see Chapter One note 5. 504 From the perspective of the redaction history of the Book of Daniel, of course, this date ﬁrmly sets the vision within the chronological context and court setting of Daniel 1–6 and so represents one way that the visions of 7–12 as a whole are integrated into the ﬁnal form of the Book. On this redactive process, see also Chapter Two, §1. 505 Although Daniel has been forgotten by Belshazzar (MT 5:10–11), he is still close enough geographically to be summoned to court to explain the mystery of the writing on the wall (MT 5:12–13). It may be inferred, therefore, that Daniel’s bed and his house are within the city walls. 506 Literally, “like the son of man,” but this phrase is usually taken to mean “human being.” See the detailed and convincing excursus on this subject in Collins, Daniel, 304–310. 507 It can be none other, given the speciﬁc context of the interpreting ﬁgure in

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historical kingdoms and that the “holy ones of the Most High” will eventually receive the ﬁnal and everlasting kingdom (7:17–18). Daniel next enquires about the fourth kingdom speciﬁcally and its various horns,508 to which the angel replies that the fourth kingdom will be diﬀerent from all the kingdoms which precede it, just as the king who is represented by the solitary horn will be diﬀerent from all the kings who precede him (7:19–24). This king will seek to change the times and the law, but after a set time his dominion will be removed and replaced by the kingdom of the holy ones of the Most High, which all the other kingdoms of the world will obey and serve (7:25–27). The chapter ends with a note about Daniel’s being alarmed and his decision not to speak of what he has been shown (7:28). Chapter 8 is also set during the reign of King Belshazzar, in the third year of his dominion.509 This time Daniel is located in the fortiﬁed city of Susa, beside the canal called Ulai (8:1–2).510 In his vision Daniel sees a two-horned ram that rampages over all the other beasts of the earth, and then a one-horned he-goat that comes from the west that engages and overthrows the ram, breaking its two horns (8:3–7). At the height of its power, the one horn of the he-goat breaks and is replaced by other horns. One of these horns itself waxes strong and transgresses against the “prince of the host” and his people in acts of desolation (8:8–12). Daniel then hears two holy ones speaking about the speciﬁc length of time that this horn would continue this desolating transgression, which is given as a ﬁgure of 2,300 evenings and mornings (8:13–14). Daniel seeks to understand what he has been shown. Suddenly, out of the Ulai comes a ﬁgure “in the likeness of a man.” It is the angel Gabriel, who approaches Daniel—now prostrate in panic— and says that the vision is for the end-time (8:15–17). Daniel swoons at his words, but Gabriel revives him and explains the vision, noting the visions which follow and the more general context of Jewish apocalyptic form in the Hellenistic and early Roman periods. 508 Daniel’s query and the angel’s response adds some detail about this kingdom not in the ﬁrst telling of the vision, e.g., that it will “wage war on the holy ones” (7:21) and the solitary horn will change the times and the law (7:25). Various explanations for such addition details have been proﬀered. 509 Dan 8:1 speciﬁes that the vision about to be related to the reader occurred “after that which appeared to me in the beginning,” i.e., the vision recounted in Daniel 7. 510 The MT text, which has been written in Aramaic since 2:4b, now returns to the Hebrew at 8:1 and continues thus to the end of the Book.

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again that what Daniel has seen is what will occur in the future and at the appointed time (8:18–19). The two-horned ram represents the kingdoms of Media and Persia, while the he-goat is the kingdom of Greece.511 The horns of the he-goat are individual kings, including, at the end, the one horn/king who will wax strong and who will act against the holy ones in the fashion detailed in the vision before being ﬁnally overthrown, but not by human hands (8:20–25). The chapter ends with Gabriel’s admonition to Daniel to keep the substance of the vision secret, following which Daniel returns to the king’s service, but only after being ill for many days (8:26–27). Chapter 9 opens in the ﬁrst year of the reign of Darius the Mede, that is, sometime around the action of Daniel 6. Daniel is contemplating Jeremiah’s prophecy ( Jer 25:11–12; 29:10) that Jerusalem would lay desolate and abandoned for seventy years (9:1–2).512 Daniel prays to God, reﬂecting on how evil came upon Israel on account of its having turned away from the Law of Moses and asking God now to turn his anger away from Jerusalem at this time of desolation (9:3–19). The underlying theology of Daniel’s prayer is clearly Deuteronomic. Gabriel then appears to Daniel to impart the understanding of the prophecy (9:20–22).513 The angel informs Daniel that Jeremiah’s seventy years are in reality seventy weeks (of years, i.e., seven times seventy years), a pre-determined period during which all that is foretold will come to pass (9:23–24). Seven weeks will pass before Jerusalem is rebuilt, and then another sixty-two before the events of the ﬁnal week, when a ruler will destroy the city and desecrate the sanctuary with the desolating abomination514 before destruction is visited upon the ruler himself (9:25–27). Gabriel’s reply is a powerful rejection of the prayer’s Deuteronomic theology of history in favour of what I have identiﬁed elsewhere as the Danielic theology of history, that is, a broadly deterministic theology of history

511 The versions read “kings” or “king,” but the concept of “kingdoms” is surely meant, since the horns are explicitly referred to as speciﬁc kings. 512 The setting of the desolation in the context of the story is the Jerusalem of the Babylonian Exile of Daniel’s time—the city destroyed and mostly abandoned, without a Temple, its people scattered—but the setting of the desolation in the context of the intended audience is the Jerusalem of the time of the abomination of desolation of Antiochus Epiphanes. 513 See note 538, infra. 514 See Collins, Daniel, 357–358, for the range of options concerning the nature of this abomination. That it was a pagan altar is most likely.

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found throughout the rest of the Book of Daniel and which stands alongside the idea of individual responsibility.515 The ﬁnal revelatory vision of Daniel extends over the last three chapters of the Book. Daniel is in mourning and fasting (10:2–3).516 The speciﬁc place of the vision is the banks of the river Tigris in Babylon, the date being the twenty-fourth day of the ﬁrst month (10:4), in the third year of the reign of Cyrus the Great (10:1).517 The vision is therefore set in a period after the chronological compass of the court tales. Cyrus, of course, was the king of Persia and the conqueror of Lydia and Babylon, but more importantly to the Jews he was the anointed one of God (Isa 45:1), whose divinelyinspired decree had restored the exiled Jews to the land of Israel.518 In the chronology of MT Daniel, Cyrus is presented as the successor to Darius the Mede.519 Daniel is therefore an extremely old man by the time of this ﬁnal vision, having been taken from Jerusalem as a youth (1:6) and now very near his own death (12:13). In his vision Daniel beholds an angel in the form of a man of fantastic appearance. Although Daniel’s companions see nothing, they are nevertheless overwhelmed by an unexplained fear and trembling and ﬂee. Daniel, however, sees a great vision and is rendered prostrate and unconscious by the event (10:5–9). An angelic hand shakes Daniel back to sensibility and the angel reassures him that he has been sent in response to his mourning. The angel also informs Daniel that for the past three weeks520 he has been battling with the prince of Persia,521 and only was only free to respond to Daniel when the angel Michael appeared to assume the struggle on his behalf (10:10–13).

515

DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244).” Why is Daniel in mourning? Collins draws on the parallels with 4 Ezra and states that mourning constitutes part of the preparation for the visionary experience (Daniel, 372). But the mourning here must be considered in the light of Daniel 9, where the subject of Daniel’s reﬂection is the sorry state of his people, and also with reference to the fact that the chronology of the Book of Daniel does not extend to the restoration under Cyrus. It would seem likely that Daniel is mourning over the state of his people at 10:2 also. 517 Even though Dan 1:21 states that Daniel served until the ﬁrst year of Cyrus. The Greek versions preserve “ﬁrst year” at 10:1. See Chapter Two, §3. 518 Ezra 1:1–4; cf. 2 Chr 36:22–23; Ezra 5:13–15, 6:3–5; Isa 44:28–45:7. 519 On the subject of Darius the Mede in Daniel 6, his place in the historical record, and the post-biblical attempts to harmonize the biblical and historical records, see Chapter Two, §3. 520 That is, throughout the period of the mourning of 10:2. 521 Not the king (˚lm) of Persia. The kings are the sovereigns and the captains 516

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But before the angel can interpret the vision (10:14),522 Daniel again falls to the ground, dumb (10:15). Again the angel revives and strengthens Daniel, telling him that although he must return soon to the conﬂict with princes of Persia and Greece, he will ﬁrst reveal what is contained in the book of truth523 (10:16–11:2a).524 The angelic interpretation of Daniel’s vision is essentially a long review of what in the context of the setting of the Book of Daniel is meant as future history. The angel informs Daniel about the coming of four Persian kings, about the rise of a king from Greece who conquers Persia but whose kingdom dissolves into smaller kingdoms upon his death, and about the complicated political machinations and military maneuvers of the king of the south and the king of the north (11:2b–20). The angel also tells Daniel about the rise of a contemptible and treacherous king, who after a failed expedition to the south will act against the people of the holy covenant and establish the desolating abomination (11:21–31). Some of the people of the covenant will fall (and so be reﬁned and puriﬁed), while the king will exalt himself exceedingly and honour a strange god (11:32–39). At the time of the end,525 this king will engage the kings of the north and the south in battle; he will lose some of his land but gain Egypt, and then will perish on his return north (11:40–45). The interpreting angel tells Daniel that after these political events, Michael the prince of Israel will appear and usher in a period of great distress (12:1). Daniel’s people, however, will be delivered, and of the armies of the earthly kingdoms, the princes the sovereigns and the captains of the heavenly hosts. 522 The reader is never made privy to the vision from Daniel’s perspective, only to its interpretation. 523 That is, the place where past and future history has been recorded (according to the divine will). The visions of Daniel (and the ex eventu historical reviews of Daniel 2 and 4) represent a cryptic and imperfect reading of the truths in this book of truth, which then have to be interpreted. The question is why these visions are cryptic in the ﬁrst place, and perhaps the answer is in part due to the roots of the apocalyptic vision in the dynamic of the interpretation of notoriously cryptic dreams (roots that are clearly visible in the Book of Daniel). 524 Several data have been conﬂated at this point, and the sequence of the action of the section from 10:5–11:2a (and particularly from 10:15–11:2a) is extremely confusing. Although Collins rightly warns that attempts to improve the MT “must be viewed with caution” (Daniel, 376), the MT text is repetitive and cannot be read in a straightforward manner. 11:2b follows naturally from what is contained at 10:14, and the data of the prince of Greece (10:20) and Darius the Mede (11:1) seem to be redactive attempts to link the material with other portions of the Book of Daniel. 525 This phrase is frequently understood to indicate the transition from ex eventu historical review to genuine prophecy.

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many of those who have died will be resurrected, some to everlasting life but others to everlasting disgrace (12:2–3). The angel then instructs Daniel to keep secret what he has been shown and told (12:4). After this, Daniel sees two angels speaking to each other across the width of the Tigris. The subject of their conversation is the length of the time of the “awesome events,” to which one replies, “a time, times, and a half ”526 (12:5–7). The interpreting angel tells Daniel that many will be puriﬁed and reﬁned and many will act wickedly, but only the wise will understand what is truly happening (12:8–10). MT Daniel ends with two statements concerning the time between the desolating abomination and the end, and the angel’s promise of resurrection for Daniel (12:11–13). There are several messages in the apocalyptic visions of Daniel 7–12 that contribute directly to the shape of the content and form of these chapters beyond the vision + interpretation format that is typical to the genre. Although each message is distinct, they reinforce and augment each other, creating in the ﬁnal product a rich, polyphonic harmony. The basic message is that God controls the broad processes of history. To some degree, this is also the message of the court tales of Daniel 1–6, but in the visions it underpins the more immediate assurances that God has not forgotten his people and that the current oppression, which has become acute, will be relieved in the imminent future. The emphasis in the court tales, that Jews can live righteously and prosper even while under foreign domination, is replaced in the visions by the belief that the present state of aﬀairs is intolerable. The visions also feature a greater sense of a corporate distinction between the Jews and Gentiles, which is partly a result of this intolerable present-day situation. In the court tales, Daniel the Jew maintains his Jewish distinctiveness, but the righteousness of God that is result of the faithfulness of Daniel (and of his three companions)527 is almost entirely personal.528 In the visions, 526

I.e., three and a half years. In fact, this personal relationship between Daniel’s faithfulness and God’s righteousness might also need to be considered in the context of the unfaithfulness of some of the other Jewish exiles; see Chapter Two note 5. If so, not only is Daniel faithful, but his faithfulness should be contrasted with the faithlessness of some of the other exiles. 528 Note that the madness that aﬀects Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 4, which is a result of the king’s prideful attitude, does not aﬀect his kingdom, which seemingly continues on until the sentence is served, whereby the king regains his senses and resumes the throne. 527

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however, the beneﬁciary of God’s imminent decisive action in history is the corporation,529 although such a perspective does not rule out the possibility of ﬁner divisions within it.530 As with historical apocalypses generally, Daniel 7–12 is oppression literature531—it articulates the perceived persecution of the present age and expresses its anticipated relief.532 Signiﬁcantly, the present plight is described not only as a discrete, immediate exigency but also historiographically, as a fundamentally interconnected event embedded within a review of past history and an exposition of future history, both of which are as a result characteristic of the form. Put another way, the present plight in any apocalyptic historiography is unintelligible outside the context of what has happened and what is to come. Accordingly, there is a stress, which is particularly evident in historical apocalypses such as Daniel 7–12, on identifying the past circ*mstances and future expectations which make this present state of aﬀairs historically and eschatologically coherent. Since history in its broad strokes is understood to be a product of kings and generals and is measured by the rise and fall of kingdoms and by the results of military campaigns,533 there is an overwhelming emphasis 529 See, e.g., the Holy Ones of the Most High (7:18, 25, 27), the Holy Ones (8:25), the Judaeans (the subject of Daniel 9), the Holy Covenant (11:30), “your people” (12:1), and the Holy People (12:7). In addition, the idea of supernatural princes of Israel and Persia (10:13) also ﬁts into this idea of a struggle between corporate powers. A concern with the polity is also a hallmark of the prophetic literature. 530 MT Daniel, for example, speaks particularly highly of the μ[ ylykçm (11:32, 12:3, 8–10). 531 This term may be employed in two ways: ﬁrst, as a response of a corporate entity (community, state, or nation) to an external situation (i.e., the sense that it is expounded in the following paragraphs); and second, as a response of a component of a larger corporate entity to an internal situation, which might be political, economic, or social in nature. B. Becking remarks that the Book of Daniel expresses the views of a religious minority, and that this minority was probably part of the lower classes (“Expectations about the End of Time in the Hebrew Bible: Do They Exist?” Apocalyptic in History and Tradition (edd. C. Rowland and J. Barton; JSPSup 43; London, 2002), 44–59 at 59). But can the same be said of the Byzantine period? If we are to trust Bishop Liudprand, the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses enjoyed great popularity, presumably among the upper strata of the Empire. One must also wonder who had the money to purchase copies of apocalypses and/or the ability to read them. On this, see Chapter Five. 532 Alexander argues that general millennial speculation also gave rise to the appearance of apocalypses (“Medieval Apocalypses,” 1002), but I would say that the opposite is true: historical apocalypses were most often precipitated by some sort of speciﬁc crisis. 533 This is a characteristic of ancient historiography but stands in contrast to the focus of the Daniel prognostica, which are essentially egalitarian in outlook. On the

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on these elements in the historical review of the visions of Daniel 7–12. The pseudonymous attribution of the visions to Daniel, a wise ﬁgure from the past,534 allows the past and present to be articulated as future prediction. This ﬁction allows for the fundamental unity of all the elements of the vision and its interpretation, regardless of their actual temporal status. It also contributes to the basic and immediate messages of the text by establishing an analogous line of reasoning: just as that which for the reader are past events have transpired according to Daniel’s vision, so too will those events yet to happen come to pass as foretold. In this way the vision guarantees and validates itself to its readers. In the visions of Daniel 7–12 there is a marked supernatural dimension to the oppression and its history and resolution, which together are understood as part of a broader conﬂict between good and evil. As a result, the present situation and the past circ*mstances which precipitated it are articulated on both the natural and the supernatural planes, while the expected future relief from persecution is envisioned as a supra-historical and supernatural event.535 Finally, the apocalyptic visions in the Book of Daniel lack certain features commonly exhibited in other ancient and mediaeval Jewish, Christian, and Islamic apocalypses. As noted, they do not detail an elaborate cosmology, nor do any of their reviews of history contain descriptions of primeval or patriarchal events. In fact, these reviews are always restricted in scope to the fairly recent past, the elements of which directly inform the present situation.536 The question of the origin of evil, which is often associated with a description of primeval history,537 is not discussed, although it does form an implicit part of conceptual diﬀerences between the apocryphal apocalyptic literature and the prognostica, see Chapter Four, §1. 534 See Chapters Two and Four for more on the characteristics and eﬀects of Daniel’s wisdom. 535 Becking argues that “there are no expectations about the end of time in the Hebrew Bible,” although the Book of Daniel is “on the edge” (“Expectations about the End of Time,” 44, 57–59). Statements such as Dan 2:44–45 clearly indicate the envisioning of the end of time, however. 536 Sometimes via a periodised schema of history, sometimes by means of a more conventional recounting of past events. In both cases, however, the function of the historical data is make the present situation coherent. 537 Particularly in the context of the sin of Adam or the episode of the giants at Gen 6:1–4, the latter extremely important to the Book of the Watchers at 1 Enoch 1–36 and the many texts that it inﬂuenced.

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the counterpoint to the exposition of apocalyptic historiography of MT Daniel 9.538 In addition, the visions of the Book of Daniel do not contain long descriptions of heaven/paradise. Most pay no attention to issues surrounding the origin of evil, to the description of primeval history, or to the portrayal of heaven and/or paradise. When we consider the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha as a collection of texts that share the same pseudonymous attribution to the ﬁgure of Daniel, we ﬁnd that, despite the expected diﬀerences in speciﬁc historical allusions, they mirror the visions of the Book of Daniel in their basic and underlying messages,539 and thus also in their fundamental content and form. All the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles are recounted in the ﬁrst-person and utilise the ﬁction of pseudonymous authorship. All except two demonstrate little or no concern with the particulars of Daniel’s life.540 All make extensive use of highly cryptic language. Most contain an ex eventu review of history, which explains the present plight, and an eschatological section, which articulates the expected supernatural relief from the plight. All function to some degree as oppression literature by reassuring their readers that God is control of history and that a favourable resolution to the present, often perilous dilemma is imminent. To one degree or another, these characteristics are true also of the “historical” type of apocalypses in general, whether they are ancient or mediaeval or are associated with Daniel or with other biblical ﬁgures. Indeed, perhaps we should not be so terribly surprised to discover that historical apocalypses of late antiquity and the mediaeval period closely mirror the form and function of what arguably during these periods was the most representative example of the type, namely the visions of Daniel 7–12! But such a sentiment does not account for the speciﬁc popularity of the ﬁgure of Daniel in the post-biblical apocalypses, which must be attributed to the paradigmatic quality of the visions of Daniel

538 Again, see the extended discussion on this topic (and the sources cited) in DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244).” 539 The only real exception to this is the Hebrew Vision of Daniel (§2.17), where there is an added sense, perhaps borrowed from the court tales of Daniel 1–6, that righteous foreign kings are rewarded on earth and wicked ones are punished. 540 The exceptions are the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet (§2.5) and the Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl (§2.14).

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7–12. Far more than any other character from the Hebrew Bible, the ﬁgure of Daniel came to be employed whenever a community in distress understood its plight and expected its salvation in terms of God’s sweeping plan for history. One must not forget that MT Daniel is itself a redacted document containing many separate stories about and visions ascribed to Daniel the wise. The visions came to be associated with the court tales not by accident, but deliberately, through the attributes associated with the ﬁgure of Daniel the wise541 and probably also through the early apocalyptic historiography implicit in the dream of the great statue in Daniel 2. In other words, MT Daniel simply represents one stage—albeit an early stage—of an ongoing process wherein the ﬁgure of Daniel was employed to impart reassuring revelatory information about the past, present, and future, and the ﬁrst stage inasmuch as this information pertained speciﬁcally to a community in distress. The apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha, however far removed in time from the apocalyptic visions of the Book of Daniel, are part of this process. We must also recall that there are four separate visions in Daniel 7–12 and that these visions represent the sum total of the apocalyptic visions of the Hebrew Bible. It is reasonable to assume that the four visions of the Book of Daniel would have provided most of the necessary precedents for the post-biblical author who wished to explain his present-day plight in terms of a uniﬁed historiography and eschatology centering on the reassuring message that God controlled the broad sweep of human destiny.542 Indeed, there were relatively few other models upon which he could draw. A few apocalypses carried the name of Adam, Abraham, or Moses,543 but it is very doubtful whether any of these extra-biblical texts had the saturationlevel circulation in late antiquity and the mediaeval period that was undoubtedly enjoyed by the visions of Daniel 7–12,544 embedded as 541 See the discussion in Chapter Four, §2. There seems to be no connexion between the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and the Daniel prognostica. 542 Wortley is quite correct in stating that, “to a very large extent, Byzantine prose apocalyptic literature derives ultimately and directly from a single document, the latter part of the canonical Book of Daniel” (“Literature of Catastrophe,” 5). 543 The Apocalypse of Adam, the Apocalypse of Abraham, and the Apocalypse of Moses; the last, of course, is part of the Primary Adam Literature and, as J. Tromp observes in a personal communication, hardly qualiﬁes as an “apocalypse.” 544 In fact, the Apocalypse of Adam is preserved in only one copy, which is contained among the Nag Hammadi codices, while the Apocalypse of Abraham is extant only in Slavonic. The Primary Adam literature and the Sibylline Oracles were quite

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they were in the authoritative writings of the three Abrahamic religions. Moreover, ﬁgures such as Adam, Abraham, and Moses, as with many of the other biblical patriarchs and prophets, were also associated with testamentary and/or mantic texts. This comparatively wide breadth of association, however, is not a characteristic of the Daniel pseudepigrapha, which are entirely limited to “historical” apocalypses and a few, speciﬁc types of prognostica, most of which, as we shall discover in Chapter Four, were ultimately connected in some fashion to the biblical Daniel’s ability to interpret dreams. The ﬁgure of Enoch, meanwhile, was more associated with otherworldly apocalypses, while those of David and Solomon tended to appear in the context of apocryphal psalms and magical literature respectively, and not apocalypses. To be sure, one encounters ancient and mediaeval historical apocalypses attributed to ﬁgures such as Baruch, Ezra, Leo the Wise, or Methodius, while apocalyptic revelation in testamentary form was commonly found under the names of various biblical patriarchs.545 But the number of apocalypses attributed to Daniel far outstrips the combined total of apocalypses and apocalyptic literature associated with these other ﬁgures. One need only consult the list of texts in the “Alphabetisches Verzeichnis” that prefaces Berger’s Diegesis Danielis for conﬁrmation.546 Only one quarter of the 188 texts that Berger lists are apocalypses, and of these forty-odd texts, fully nineteen— approximately one half of the total number of apocalypses—are attributed to Daniel.547 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra were certainly popular apocalypses, to be sure, but only the ﬁgure of Ezra gave rise to a

popular in the Middle Ages, and it is true that the Oracles were, besides the Danielic corpus, the other great vehicle by which historically-oriented apocalyptic expectations were communicated. The relationship between these two bodies of literature needs to be more fully explored. It is unclear, for example, why the speciﬁc pericopelike oracles which characterise so many of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha (and which persistently surface in texts attributed to Methodius or Leo the Wise) seemingly do not also appear in the late antique and mediaeval Sibylline corpus. 545 The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs is the best example among many. 546 See note 17, supra. 547 These ﬁgures are rough estimates at best. Many times Berger lists versions of the same text under diﬀerent numbers and, as we have seen, his listing of the apocryphal Daniel texts is incomplete and conﬂationary. But we need to recall that in this chapter we have identiﬁed no less than twenty-four texts, and this is not counting those attributed to Daniel which are listed in the Excursus in the Inventory of Chapter Six, “Notes on and Manuscripts of Unidentiﬁed Greek Daniel Apocalypses.”

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sustained series of “historical” apocalypses,548 and this was nowhere near the level of the Danielic apocalyptic tradition. Despite the characteristically vast geographic and temporal scope of its historical reviews and eschatological expectations, apocalyptic literature tends towards a distinct myopia in that events and ﬁgures are signiﬁcant only insofar as they are meaningful to the background to and resolution of the current plight. As we observed, the visions of Daniel 7–12 are directed to the corporation rather than to any speciﬁc individual: both the review of history and the articulation of the future are informed by the nature of the plight of a collection of Jews549 during the Antiochene oppression.550 The apocalyptic historiographies of Daniel 7–12 may rightly be considered a form of national-religious history. The chapters tell the story of one nation among other nations, with the historical dynamic—conquest, empire, oppression—formulated strictly in nationalistic terms.551 Through these visions, then, the ﬁgure of Daniel became associated with revelatory information that had a speciﬁcally national focus. Later generations of peoples came to employ the ﬁgure of Daniel to interpret their own nationalist dilemma via the medium of apocalyptic literature. The Byzantine Christians are an excellent example of this phenomenon, their plight being a direct result of contact and then conﬂict with the Arab Muslims. From one point of view, the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses are simply one expression of how national calamity was understood historically and eschatologically. The ﬁgure of Daniel enjoys another critical advantage over other biblical and non-biblical ﬁgures associated with apocalypses. All historical apocalypses might be oppression literature with a nationalreligious focus, but not all of them are addressed to what for later readers was such a readily recognisable event in history. The ﬁction

548 The fact that 4 Ezra was a text that was sometimes included in biblical manuscripts must have ensured its fairly wide circulation. 549 This collection need not be speciﬁc, either, although the indications of ﬁner distinctions in the polity (see note 530, supra) probably indicates that the author of the visions of Daniel had a certain group in mind. The corporation could be an ideal one—an idea of “Jewishness” (or “Byzantine” or “Syriac Christian”) that only partially overlapped with reality. More still needs to be said on this topic, however. 550 C.C. Caragounis, “History and Supra-History,” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings (BETL 106; ed. A.S. van der Woude; Leuven, 1993), 387–397 at 395. 551 Even the supernatural world was arranged along national lines; cf. the angels of Israel and Persia.

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of pseudonymous authorship, as I observed, allowed for the device of the ex eventu historical review and the guarantee of a vision’s authenticity. However, this guarantee is de facto internal, inasmuch as it applies solely to those persons who were currently experiencing the oppressive situation outlined in the review of history and who could understand and identify with the historical circ*mstances which had created it. Presumably some of these situations were also able to be understood by later readers, but many very likely were not, even beyond the limitations imposed by language.552 The modernday diﬃculty with dating many of the Daniel apocalyptica on the basis of the identiﬁcation of their historical allusions is a telling fact here. The visions of the Book of Daniel, on the other hand, addressed themselves to a precise context by means of a deﬁnite vocabulary that despite its being couched in cryptic imagery was clearly understood by later readers.553 Jews, Christians, and Muslims in late antiquity and the mediaeval period could not have failed to observe that world events and the sequence of kingdoms in the period from the Babylonian Nebuchadnezzar to the Greek Antiochus Epiphanes had transpired pretty much according to the plan revealed to Daniel in his visions. The smooth conﬂuence of the historical record and the revelatory information of the biblical visions provided a ready empirical veriﬁcation of what faith had already aﬃrmed. This in turn meant that Daniel 7–12 eﬀectively enjoyed a double guarantee of authenticity. Not only did it have the aforementioned internal guarantee generated by virtue of the ﬁction of pseudonymous authorship, but it claimed an empirical, external guarantee for generations of later readers. The double guarantee assured that the ﬁgure of Daniel became in eﬀect a name brand, an iron-clad guarantee to a post-biblical audience that all visions associated with his name were to be considered authentic and authoritative: they were real and they were

552 For example, one wonders whether a Byzantine Greek would have been able to understand Arabic, Coptic, Hebrew, Persian, or Syriac, which together account for nine distinct apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. 553 The historical reviews of Daniel 7–12 tend to employ relatively precise descriptions of ﬁgures and events. This is not always true of later apocalypses, including a few attributed to Daniel. The Syriac Vision of the Young Daniel (§2.4) and the Syriac Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam (§2.5) are good examples.

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meaningful to their present plight. Authority and authenticity are the key elements here. Olster argues that the Byzantine Greek visions attributed to Daniel came to represent a stream of apocalyptic that did not anticipate an imperial restoration, and so was distinct from the stream characterised by the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, which did.554 Unfortunately, Olster bases his claim on one apocalypse, the Diegesis Danielis, and a review of the other twenty-three apocalyptic Daniel texts—Byzantine Greek or otherwise—suggests that his argument is only partially correct. One regularly encounters the ﬁgure of the good emperor who at one point restores the Empire (and the churches) and who guarantees prosperity and security for its inhabitants. At the same time, imperial restoration never does seem to be the ultimate goal of these apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles, which tend to phrase their expectations of the future not so much in the way of a restored earthly Empire, but more in terms of eschatological events leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of God. Olster’s argument must also be considered in the light of the visions of Daniel 7–12 (and the proto-apocalyptic vision of the great statue of Daniel 2). Daniel 2, 7, and 12 anticipate the coming Kingdom of God,555 while Daniel 8, 9, and 10–11556 are concerned with the expected imminent removal of Antiochus Epiphanes. Imperial, earthly restoration, however, is not a theme associated with the eschatological anticipations of the dream of Daniel 2 or the visions of Daniel 7–12, despite their steadfast corporate perspective.557 It is reasonable to assume that the ﬁgure of Daniel, which through the Book of Daniel had become indelibly associated with revelatory visions that did not stress imperial restoration, might have been preferred

554

Olster, “Byzantine Apocalypses,” 64. On the inﬂuence of Daniel 2 and 7 in Byzantine eschatological thought, see G. Podskalsky, Byzantinische Reichseschatologie. Die Periodisierung der Weltgeschichte in den vier Grossreichen (Daniel 2 und 7) und dem tausendjährigen Friedensreiche (Apok. 20) (München, 1972). 556 Daniel 10–12, of course, comprise only one, long vision, but 11:40–45 speak to the end of Antiochus (see note 525, supra), while Daniel 12 moves from political expectations to questions of the ultimate destiny of humans and time. 557 One likely reason for this, of course, is the fact that the Book was redacted in a period centuries removed from the last independent state, the Kingdom of Judah. Imperial restoration—often expressed in the form of the theme of the New Jerusalem (see note 270, supra)—was popular among the prophets who lived in or could remember the days of an independent Israel and Jerusalem. 555

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by later authors who wished to address similarly oppressive situations exclusive of the hope for a political restoration. For these reasons the apocalyptic visions of the Book of Daniel spoke clearly to later generations. They saw in Daniel the ideal ﬁgure to whom they could attribute a certain type of literature through which they could interpret a dire national calamity in historiographic terms that included eschatological speculation about their ultimate destinies. 5. A Greek Apocryphal “Apocalypse of Daniel”? I have highlighted the immediate relationship between certain apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha in the roster of texts in §2, above, most notably the points of contact among several of the Byzantine Greek texts. Also, I have oﬀered preliminary remarks in §3, above, concerning what I believe to be the “meme”-like character of the discrete oracles which constitute so many of these texts. Little attention, however, has been devoted to the far more complex subject of the relationship among the entire corpus of the apocalyptic Daniel texts, or between these texts and the inﬂuential Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius and other Byzantine apocalypses. Notable exceptions to the rule are the works of Schmoldt and Pertusi, and, in the limited context of the contacts between the Greek and Slavonic texts, those of Istrin and Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova.558 It is with these works that any future attempt to understand the complete expression of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha should begin. This task is largely beyond the scope of this study, if only because the knowledge of the full range of the corpus remains incomplete. It is true that this chapter has identiﬁed several new texts and dozens of new manuscripts of known texts. It has also clariﬁed what had been a morass of conﬂicting and contradictory information about these texts and has attempted to bring some order to the manuscript traditions of each. Yet, as I observed at the start of this chapter, in some ways it remains a preliminary study. Many of the apocryphal apocalypses, especially those which have been recently identiﬁed, require detailed analysis. The new manuscript copies of known apocalypses must be examined and evaluated, and there are at least a 558

Particularly Pertusi’s edition of the Visions of Daniel and the Other Holy Men (§2.6).

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dozen further Daniel apocalypses that remain unknown beyond a brief citation in a manuscript catalogue. Furthermore, the manuscript holdings of the world’s major libraries and institutions undoubtedly preserve copies of texts that might prove critical to a study of the Daniel apocalypses. Even a cursory review of the catalogues of Greek manuscripts held by the Biblioteca Marciana or the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (to cite only two examples) will uncover reference after reference to manuscript codices of apocalypses and other revelatory literature, much of it seemingly unedited. Given the complicated and nuanced relationship that seemingly exists among the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses and between them and the various recensions of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, it is quite possible that catalogue entries generically titled “Oracle on Byzantium” or “Apocalypse on Constantinople” will prove to contain invaluable evidence on the subject.559 That being said, it is still possible to outline the basic arguments concerning the relationship among all this apocalyptic literature and to oﬀer a few observations on the direction of future study. The only comprehensive theory regarding this issue is that most or all of them are versions of a single apocalypse, composed originally in Greek. Although the theory was born in the pre-1914 scholarship, and thus is based on the contemporary understanding of the extent of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, it reappears time and again in the modern scholarship, often in the context of an expanded corpus of texts but without the recognition that this expanded corpus might contain material which undermines a single-source hypothesis.560 The apocalyptic Daniel writings most familiar to late-nineteenthcentury scholarship were four Byzantine Greek texts: the Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel, the Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World, the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, and, to a lesser extent, the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel,

559 Examples of such apocalypses are to be found in Trapp’s “Vulgärorakel aus Wiener Handschriften,” passim. 560 A more extreme example of the conﬂation of texts is to be found in T.N. Hall’s essay on “Medieval Traditions about the Site of Judgment,” Essays in Medieval Studies 10 (1993), 79–91 at 80, where he refers to “the Byzantine Apocalypse of Daniel.” See also the references to Pseudo-Daniel in A. Argyriou’s valuable Les exégèses grecques de l’Apocalypse à l’époque turque (1453–1821) (Thessalonikà, 1982), 95–96, 102–104, and 348.

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itself a translation of a lost Greek original and perhaps the earliest and most inﬂuential of all the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses. The three Greek apocalypses are featured in the editions of Istrin, Vassiliev, and Klostermann, and it is no coincidence that the ﬁrst three of the numbers corresponding to the Daniel apocalypses in the Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca are assigned to these three texts.561 Zahn made the original connexion by positing that the Seventh Vision and the Last Vision of Daniel were dependent on a common source.562 Zahn’s view was later repeated563 and expanded564 by Bousset, who eventually included the Discourses of John Chrysostom and the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times in his deliberations. According to Bousset, all four texts are related to each other and may be traced in part to this source. Much of his argument is based on the presence of shared elements, particularly those that he understands to be illustrative of a underlying Antichrist myth which to his mind was common to early Christian thought and which resurfaced in diverse writings from the ﬁrst dozen or so centuries of the Common Era.565 Four decades later, Vasiliev stated that the Last Vision of Daniel, the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus, the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City, the Diegesis Danielis, and the Slavonic Vision of Daniel on the Emperors were all versions of “the apocryphal composition Daniel’s Vision.”566 More recently, Denis has extended the compass of this original Daniel apocalypse to include the Syriac Young Daniel and went as far as to suggest that the Seventh Vision and the Last Vision of Daniel are “dépendent indépendamment d’un Daniel apocryphe, peut-être judéo-rabbinique, qu’Hippolyte, selon Ébed Jesu . . . aurait commenté sous le nom de Jeune (plutôt que Petit) Daniel, dont il reste un fragment en syriaque.”567 This sentiment is echoed

561

Nos. 1871, 1872, and 1873. Zahn, Forschungen, 5.115–116. 563 Bousset, Antichrist Legend, 66–68. 564 Bousset, “Geschichte der Eschatologie,” 288–290. 565 Bousset’s schema of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses is also employed by F. Kampers, Alexander der Große und die Idee des Weltimperiums in Prophetie und Sage (Studien und Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte I.2, no. 3; Freiburg i. Br., 1901), 146–152. 566 Vasiliev, The Russian Attack on Constantinople, 160–161, esp. 160 note 28. What Vasiliev actually says is that the Greek and Slavonic versions of this “Daniel’s Vision” are edited by Istrin, pages 133–162 (= Istrin, “B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” 133–162, covering the apocalypses listed in the text to which this note refers). 567 Denis, Introduction, 1301. See §2.3. Note also Argyriou, Les exégèses grecques, 96 562

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by Wortley, who argues that the Last Vision of Daniel, the Coptic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel, and the Judaeo-Persian Qissa-yi Dàniyàl are versions of the lost Greek apocalypse that stands behind the Armenian text of the Seventh Vision.568 But are such conclusions justiﬁable and, if so, to what extent and can they be extended to the twenty other apocalyptic Daniel texts? On the whole, the few scholars who have commented on the matter have more or less accepted that some points of contact exist among the majority of the apocalypses. The research of scholars such Schmoldt, Alexander, and Rydén, for example, conﬁrms that there are at least some shared elements among several of the Byzantine Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles, and in some cases entire apocalypses seem to have been woven together from bits and pieces seconded from other texts. The information in the roster of texts, above, conﬁrms that several elements regularly appear in the Daniel apocalypses, Byzantine or otherwise. But the presence of shared elements is not always enough to posit a common source, particularly when i) these elements were used and reused in the context of the Byzantine apocalyptic traditions, often in the venue of the “meme”-like oracles; and ii) they appear in so many other apocalyptic texts that are not associated with Daniel.569 For example, although some material in the Seventh Vision is clearly reﬂected or even paralleled in a few of the other Daniel apocalypses, James’ broad statement that the Seventh Vision exists in “versions in Greek, Coptic, Armenian and other tongues”570 is far too bold. Even a cursory reading of the Daniel apocalypses preserved in these languages is enough to conﬁrm that the Coptic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel (for example) is not a version of either the Greek Last Vision of Daniel or the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel.

note 4, where Syriac, Armenian, and Arabic Daniel apocalypses are considered versions of the Greek texts printed by Vassiliev. 568 Wortley, “Literature of Catastrophe,” 10; he does not name the texts by their titles. 569 The charts in Berger’s Daniel-Diegese (inserted between pages 82 and 83 and between pages 116 and 117) are extremely eﬀective in communicating this fact. 570 M.R. James, The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament (TED 1, Palestinian Jewish Texts 14; London/New York, 1920), 70. James was of course intimately familiar with the Western European libraries and manuscripts of his age and not someone wont to make unsupported statements. Perhaps he was thinking more in general terms, along the lines of related texts or themes rather than exact copies or close versions of the same text.

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Stone oﬀers a similarly general perspective, stating that a common source underlies the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses in the Armenian, Greek, and Slavonic traditions, and that “a Persian work called the History of Daniel [i.e., the Qissa-yi Dàniyàl ] also contains similar materials.”571 In a later work Stone expands his canvas, positing that the Seventh Vision “is clearly allied with the Greek and Hebrew medieval Daniel apocalypses.572 Likewise, and although it is based solely on the appearance of similar elements and parts of discrete oracles in several texts, the assumption throughout Rydén’s studies of the Andreas Salos apocalypse which is embedded in the Life of St. Andrew the Fool is that a common source stands behind several of the Daniel apocalypses, including the Seventh Vision, the Last Vision, the Discourses of John Chrysostom, the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times, and the Hebrew Vision of Daniel. Again, though, the presence of some basic elements, which are also found elsewhere in the corpus of apocalyptic literature of late antiquity and the early mediaeval period, is in itself not enough evidence to support such statements. Even Bousset, who rather extensively referred to the Judaeo-Persian History of Daniel,573 does not argue that it evolved from this original Daniel source. It is not so much that the assertions of Stone and Rydén are erroneous—they are not, given the nature of the evidence at the time— but rather that now they require nuance. We must also recall that the correspondence of such common elements among the two dozen apocryphal Daniel apocalypses is by no means uniform. Seven or eight apocalypses might mention the Antichrist, but only two or three of these might also include the legend of the Good Emperor. The legend of the Good Emperor might then also be part of a further two or three other apocalypses, which in turn might contain the story of Elijah and Enoch, which is also to be found in one of the apocalypses that mention the Antichrist. All of a sudden it appears that there is some fundamental and stunningly obvious relationship among all the texts, when the reality is that there is a web of points of contact that is both more complex (as it refers to the connexions among these texts) and expansive (in that it extends outward to include material not attributed to Daniel). 571 Stone, “Daniel, Vision of,” Encyclopaedia Judaica (edd. C. Roth, G. Wigoder, et alii; New York, 1971–1972), vol. 5, col. 1289. 572 Stone, “Armenian Apocryphal Literature,” 618. 573 Bousset, Antichrist Legend, 109–112.

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The manner by which we evaluate potential points of contact among the various apocalyptic texts perhaps needs to be re-examined. Scholars have also oﬀered claims about the relationship among all the Daniel apocalypses apart from the single-source hypothesis. García Martínez argues that with the exception of the Syriac and Persian texts, both of which he understands to be Jewish, the later Daniel apocalypses are Christian works that were composed originally in Greek, deal primarily with Byzantine history and the reaction to the Islamic conquest, and incorporate elements from both the biblical Book of Daniel and the New Testament, especially the schema of the four kingdoms (Daniel 2 and 7).574 The understanding that most of the apocalypses were composed originally in Greek is also suggested by Brandes and followed by Henze.575 Most of these conclusions can no longer be maintained without modiﬁcation. Although the majority of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles were composed in Greek, by Christians, and deal primarily with events and ﬁgures from the Byzantine Empire, our survey of the these texts demonstrates that there are more than enough examples which are composed in other languages, by either Jews or Muslims, and which do not appear to be particularly concerned about events from Byzantine history. Nor is it precisely correct to say that the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha incorporate elements from both the biblical Book of Daniel and the New Testament. It is true that in §4, above, I argued that the apocryphal apocalypses exhibit a close relationship to the visions of the Book of Daniel in function and thus in the general structures of both form and content. It is also true that several of these apocalypses, most notably the Arabic Vision of Daniel, reﬂect the symbolic images prominent in Daniel 7–12, such as the use of horns to represent rulers and beasts to represent kingdoms. At the same time, the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha as a whole are patently dissimilar from their biblical antecedents in matters of speciﬁc content, primarily because they described historical circ*mstances very diﬀerent from those which precipitated the biblical visions of Daniel. Each apocryphon is diﬀerent, as is the degree to which it incorporates speciﬁc images from the Book of Daniel. As for the New Testament, 574

On the views of García Martínez, see the Appendix in Chapter One. Brandes, “Die apokalyptische Literatur,” 317, and cited by Henze, Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel, 7 and 7 note 11. 575

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there does not appear to be anything in the Daniel apocalyptica that is not found in other apocalypses of late antiquity and the early mediaeval period. In other words, these Daniel texts may draw on the New Testament for many of its images and vocabulary, but so do other contemporary apocalypses and apocalyptic writings. In conclusion, the idea that all or most of the Daniel apocalyptica are versions of a single apocalypse is unwarranted. More probable is the hypothesis, advanced in §3, above, that many of these compositions (and particularly the Byzantine texts) are linked through a series of common images and expectations576 and by means of reoccurring, discrete oracles. This would explain the obvious points of contact among texts such as the Armenian Seventh Vision, the Greek Last Vision of Daniel, and the Slavonic Vision of Daniel on the Emperors, without resorting to the far simpler theory that they are all versions of essentially the same texts. At the same time, more work is required on the full corpus of these texts before what I suspect is a very complicated system of relationships and linkages is revealed. Finally, the hypothesis of multiple linkages also informs the subject of the conceptual relationship between the Book of Daniel and the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. The old idea that all or many of these apocryphal texts are versions of an original Daniel apocalypse implies that they were only indirectly inspired by the Book of Daniel. The trajectory of inﬂuence in this schema is a simple straight line that runs from the Book of Daniel through this ﬁrst, lost apocalypse and from there to its extant versions. The hypothesis of multiple linkages, however, keeps the Book of Daniel and the ﬁgure of Daniel the Prophet in the equation at all times, since it assumes that these elements formed an omnipresent background to the store of images and expectations upon which the apocalypses constantly drew. In this case, the relationship between the Book of Daniel and the apocryphal apocalypses is more radial than linear, with sub-trajectories also arcing among the various apocalypses. This picture is perhaps less elegant, but it is probably much closer to the truth.

576 The relationship between the Good Emperor who reigns for thirty-odd years and the Last Roman Emperor has yet to be explained satisfactorily.

CHAPTER FOUR

THE DANIEL PROGNOSTICA 1. Ancient and Mediaeval Prognostica Fortune-telling, augury, and divination1 have been part of human history ever since humans ﬁrst recognized the fundamentally causal nature of the world around them. Astronomers and sailors from time immemorial have observed the tides of the sea waxing and waning in quotidian harmony with the movement of the moon in the sky. Ancient winemakers knew that the best vintages resulted when the weather during the vine ﬂowering in spring was warm and dry and when the grapes had enjoyed plenty of summer sun. Physicians discovered that broken limbs would heal if they were set into place and then splinted. Upon these and a thousand other simple observations were the principles of modern science, agriculture, and medicine founded. Ancient science and medicine, though, embraced a world-view that permitted agency from diﬀerent phenomena than are now normally accepted. Future events, for example, could be causally deduced from the observation of the movement of heavenly bodies, the patterns of the weather, or the state of being of animate and inanimate objects within the natural world. They could also be anticipated through the interpretation of dreams or by computi 2 based on information gleaned from astrological lore, the calendar, the alphabet, or the number system. One might calculate the success or failure of an 1 These terms are sometimes interchangeable, and sometimes not, depending on the classiﬁcation used. Since the Daniel prognostica are limited to a few speciﬁc types of texts, all of which may be classiﬁed as “divinatory,” that term will be employed throughout, particularly in order to distinguish these texts from apocalyptic revelations of the future. 2 The term is a technical one, signifying the science regarding times. See L. Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era, vol. 1 (New York/London, 1923), 676; also now F. Wallis, “Medicine in Medieval Calendar Manuscripts,” Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine. A Book of Essays (ed. M.R. Schleissner; New York/London, 1995), 105–143, esp. 105–109. Note that series of computi may appear in manuscripts devoted to diﬀerent aims: medicine, agriculture, horoscopes, etc.

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endeavor based on the speciﬁc day of the month, the day of the week upon which Christmas or Easter falls, the inﬂuence of a particular sign of the zodiac, and so on. In late antiquity and the mediaeval period, certain prognostic texts came to be associated with the ﬁgures from the past who were thought to have had special insight or knowledge about how to forecast the future.3 We ﬁnd attributed to Joseph divinatory texts based on the letters of the alphabet,4 to Solomon and to Merlin a slew of magical, hydromantic, and other writings,5 and to Ezra (Esdras) the eponymous Supputatio Esdrae, which foretold the future based on the day of the week upon which the kalends of that month fell.6 The phenomenon of pseudonymous accreditation also extended, in the case of medical and astronomical prognostica, to learned men of the classical and post-classical past, including Hippocrates, Ptolemy, Apuleius, and the Venerable Bede. Daniel was no exception to this phenomenon, and over time his name came to be aﬃliated closely with several prognostic texts. One such text is the Somniale Danielis, which was one of the most popular mediaeval pieces and which, while not always associated with Daniel, is almost never found attributed to anyone else. Another, the Lunationes Danielis, was arguably even more popular; again, when it was attributed in manuscript, the name in the incipit is almost always Daniel’s.7 As we shall see, the Somniale and the Lunationes regularly appear as one text in the same manuscript and, what is more, occasionally share the same Prologue. This Prologue explicitly attributes the work to Daniel the prophet and describes his circ*mstances as a Jewish exile at the Babylonian court under King Nebuchadnezzar. Although the original language of both texts was probably Greek,8 3 In a way, the process by which these ﬁgures came to be aﬃliated with prognostica was similar to that which underpinned the attribution of revelatory vision literature to biblical ﬁgures such as Adam, Enoch, Moses, Ezra, and Daniel. 4 L.T. Martin, Somniale Danielis. An Edition of a Medieval Latin Dream Interpretation Handbook (EHS 375; Frankfurt a.M./Bern, 1981), 91 note 19. 5 On Solomon, see now P. Torijano, Solomon the Esoteric King. From King to Magus, Development of a Tradition ( JSJSup 73; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 2002). See also §2, infra. 6 Martin, Somniale Danielis, 91 note 19. See also Thorndike, History, 678 note 1, citing British Library cod. Harley 3017, fols. 63r–64v, München SB cod. lat. mon. 6382, fol. 42, and Città del Vaticano BAV cod. Pal. lat 235, fol. 39r. 7 For this reason it will continue to be referred to by this name. See further, §3, infra. 8 Indeed, Greek copies of both texts survive, although they are all relatively late. For a list of the manuscripts, see the Inventory of Chapter Six.

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the Somniale and the Lunationes are preserved mainly in Latin manuscripts and thus should be considered part of the culture of mediaeval Christendom in the West. In particular, as the evidence demonstrates, they were extremely popular in Anglo-Saxon and Norman England and in the German cities and states of the High Middle Ages.9 Even though the aﬃliation between the ﬁgure of Daniel and prognostic texts was equally strong in mediaeval Syriac and Arabic Christian and Islamic literature, it does not seem that either the Somniale or the Lunationes proper was known to any great extent in the lands east or south of Constantinople.10 The opposite is true of a large corpus of Daniel prognostica, the elements of which circulated throughout the mediaeval Near and Middle East but did not ﬁnd their way to European lands in the Middle Ages. This corpus includes the Byzantine Greek Praedictiones Danielis, which was a popular text itself, and, among other things, the anthological treatise known as the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl and an amorphous collection of geomantic texts aﬃliated with Daniel. Both the Mal˙amat and the Daniel geomantica are common in Syriac, Arabic, and Turkish manuscript copies. As with all the Daniel apocrypha, the ﬁrst task with the prognostica is the discovery, identiﬁcation, and cataloguing of the individual copies of the texts that together form the immense bulk and broad range of the manuscript evidence, the results of which are presented in the Inventory in Chapter Six. The question that concerns us in this chapter, however, is why these prognostica, and not others, were attributed to Daniel. This is a diﬃcult question to resolve, since little in the way of direct documentation exists and most conclusions will necessarily be based on circ*mstantial evidence and inference. At the same time, this question must be addressed, since any answers will shed further light on the way in which the ﬁgure of Daniel was understood in late antique and mediaeval times. One 9 This is clear from the high percentage of manuscripts of English, German, and, to a lesser extent, French and Northern Italian provenance (also recall that the Palatine manuscripts of the Vatican Library were once part of the library at Heidelberg, having been removed from there to Rome during the Thirty Years’ War) and also from the fact that so many of the non-Latin copies are composed in Old English, Middle English, and Middle German, which presumes a certain readership and thus their provenance. Some of the Greek and Latin Vatican Palatine manuscripts, it should be said, were returned in 1816. 10 On the Somniale and the Lunationes in the Eastern traditions, see notes 205 and 252, infra.

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thing is clear, however: in the post-biblical literature, the link between personal divination and dreams and revelations may be located in the ﬁgure of Daniel the prophet as this ﬁgure is presented in the biblical story of Daniel. Accordingly, just as Chapter Three investigated the formal relationships between the visions in the biblical Book of Daniel and those in the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha, in this chapter I will explore, on a case-by-case basis, the biblical antecedents of the post-biblical Daniel prognostica. Before proceeding to the discussion of the speciﬁc texts, a few points should be made about the diﬀerences between the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses—which, as we have seen, are of the historical type exclusively—and the Daniel prognostica. Unlike the Daniel legenda, both the apocalypses and the prognostica are pseudepigraphic and are concerned with communicating knowledge of the future and making this information coherent and relevant.11 The information in the prognostica, however, is never presented by means of a revelatory vision, as it is in the apocalyptic apocrypha. Rather, the format of prognostica tends to be formulaic and unmediated, and its nature fundamentally repetitive and cyclical. To illustrate, if a lunation foretells that a son or a daughter12 born on the third day of the month is destined to become a lucky child, this information is equally and universally valid for every boy and girl born on the third day of each month. Similarly, if a dreamtext pronounces that a dream of a golden crown signiﬁes that a royal boon is in the oﬃng, this signiﬁcation applies to all who dream of a golden crown. In a sense, this is science, founded as it is on what to the authors and readers of these texts alike was an observable, measurable, universal, and repeatable causal relationship. Whether we in the modern world would agree with their assessment or its assumptions is irrelevant.

11 In both cases, too, this information about the future represents a power greater than that which is of earthly origin; kingdoms will rise and fall according to the divine plan and individuals will come into their fate as their dreams and stars indicate, no matter the machinations of the powerful and wise here on earth. On dreams in the Book of Daniel as a representation of the divine power, see D. SmithChristopher, “Prayers and Dreams: Power and Diaspora Identities in the Social Setting of the Daniel Tales,” The Book of Daniel. Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 2001), 266–290 at 281–282. 12 The texts note the diﬀerence between the two genders in approximately two thirds of the lunations that contain this information.

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The subject of the apocalyptic Daniel material, however, is singular, not repeatable. The past and future events they describe are presented as a unique series of events, and even if the series is sometimes compartmentalised into epochs or periods, it proceeds along a clearly linear conception of time. If prognostica is science, then apocalypse is history. Second, there are elements of causality and individuality peculiar to the prognostica which are not normally part of the vaticinium ex eventu reviews of past and future history characteristic to many of the ancient and mediaeval apocalypses.13 In the prognostica, speciﬁc results occur on the basis of whether certain preconditions are met: if, for example, condition x is met, then result y will surely follow. Again, too, the conditions and their results are repeatable and universal. In contrast, history in the apocalyptic Daniel literature is presented as a fait accompli. It is true, of course, that causality in the apocalypses frequently remains a factor at the level of the individual; after all, one of the lessons of the Book of Daniel is that steadfast faith will be rewarded and that misplaced pride will be punished.14 At this level there is still a link between precondition and result, although to what level the causal link between personal behaviour and fortune also aﬀects corporate structures such as peoples and kingdoms is, I think, a matter which in the context of the Book of Daniel is still open to debate. In the main, though, the future in its apocalyptic presentation is as much predetermined as is the past, and the grand sweep of world history, which is usually the focus of the review (even if it is narrated from the perspective of a certain individual or community), cannot be altered. Third, prognostica are by nature egalitarian. What would cure a knight would also cure a knave, and the aforementioned dream of a golden crown meant a future royal boon regardless of whether the dreamer was a high-born prince or a common scullery-boy. Despite

On the subject of ex eventu prophecy in apocalypses, see J.J. Collins, “Pseudonymity, Historical Reviews and the Genre of the Apocalypse of John,” CBQ 39 (1977), 329–343. 14 In addition, some ex eventu reviews of history are very much concerned with sin and its consequences; cf., e.g., the review of pre- and post-exilic history in the Animal Apocalypse. Collins, “Pseudonymity,” 337 note 28, lists examples of the fusion of the covenantal model and ex eventu prophecy. On the distinction between individual free will and a relatively deterministic apocalyptic historiography, see L. DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244) and the Book of Daniel,” DSD [forthcoming].

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this fundamental inclusivity, however, the sole subject of almost every prognostic text is the nameless individual and his or her immediate fate. Little if any attention is devoted either to the individual’s past history or future fate beyond that which the text speciﬁes or to the community or society of which he or she is a part, and only in very rare cases will a dream be interpreted as having a regional or national signiﬁcance. Prognostica almost never mention speciﬁc historical ﬁgures;15 it is as if the Everyman who is their focus exists outside of the ebb and ﬂow of history. Again, the parallel with science is strong. This situation is completely reversed when we consider the biblical and apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. The only individuals mentioned in these texts are the kings and generals and holy men who sit at the heart of the world’s events, or at least those events that are of supreme import to the apocalypticist. The common folk are rarely noticed, and when they are, it is only in a collective sense and for the purposes of illustrating the eﬀects of the actions of one of the principal ﬁgures.16 Yet despite this inherent elitism, the focus of the world-view of any given Daniel apocalypse is not on the fate of a solitary individual but instead is very much centered on the expansive scope of world events and their meaning for the community to which the apocalypse is directed. The historical type of apocalypse is thus “Great Man” history in vaticinium ex eventu dress. 2. Somniale Danielis The Somniale Danielis is an oneirokritikon, or a manual to dreams and their interpretations, the most popular of its kind in the Middle Ages.

15 One exception is the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, on which see §5, infra. Another seems to be the Syriac Treatise of Shem, which combines elements of prognostication (concentrating on meteorological and natural phenomena) with ex eventu (?) political predictions. The task of dating this strange little text has proven to be a diﬃcult problem indeed, with theories that run from last centuries BCE through the mediaeval period. See the introduction to the text in J.H. Charlesworth, “Treatise of Shem,” The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Volume I: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments (ed. J.H. Charlesworth; New York, 1983), 473–486, but n.b. the review of this translation by S.P. Brock, JJS 35 (1984), 200–209 at 203–204, and now, especially, A. Mengozzi, Trattato di Sem e altri testi astrologici (Testi del Vicino Oriente antico 7.1; Brescia, 1998). 16 We see this throughout the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, where mention is made of the people or the church prospering or suﬀering under the reign of one king or another.

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The head-words in the Somniale correspond to the subjects of the dreams and are arranged alphabetically,17 with a brief interpretation following each. A typical example: “Ascendere se videre in arborem: honorem signiﬁcat” (“Seeing oneself climbing up a tree signiﬁes honour”).18 This formula is repeated throughout the length of the text, often in manuscript with one head-word and its interpretation per line per column or page, thereby giving the text a distinctive, roster-like appearance. Some examples of the Somniale contain over 400 dreams, others are far shorter or are preserved only in fragmentary form. Among the copies, some dreams and their interpretations appear frequently, while others are preserved in only a few manuscripts. The Somniale Danielis was composed possibly as early as the fourth century,19 but also perhaps a century or two later, during the early Byzantine period. Its original language was Greek, although it now survives primarily in a number of Latin recensions and in copies written in the vernacular languages of western and northern Europe. The regular occurrence of the Somniale in manuscript testiﬁes to its popularity: it is extant in well over 150 manuscripts, of which at least two-thirds are in Latin.20 This popularity also extended into the age of the printed page; the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, for example, lists no less than forty-one examples of the text in incunabula.21 The translation of the Greek text into Latin occurred quite early in its history, perhaps around the seventh century (although the earliest surviving Latin manuscripts date from the ninth century)22 and possibly in Gaul.23 It was during this translation that the original

Not all dream-manuals are arranged in this manner; note Oxford, All Souls College cod. 81, fol. 186v, where dreams are interpreted using the letters of the Psalter. 18 Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1321, fols. 160va–163ra. Unless otherwise indicated, modern capitalization and punctuation are included in the Latin phrases in this chapter, and full text rather than abbreviations are employed. 19 M. Förster, “Das älteste kymrische Traumbuch (UM 1350),” Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 13 (1921), 55–92 at 58; A. Önnerfors, “Zur Überlieferungsgeschichte des sogenannten Somniale Danielis,” Eranos 58 (1960), 142–158. The extant Greek manuscripts (Berlin, DSB MS Phillipps 1479, fols. 4v–10v, Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. gr. 319, fols. 31r–48r, and perhaps Paris, BNF cod. gr. 2511, fols. 27r–36v (on which, see the Inventory in Chapter Six)) are all quite late. 20 See the Inventory in Chapter Six. 21 Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, Band 7 (Leipzig, 1938), 240–249. 22 London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 1ra–1vb; Uppsala, Universitetsbibliotek cod. C.664, pp. 101–111. 23 Förster, “Kymrische Traumbuch (UM 1350),” 59–60.

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structure of the dream-book was rearranged in order to maintain the alphabetic order of the head-words. Later still, when the Latin versions of the Somniale were themselves translated into the various vernacular languages of late mediaeval Europe, the structure of the text was once again rearranged to maintain an alphabetic order. The Somniale Danielis was the subject of antiquarian interest as early as the days of John of Salisbury in the twelfth century.24 The ﬁrst serious academic research on the Somniale, however, was only undertaken in the ﬁrst decades of the twentieth century, although portions of the Latin and vernacular texts had been included in older anthologies.25 The dominant ﬁgure in this early phase of research was M. Förster, who was as concerned with the vernacular versions of the text as with the Latin ones.26 The few extant Greek copies, which unfortunately are quite late, were also edited and published at this time.27 More recently, several editions of the Latin text and a number of substantive secondary studies have appeared.28 The most important of these are S.R. Fischer’s synthetic edition of the Somniale, which is based on twenty-three manuscripts and incunabula,29 L.T. Martin’s 24 Reported by J.A. Fabricius, “CCXXIV. Conjectorius Danielis, sive somniorum interpretatio sub Prophetae illius nomine jactata.” Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti (Hamburg, 21722–1723), 1130–1136. Among other things, Fabricius cites one “Jo. Sarisberiensis” (i.e., John of Salisbury, aka. John Davenant), notes that “Onirocritica Danielis damnari in decreto Gratiani,” and makes reference to i) the manuscripts in the catalogues of F. Sylburgius and G. Hickes, ii) a reproduction of a Daniel dream-text in Old French that “exstat in Bibliothecae Regia Berolinensi” (but which is probably a dream-text from Leo Tuscus), and iii) a note from an unidentiﬁed Sgambatus on the “Onerocritica Danielis, antiqua impostura.” 25 See, e.g., O. co*ckayne, Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England. Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part Never Before Printed, Illustrating the History of Science in This Country before the Norman Conquest (Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores; London, 1866), 3.198–214. 26 See his “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 3. Ein neues Traumbuch,” ASSL 120 (1908), 296–305; “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde IV. 5. Das lateinisch-altenglische Pseudo-Danielsche Traumbuch in Tiberius A.III,” ASSL 125 (1910), 39–70; “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde V. 6. Ein mittelenglisches Vers-Traumbuch des 13. Jahrhunderts. 7. Ein mittelenglisches Prosa-Traumbuch des 14. Jahrhunderts.” ASSL 127 (1911), 31–84; “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde IX. 19. Das zweite altenglische Traumbuch,” ASSL 134 (1916), 264–293; and “Das älteste kymrische Traumbuch.” 27 E. de Stoop, “Onirocriticon du prophète Daniel, dédié au roi Nabuchodonosor,” RevPh 33 (1909), 93–111; F. Drexl, “Das Traumbuch des Propheten Daniel nach dem cod. Vatic. Palat. gr. 319,” ByzZ 26 (1926), 290–314. 28 See the Inventory of Chapter Six. 29 S.R. Fischer, The Complete Medieval Dreambook. A Multilingual, Alphabetical Somnia Danielis Collation (Bern/Frankfurt a.M., 1982).

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ﬁne critical edition of the Latin text,30 J. Grub’s edition of the ninthcentury copy of the Somniale in the University Library at Uppsala,31 and A. Epe’s synoptic and critical edition of the Old English copies of the Somniale and a few of the Latin texts.32 Both Martin and Epe list many copies of the text, and Martin describes approximately twothirds of those he lists. In a nutshell, Martin argues that there are two basic versions of the Latin text, which he labels a and b.33 Version b contains the Prologue, version a does not. These two versions are fairly well-represented in the manuscript tradition, and from these stem most of the other recensions, although one or two of the very earliest (and fragmentary) manuscripts might represent diﬀerent versions that are direct copies from the Greek. The majority of the Latin manuscripts, however, are contaminated versions of the a/b type, which exhibit characteristics of both versions as well as many additions, omissions, and emendations. In his book, Martin presents a parallel edition of the a and the b versions, as well as the text of the Somniale from the ninth-century copy in British Library codex Harley 3017 and from All Souls College (Oxford) codex 81. In contrast, Epe identiﬁes what he labels versions A and C and recensions D, E, F, G, H, and J. He also presents the six copies of the Old English Somniale, which are intra-linear glosses on the Latin text (all but one of which are part of the British Library codex Cotton Tiberius A.III), as well as portions of some of the Latin copies. Fortunately, our work in this chapter on the Somniale Danielis does not demand an intense scrutiny of the relationship among its many recensions. In fact, any conclusions in this area would now be premature, since the survey of the Somniale manuscripts that is included in the Inventory of Chapter Six of the present work contains notices of over twenty Latin copies (i.e., roughly one ﬁfth of the total) which do not appear in the most comprehensive of the previous lists.34 The 30

Martin, Somniale Danielis. J. Grub, Das lateinische Traumbuch im Codex Upsaliensis C 664 (9.Jh.). Eine frühmittelalterliche Fassung der lateinischen Somniale Danielis-Tradition. Kritische Erstedition mit Einleitung und Kommentar (Lateinische Sprache und Literatur des Mittelalters 19; Frankfurt a.M./Bern/New York, 1984). 32 A. Epe, Wissensliteratur im angelsächsischen England: Das Fachschrifttum der vergessenen artes mechanicae und artes magicae. Mit besondere Berücksichtigung des Somniale Danielis: Edition der (lateinisch-) altenglishen Fassungen (Münster, 1995). 33 For a full account, see Martin, Somniale Danielis, 4–12, 63–78, esp. the stemmata at 78. 34 M.E. Wittmer-Butsch, Zur Bedeutung von Schlaf und Traum im Mittelalter (Medium Aevum Quotidianum 1; 1990), 172–181. In these pages there are three tables of 31

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Inventory also contains several additional copies of the text in the vernacular languages that hitherto have gone unnoticed beyond their entries in the manuscript catalogues. Moreover, it is important to recall that in her tables M.E. Wittmer-Butsch merely lists the manuscripts by their shelf marks and that Martin describes only approximately two-thirds of those he lists.35 As a result of these considerations, any conclusions regarding the textual situation and transmission history of the Somniale would require an examination by autopsy of the additional manuscript copies of the text included in the Inventory and the dozens of copies listed but not adequately described by Wittmer-Butsch and Martin. Some of the many types of dream manuals which circulated throughout the late antique 36 and mediaeval worlds were anonymous, while others were ascribed to ﬁgures such as Artemidorus,37 Achmet ben Sirin,38 Astrampsychos, and of course Daniel. One might reasonably conclude that Daniel, as the biblical dream-interpreter par excellence, was the only and obvious choice to become the pseudonymous author of the Somniale. Yet the issue of authorship is not as simple or as clear-cut as it might appear to be. Why, for example, was the Somniale not also attributed to the Roman, Scipio Aemilianus, manuscript lists: “Verbreitung der lateinischen Handschriften und Fragmente des ‘Somniale Danielis’ im 9.–13. Jahrhundert”; “Verbreitung der lateinischen Handschriften und Fragmente des ‘Somniale Danielis’ im 14.–16. Jahrhundert”; and “Verbreitung der volkssprachlichen Handschriften des ‘Somniale Danielis’.” The list of manuscripts in the Inventory of Chapter Six contains at least thirty more Latin copies than those which are listed by Martin. 35 Of course, some of these manuscripts are described in catalogues and other reference sources elsewhere; again, see the Inventory in Chapter Six. 36 For an overview of the extant Byzantine dream manuals, see S.M. Oberhelman, “The Oneirocritical Literature of the Late Roman and Byzantine Eras of Greece: Manuscript Studies, Translations and Commentaries to the Dream-Books of Greece during the First Millennium AD, with Greek and English Catalogues of the DreamSymbols and with a Discussion of Greek Oneiromancy from Homer to Manuel the Palaeologian” (Diss: Minnesota, 1981), 53–124 at 53–76. 37 See R. Hirscher (ed.), Artemidori Daldiani Onirocriticon Libri V (Teubner; Leipzig, 1864); R.A. Pack (ed.), Artemidori Daldiani Onirocriticon Libri V (Teubner; Leipzig, 1963); R.J. White (trans. and comm.), The Interpretation of Dreams. Oneirocritica by Artemidorus (Park Ridge, NJ, 1975). 38 Achmet’s dream manual and the Somniale Danielis are not the same text; indeed, both appear together in some manuscripts (e.g., Milano, BA cod. T.81 sup.). Achmet claimed to be the dream-interpreter to a minister of the Caliph’s court (but was in reality likely a pseudonym for a Greek Christian), and his work in turn was translated into Latin by Leo Tuscus, the imperial interpreter of letters under the Byzantine emperor Comnenus. On the subject of Achmet, see J.C. Lamoreaux, The Early Muslim Tradition of Dream Interpretation (Albany, 2002), 140–154.

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who in one of the most popular texts of the mediaeval period dreamed of the cosmos and of the place of humans and kingdoms within it? Why was it not associated with Adam or Solomon,39 around whom coalesced an impressive constellation of mantic and magic texts? More importantly, the patriarch Joseph is also a biblical dream-interpreter of the same calibre as Daniel,40 but why in only extremely rare cases is the Somniale attributed to Joseph?41 After all, the biblical archetypes of the symbolic dream which required second-party interpretation were as much to be found in the account of the dreams of Pharaoh and his chief butler and chief baker (Gen 40–41) as they were in the dreams located in the court tales of the Book of Daniel.

39 M. Steinschneider reports that there is a post-incunabula printed edition of the Somniale which is attributed to Solomon (“Das Traumbuch Daniels und die oneirokritische Litteratur des Mittelalters: Eine bibliographische Studie,” Serapium 24 (1863), 193–201, 209–216 at 199). 40 On the relationship between the ﬁgure of Joseph as a Hebrew dream-interpreter who serves in a foreign (Egyptian) court under a powerful king (Pharaoh) and the ﬁgure of Daniel as a Jewish exile dream-interpreter who serves in a foreign court (Babylon) under a powerful king (Nebuchadnezzar and his successors), see J.J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia; Minneapolis, 1993), 39–40. Collins quite rightly states that Daniel 1–6 is not simply a midrash on the Joseph story. C.G. Labonté argues that Daniel 2 does not depend on Genesis 41, but rather that both were composed in the same period of history and so sprung from the same historical and social context (“Genèse 41 et Daniel 2: question d’origine,” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings (BETL 106; ed. A.S. van der Woude; Leuven, 1993), 271–284). But Labonté’s arguments, while illuminating, do not speak to the fundamental diﬀerence between the two texts regarding their conception of time and history. Also, one need not presume a chronological development between the two texts to explain the disparity, since they might simply be the product of diﬀerent communities, streams of Judaism, etc. 41 None of the manuscripts described by Martin, Somniale Danielis, 13–62, mentions an attribution to Joseph. Of the hundreds of manuscripts I have examined by autopsy or through a reference in a catalogue, I have found only one that includes the names of Joseph and Daniel: Toledo, Librería del Cabildo cod. 378, fols. 5r–30v, entitled “Vera Somniorum Interpaetratio [sic] ex Danielo et Iosepho” (see J.M. Octavio de Toledo, Catálogo de la Librería del Cabildo Toledano. I.A parte— Manuscritos (Biblioteca de la revista de archivos, bibliotecas y museos 3; Madrid, 1903), 185). There is, however, a reference to a “Somniale Ioseph” in a late-fourteenth- or early-ﬁfteenth-century manuscript: Melk, Benediktinerstift cod. 728, fols. 58vb–59ra (see C. Glassner, Inventar der Handschriften des Benediktinerstiftes Melk. Teil 1: Von den Anfängen bis ca. 1400 (Veröﬀentlichungen der Kommission für Schrift- und Buchwesen des Mittelalters II.8; DAWWien, philos.-histor. Klasse 285; Wien, 2000), 307). According to Glassner, the text bears the title “Incipiunt interpretaciones sompniorum quas composuit Joseph cum fuit captus a Pharaone . . .” and is a copy (?) of a text edited by A.E. Schönbach, ZdfA 34 (1890), 1–6. It is signiﬁcant that only one incunabulum, GKW 7938, Somnia Danielis & Ioseph (see the Inventory in Chapter Six), includes the name of the patriarch as well as the prophet.

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I do not set up a straw man with these questions. The quantity and variety of ancient and mediaeval Jewish, Christian, and Muslim texts which were pseudonymously attributed to biblical ﬁgures is astonishing.42 In many cases, the connexion between a text and its pseudonymous author is obscure, since the post-biblical rationale that actually made this connexion was only partially based on the information contained in the biblical record, or was at the very least grounded on an autonomous extrapolation or ampliﬁcation from this information. For example, at ﬁrst glance there appears to be no good reason why a group of mediaeval texts focusing on demonology would have been composed and copied under the name of King Solomon. Yet, as P.A. Torijano explains in his comprehensive volume of the transformation of the ﬁgure of Solomon from king to magus, traditional lore connecting Solomon with exorcism provided the initial basis for later texts where Solomon was associated with the science and study of demonology.43 The view that the initial basis for this development was the biblical characterisation of Solomon as a wise king44 need not require the proposition that all the elements of the post-biblical development must be present in the biblical antecedent from which such a development was extrapolated or ampliﬁed.45 Put another way, there is frequently a conceptual gap that resides between the post-biblical text and the biblical ﬁgure with which it is associated, a gap which modern scholarship must strive

42 As an illustration of the great range of known texts, see the “List of Writings” included in L. DiTommaso, A Bibliography of the Pseudepigrapha, 1850–1999 ( JSPSup 39; Sheﬃeld, 2001), 83–90, a list that covers only the texts based of ﬁgures from the Hebrew Bible. As for the possibility that there are many more pseudepigrapha still to be found in manuscript, see idem, “A Report on Pseudepigrapha Research since Charlesworth’s Old Testament Pseudepigrapha,” JSP 12.2 (2001), 179–207, and, with reference to the texts in the Arabic tradition speciﬁcally, Lamoreaux’s comments at note 209, infra. 43 Torijano, Solomon the Esoteric King, 190–191. On the astrological text Tabula prenostica Salomonis (Paris, BNF cod. lat. 16208, fol. 135r), which Torijano does not discuss, see C.S.F. Burnett, “A Note on Two Astrological Fortune-Telling Tables,” RHT 18 (1988), 257–262. 44 Torijano, Solomon the Esoteric King, 228. 45 Of course, this process was already ongoing in the creation of texts that eventually would become part of the Hebrew Bible. It is well-known that a collection of prophetic utterances composed over a number of centuries gradually came to be associated with the ﬁgure of the prophet Isaiah, and the composition of the Book of Daniel itself is an excellent case study of how a ﬁgure (the wise man in a foreign court who could interpret dreams) later took on a new but related role (the seer of revelatory visions).

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to bridge. Sometimes this process is easy, sometimes it is not, but one cannot with the beneﬁt of hindsight simply assume that it was only natural that one text and not another was attributed to a particular biblical ﬁgure. In the end, therefore, the question of why certain texts came to be associated with certain ﬁgures is both proper and necessary. To return to the issue of attribution of the Somniale, an initial response might be to assert that once a text became associated over time with a particular ﬁgure, this relationship would, to one degree or another, be more “ﬁxed.” In other words, once several copies of the Somniale began to circulate under Daniel’s name, the text from that point on became irrevocably aﬃliated with Daniel and no one else. But this hypothesis suﬀers from two ﬂaws. First, it does not speak to the issue of why the Somniale was originally attributed to Daniel. Second, it is not supported by the material evidence from other texts. Lunations, for instance, while frequently accredited to Daniel, were in a small minority of cases also attributed to Adam, Esdras, Merlin, or the Venerable Bede, and there is even a Lunation of Solomon.46 Similarly, in the realm of the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses, not only does one encounter cases where only a portion of the copies of a speciﬁc text are explicitly attributed to Daniel (e.g., the Diegesis Danielis), but there are a few cases where an apocalypse is attributed to one ﬁgure in one manuscript and to another ﬁgure in a diﬀerent manuscript (e.g., the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel ). The point is that while it was possible—albeit within a limited range—for substantively identical texts to be associated with more than one biblical, mythological, or historical ﬁgure, the Somniale resolutely remained the sole province of Daniel.47 To understand this 46

See below, §3. There is a text, London, BL cod. Harley 2253, fol. 119v [script circa 1310], which the Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum (4 vols.; London, 1808), 1.590, describes as “An English Poem upon the Interpretation of Dreams, pretended to have been found by David a Prophete of grete pris, in a Cyte of Babyloyne.” The text is published in T. Wright, Reliqiae Antiquae (London, 1841), 1.261–268, and again (with corrections) by Förster, “Beiträge V.6,” 36–46. The attribution to David is probably a mistake, however, as the setting of the “Cyte of Babyloyne” makes clear. The full text of this Prologue is published in Fischer, Complete Medieval Dreambook, 22, and it, too, leaves no doubt that Daniel rather than David is meant: “Her comensez a bok of sweuenyng,/þat men meteþ in slepyng;/þurþ David [Fischer: Daniel] hit yfounden ys,/þat wes prophete of gret pris. /þo he was in a cyte/of Babylone of gret pouste,/þe princes him bysohten alle,/boþe in toun & in halle,/þat he huere sweuenes aredde,/þat huem þoþte anyht in bedde/ant 47

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post-biblical connexion and why it was so strong, it must ﬁrst be set in its larger context of the phenomena of dreams and visions in antiquity and the Middle Ages. Dreams and dream interpretation have a long and rich history among the cultures and civilisations of ancient and mediaeval Europe and the Near and Middle East.48 Dream manuals per se do not appear in the Bible, but are extant in Ancient Near Eastern sources that likely predate most parts of it.49 Dream manuals also appear in classical sources, and it is this dual heritage that forms the crucible in which the Somniale Danielis was formed.50 Perhaps the most famous expression of the extended dream-vision in classical literature was Cicero’s celebrated and popular Somnium Scipionem, which forms the conclusion to his political treatise, De re publica, and which was the only portion of the book that was known to mediaeval authors.51 A beautiful and moving vision of the transitory nature of human life and individual accomplishment, the Somnium, as its title suggests, is quite clearly a dream52 that fuses elements of the personal (Scipio’s future) and the corporate (Rome’s destiny) with a complicated yet orderly cosmology. Although it is not an apocalypse, if one were to consider it in the light of that porvndude huere sweuenes ariht/þurn þe holi gostes myht.” The only possible supporting evidence that David was indeed meant is indirectly found in a lunation found at Basel, Universitätsbibliothek MS B VII 4, fol. 140va–b [script. saec. xiii], that is described in the catalogue as a “Somniale David” (G. Meyer and M. Burckhardt, Die mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Basel (Basel, 1960), 666–667). But this is a lunation, not a Somniale (and, moreover, bears the title “Somniale quod reuelatum est esdre siue ex daniele inuentum”). Only one of the other 250–plus lunations is attributed to David, and this is a Greek text (Athínai, Bibliothecae Publicae cod. 1275, fols. 22r–25v) that is associated with both David and Solomon. See Torijano, Solomon the Esoteric King, 310–315. 48 There is an enormous literature on this. See E.L. Ehrlich, Der Traum im Alten Testament (BZAW 73; Berlin, 1953); N. Lewis, The Interpretation of Dreams and Portents (1976); P.C. Miller, Dreams in Late Antiquity (1994), and, especially, J.-M. Husser, Le songe et la parole: étude sur le rêve et sa fonction dans l’ancien Israël (BZAW 210; Berlin, 1994), and the sources cited there. 49 See Ehrlich, Der Traum im AT. 50 Fischer, Complete Medieval Dreambook, 6–7. The most famous dream-books of the ﬁrst few centuries CE were the Oneirokritikon of Artemidoros (late second century), who collated and edited the older dream traditions that were available to him, and the dream-book pseudonymously attributed to Astrampsychos (ﬁrst noted in the third century by Diogenes Laertius). 51 The rest of the book was lost until 1820, when it was partially recovered by Cardinal A. Mai from a unique, ﬁfth- or sixth-century palimpsest in the Vatican library. 52 Rep. 6, §10.

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tion of J.J. Collins’ deﬁnition of the genre which centers on content,53 one might say that the Somnium possessed generous qualities of both the “historical” and “otherworldly” types in its perspective and substance. In its content the Somnium Scipionem is unambiguous; what Scipio experiences in his dream is what the reader is meant to understand, bereft of the need for an intermediary agency to explicate meaning. The Jew, Christian, or Muslim of the post-biblical period, however, would have been quite familiar with the idea of mediation, since in the Hebrew Bible the word or will of God can be communicated in several ways, including dreams and visions54 that are sometimes highly cryptic and therefore require second-party interpretation.55 By virtue of their essential purpose of imparting coherence, all prognostica—ancient or mediaeval, dream-texts or moon-books, anonymous or attributed, including those associated with Daniel—are mediated texts. The interpretations of the dreams in an alphabetical dream manual such as the Somniale are as much mediated by Daniel as is King Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of the great statue in Daniel 2.

See Chapter Three, §3. One should not make too much of the diﬀerence between dreams and visions, words which in English can express a diﬀerence in substance and setting that is not always the case in the Hebrew or the Aramaic. By any measure the content of dreams and visions are indistinguishable. Husser has attempted to distinguish between them on the basis that dreams have a visual element, whereas visions do not (Le songe et la parole, 24–25), but, as L. Grabbe demonstrates, this distinction is too facile (Priests, Prophets, Diviners, Sages: A Socio-historical Study of Religious Specialists in Ancient Israel (Valley Forge, 1995), 147). For example, the disembodied hand of Daniel 5, which appears in a waking vision and not a sleeping dream, is clearly visual in nature. Moreover, at times the Hebrew words for “dream” (μlj, less commonly μwlj) and “vision” (ˆwzj, less commonly ˆwyzj) appear together in a context which implies their commensurability (e.g., Job 20:8, 33:15; Isa. 29:7). There are a few instances in the Book of Daniel where there is a preparatory aspect to the vision (9:3–4, 10:2–4), but by and large both dreams and visions occur without any preliminaries. Daniel’s visions in chapters 7 and 8 seemingly come upon him without warning, Nebuchadnezzar merely dreams his dreams in chapters 2 and 4, while the sudden appearance of the aforementioned hand of chapter 5 abruptly intrudes on the festivities of Belshazzar and his drunken guests. Furthermore, in the Book of Daniel there is an emphasis in the reports of both dream and vision in specifying the precise time and place during which these events occur, as if to record an anomalous event, a characteristic that was faithfully preserved in many of the later apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. 55 On dreams as divine communication, cf. 1 Sam 28:6; Joel 3:1; and Job 33:15. There are several dreams in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament whose meaning is plain, including Gen 20:3, 6–7; 31:10–13, 24; 1 Kgs 3:5–15; Matt 1:20–24, 2:13–15; and Acts 9:10. 54

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It was in this context of classical and biblical dreams and visions that, on or around the year 400, the pagan author Macrobius composed his popular commentary on the Somnium Scipionem, which included a systematic classiﬁcation of dreams.56 Macrobius argued that there were ﬁve distinct types of dreams. The ﬁrst and second types, the nightmare (insomnium) and the apparition (visum), he judged to be imaginary and thus to have no prophetic signiﬁcance. The other three types had prophetic value. There was the enigmatic dream (somnium), where knowledge of the future was concealed behind the ambiguity of the subject of the dream. For this reason dreams required interpretation. The fourth type was the prophetic or revelatory dream-vision (visio), where future events are witnessed exactly as they occur. Finally, there was the oracular dream (oraculum), in which a ﬁgure appears to give advice or to suggest a course of action.57 Macrobius’ categories and descriptions would inﬂuence greatly the presentation of dreams and dream-visions in the subsequent literature and poetry.58 The dream-type in the Book of Daniel and in the Somniale Danielis is without question the somnium, that is, the dreams are cryptic and thus require interpretation. Of course, the author/redactor of MT Daniel did not work in the light of Macrobius’ classiﬁcation, but the author and the later copyists and redactors of the Somniale probably did. Neither Adam nor Solomon are dream experts. While Adam was renowned in later writings for his insight,59 this insight did not extend into the realm of dream interpretation. Similarly, in the post-biblical literature the name of Solomon became associated with magic,60 but, again, this is not the same as dream interpretation. And Scipio’s specialty was clearly the visio, not the somnium. 56 See, esp., K. Mras, “Macrobius’ Kommentar zu Ciceros Somnium. Ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte des 5. Jahrhunderts n. Chr,” SAWBerlin, phil.-hist. Klasse 1933, 232–286; English trans.: Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio (trans. W.H. Stahl; New York, 1952). 57 The strange episode of the writing on the wall in Daniel 5 seems to ﬁnd no reﬂection in Macrobius’ categories. It is not a dream per se, but nor is it a vision, either, which typically do not appear to anyone but the seer. In the case of the writing on the wall, the narrative highlights the fact that the words were seen by everyone, including King Belshazzar. The question arises whether the revelers at the feast were drunk; if so, perhaps their state of mind was thought to have been akin to sleep, wherein a visio was possible. But even this would not explain the persistence of the writing after the fact. 58 A.C. Spearing, Mediaeval Dream-Poetry (Cambridge, 1976), passim. 59 See below, §§3 and 5, regarding the legend of the Cave of Treasures. 60 Torijano, Solomon the Esoteric King.

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Although the biblical and classical types could be stretched to some degree in order to accommodate related post-biblical material, there was a limit, and this limit was in part deﬁned by the Macrobian classiﬁcation. In the light of this classiﬁcation, Daniel ﬁt the Somniale where Adam and the rest could not. All of this, however, does not address the problem as to why the Somniale was attributed to Daniel and not to Joseph, who, as mentioned, was also ﬁrmly aﬃliated with the interpretation of symbolic dreams.61 The answer to this problem is to be found in the nature

61 Unfortunately, the speciﬁc contents of the Somniale Danielis reveal nothing concerning this issue. Regardless of the Somniale, the subject of the dreams is always the same: animals, birds, plants and trees, inanimate objects, actions, states of being, and the like. Allowing for changes due to historical and conceptual circ*mstances, these are the sorts of things about which a person living today might dream. What is critical here is that there is nothing in the head-words or their interpretations that implies any speciﬁc connexion to Daniel the prophet. The dreams are not at all concerned about eschatological subjects (which would favour their attribution to Daniel rather than to Joseph) nor is there an eschatological tenor to the interpretations, which usually describe how a person’s life will be forecast by his or her dreams. More importantly, neither the dreams nor the interpretations are particularly historical or political in content. In Chapter Three I remarked how the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses overwhelmingly tended to be concerned with the grand historical, political, and military ﬁgures and events of the past and the future, and suggested that the concern for such things helped explain the association of this literature with the ﬁgure of Daniel. This is not the case with the Somniale Danielis, however, whose dreams and interpretations are far more mundane and revolve around the individual and his or her dreams rather than the circ*mstances of state. 62 Two points on the ﬁgure of Daniel in the Book of Daniel: i) As was detailed in Chapter One, there are signiﬁcant diﬀerences between the MT Hebrew/Aramaic text of the Book of Daniel and the texts of the Greek versions and the other ancient and early mediaeval translations of the book, and for that reason we must be sensitive to the possibility that the antecedent for an apocryphal tradition or topos might be found in one version but not another. In some cases, as with MT and OG Daniel 4, for instance, the diﬀerences between the two variants of the text can be profound. “Variant” is the correct term, as Collins demonstrates, since “the MT and OG of Daniel 4 preserve variant formulations of a common story. Neither one can be regarded as the Vorlage of the other” (Daniel, 221); ii) Because we are dealing with a redaction, it is diﬃcult if not fruitless to try to ascertain the development of the conception of Daniel as a wise man, and so determine whether he was in the earliest tales primarily conceived of as an astrologer and then gradually came to assume the roles of dream-interpreter and prophet-seer. And even if one could isolate such a development (if such a development indeed exists), this chapter is interested in the ﬁnal product of a second-century BCE author/redactor, namely the MT Book of Daniel, even though this ﬁnal product was for a long time not that ﬁnal at all and would itself be the subject of reworking and expansion in the context of its transmission and translation into other ancient languages. Yet since the reception and interpretation of the ﬁgure of Daniel in the post-biblical prognostica are the focus of this chapter, it is the redacted and received texts of the

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and functions of Daniel the prophet as they are expressed in the biblical book which bears his name.62 The primary setting of the Book of Daniel is Babylon,63 where Daniel is located along with the other exiles of Judah. Daniel is habitually referred to as Belteshazzar,64 and throughout the Book he is explicitly or implicitly at court and in service to the Babylonian kings, in particular the mighty King Nebuchadnezzar.65 MT Daniel is an obviously redacted document, and part of the manner in which the redactor shaped his materials into a coherent whole was to employ a series of intermittent explanatory devices throughout the narrative.66 The recurring reminder that Daniel is also known as Belteshazzar was one of these devices, as was the important topos that Daniel was far more adept and knowledgeable than the other wise men at the Babylonian court.67 Our ﬁrst indication of the way that the role of Daniel is understood comes in MT Daniel 1, where Daniel and his three compatriots, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, having refused to partake of the deﬁling food and drink of the Babylonians, are examined by the chief eunuch of the court and are found to be in better physical condition than those who ate the royal fare.68 The reason that these four are in this position is that they were part of a group of young men of royal and noble birth who were deported to Babylon as spoils of war. For the past three years Daniel and his companions were thoroughly educated in the language and the literature of their Babylonian conquerors, including, presumably, astronomical and oneirocritical knowledge.69 At the end of this section (1:17), the Book of Daniel (Hebrew/Aramaic, Greek, Latin, etc.), and its consistent exposition of this topos of the superiority of Daniel with which I am principally concerned. 63 For an overview of the story of Daniel in the MT Daniel, see Chapter Two, §1. 64 See Chapter Two, note 4. 65 Greek, NabouxodonÒsor, and Latin, Nabuchodonosor, which is the most common spelling of the name in the apocryphal Daniel literature. 66 For an overview of the process, see Chapter One, §1 and Chapter Two, passim. 67 The extension of this topos was not limited to this stressing of the fact of Daniel’s superiority, but also (likely) to inserting the ﬁgure of Daniel in a “madness of the king” story (Dan 4) that perhaps originally had nothing to do with Daniel at all. 68 For an overview of the story of Daniel as it expressed in MT Daniel 1–6, see Chapter Two, §1. 69 While it is certainly true that three years’ training is “unrealistically short for anyone who had no previous training in Akkadian letters” (Collins, Daniel, 140), the point of the pericope is to set the action of Dan 1 within the overall chronology of Dan 1–6 (via the “three years”) and, more importantly, to communicate the fact

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reader is told that God gave the four “knowledge and proﬁciency in all literature and wisdom,” while Daniel personally was awarded special insight into all visions and dreams (twmljw ˆwzjAlkb). A little later, after having tested the four himself, Nebuchadnezzar is said to have found them “ten times better than the dream interpreters and exorcists (μypçah μymsrjhAlk)70 in his whole kingdom” (1:20). This wide compass of knowledge, covering dream and vision interpretation and the arcane arts, is recalled in Daniel 2. By virtue of his success in describing and interpreting Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, Daniel is by implication more knowledgeable and proﬁcient than all the king’s “dream interpreters, exorcists, sorcerers,71 and Chaldeans” (μydçklw μypçkmlw μypçalw μymfrjl [here with the objective preﬁx -l]) (2:2, cf. 2:10). Later in the same chapter, after the language of the MT text has moved from the Hebrew to the Aramaic, Daniel tells the king that none of the royal “sages, exorcists, dream interpreters, or diviners”72 (ˆyrzg ˆymfrj ˆypça ˆymykj) (2:27) has the ability to do what he, Daniel, was about to do, i.e., to recount the king’s dream and then interpret it. The same circle of wise men is more or less cited again in Daniel 4, where Nebuchadnezzar once again dreams a dream and so summons his wise men, here listed as “dream interpreters, exorcists, Chaldeans, and diviners” (ayrzgw aydçk aypça aymfrj) (4:4).73 Similarly, that Daniel and his three companions were well-trained, which establishes the context by which Daniel’s knowledge is judged superior to that of the Babylonian wise men. For this reason I think that Collins is perhaps wrong in assuming that “the prominence given to the education of the youth in chap. 1 must be taken to reﬂect the author’s ideal of a Jewish sage” (ibid., 146). Would a Hellenistic-era Jew consider divination, dream-interpretation, sky-watching, and other traditionally Babylonian forms of education part of the characteristics of Jewish sage? Or is this type of education better understood in its role in the later comparison between Daniel and the wise men? 70 yÄ: toÁw §paiodoÁw ka‹ toÁw mãgouw; OG: toÁw sofiståw ka‹ toÁw filosÒfouw. “Exorcist” is used in the sense of “enchanter of incantations.” 71 OG: §paiodo¤, mãgoi, farmako¤. It is unclear what the last Hebrew term, “sorcerer,” refers to (it is mentioned in Daniel only at this point, although it found elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible; cf. Exod 7:11, 22:17, and so on), although the context could be divinatory (geomantic, astrological, etc.); see 2:27 and 4:4. The Greek farmako¤ could also refer to those who are involved with medicine, which in the ancient and mediaeval worlds was also frequently associated with prognostication. 72 On “diviners,” see Collins, Daniel, 161: “The generally accepted meaning is ‘fate determiners’.” The emphasis seems to be on personal fortune-telling. See §3, infra. 73 Note that the OG variant of the story does not preserve the information that the king ﬁrst summoned his wise men before he called for Daniel.

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in Dan 5 the reader ﬁnds the new king, Belshazzar, who is confronted by the unknown writing on the wall and so calls for his “exorcists, Chaldeans, and diviners” (ayrzgw aydçk aypçal) (5:7).74 These groups of men, whom the text refers to collectively as “the sages of Babylon”75 (lbb ymykj) (5:7) or “all the sages of the king” (aklm ymykj lk)76 (5:8)77 are unable to make sense of the writing. Later on, at 5:21, the “sages” are grouped with the “exorcists”;78 why this contrast should be made here and not at 5:7 or 5:8 is unknown. It is clear that the various groups of wise men mentioned throughout the Book of Daniel have a collective rather than an individual function. This is not to say that each group of specialists has no meaning apart from that which is assigned by the whole. The fact that some care was taken to speciﬁcally identify certain types of wise men and not others (no oracles or magicians are mentioned, for example) implies that the author or redactor of this information attempted to reproduce the court situation in Babylon as accurately as possible,79 although it is probably the case that his knowledge of the Babylonian castes was more romantic than it was historical.80

74 There are variations on this list in certain manuscripts and the other ancient translations of the Book of Daniel. Note that 4QDana includes “dream interpreters.” OG: toÁw §paoidoÁw ka‹ farmakoÁw ka‹ Xalda¤ouw ka‹ gazarhnoÊw. 75 Here and at 5:8 yÄ preserves “wise men” (sofo‹). 76 Some manuscripts contains “sages of Babylon”; cf. BHG, loc. cit. 77 OG: oﬂ §paoido¤ ka‹ farmako¤ ka‹ gazarhno¤. 78 yÄ adds “diviners.” Omitted in OG. 79 H.I. Avalos suggests that the long list of the Babylonian court oﬃcials in Daniel 3 serves a humourous purpose that underscores “a socioreligious critique of pagan social institutions such as the Babylonian government bureaucracy” (“The Comedic Function of the Enumerations of Oﬃcials and Instruments in Daniel 3,” CBQ 53 (1991), 580–588 [quotation at 587]). Avalos does not comment on the similarly long lists of the Babylonian wise men in other places in the Book of Daniel, but it is not impossible that these lists might also have been appreciated by the reader for their potential comedic value. Whether this was the author’s intent, however, is obscure: it seems more likely that the lists of the Babylonian wise men are an honest attempt—if perhaps an anachronistic and romantic one—to present the full range of the wise men whose function it was to serve as a foil to Daniel and his God-given knowledge. 80 Collins observes that “there is no evidence that the biblical author understood the specializations of the Babylonian castes or was familiar with their methods. The use of . . . μypva . . . requires no intimate acquaintance with Babylonian learning. We ﬁnd in Daniel an acquaintance with a wide range of material but little mastery of history or of the scientiﬁc learning of the day” (Daniel, 139). This sentiment is echoed by K. van der Toorn, “Scholars at the Oriental Court: The Figure of Daniel against Its Mesopotamian Background,” The Book of Daniel. Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 2001), 1.37–54 at 41,

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The fact that speciﬁc types of wise men were deliberately identiﬁed would not have been lost on a post-biblical audience, and for this reason there are no apocryphal tales featuring Daniel as oracle or magician. But as for their meaning to the Book as a whole, the group of wise men collectively delineate the full compass of knowledge of which Daniel was master.81 The court dream interpreters, Chaldeans, diviners, and sorcerers of the Book of Daniel are presented together corporately so as to provide a means of comparison with the ﬁgure of Daniel. True, Daniel’s steadfast faith meant that he was given special insight by God to reveal the mysteries, but he is not alien to the ways and means of the wise men of Babylon.82 He is an interpreter of dreams and visions, just as they were (or at least some of them). The ﬁgure of Daniel the wise is thus circ*mscribed by means of this comparative relationship to the wise men of Babylon. At the same time, however, the primary means by which his function as dream interpreter is articulated is through his actions. I have already mentioned the fact that Daniel was given proﬁciency beyond all others in matters of knowledge and the interpretation of these mysteries (1:17). This proﬁciency was later rewarded when Daniel was made the chief oﬃcer (br ˆyngs) of the wise men of Babylon (2:48). Later on he is called the chief of all the dream interpreters (aymfrj br, 4:6) and the “chief of dream interpreters, exorcists, Chaldeans, and diviners” (5:11). This proﬁciency is stressed time and again. In MT and yÄ Daniel 483 King Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a tree of great height and strength who adds that the description of the wise men at the Babylonian court is reminiscent of the depiction of the various servants at the court of Pharaoh. 81 An analogy, perhaps, may be found in the references to the Canaanites, Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites that pepper the Hebrew Bible (cf. Exod 33:2; Josh 9:1; 1 Kgs 9:20, etc.). Individually, each of the groups of peoples has a meaning: the Jebusites are Jebusites, not Hittites. From the point of view of function, however, this group of peoples collectively represent the enemies of Israel who occupy the land and so for this reason are so often presented in a series, even though in some cases some of the parts of the series are missing and in other cases the order of the parts varies. This is precisely the case with the groups of the wise men of Babylon. 82 See my response to the argument of R.G. Wooden, note 273, infra. On the term “mystery” (zr), see Dan 2:19–20. The term could have cosmological or eschatological connotations (see Collins, Daniel, 159) and so likely either formed that part of the court tales of Daniel 2–6 that facilitated the later addition of visions of 7–12 to the Book of Daniel or was part of the redactor’s attempt to unify his materials. 83 The story actually begins at 3:31.

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whose lush foliage and fruit are for a set period of time stripped away to the root by a Watcher from Heaven.84 Daniel interprets the dream to mean that Nebuchadnezzar would lose his mind and his crown for a set period of time, after which both would be restored to him. The story is related in both the ﬁrst and third person,85 and is set within an epistolary framework, as a message from the king to the inhabitants of the land. In OG Daniel 4, the structure of the story and the shifts in perspective are diﬀerent, as is the content of the narrative in many minor points. In all the witnesses to the tale of Nebuchadnezzar’s madness, however, the dream of the king is completely personal and concerns almost exclusively what is to come to pass in the future. In Daniel 2 the reader encounters another personal dream. King Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a giant statue composed of many elements—head of gold, breast and arms of silver, belly and thews of bronze, legs of iron, and feet of iron and clay. The statue stood in its place until it was struck upon the feet by a stone hewn not by human hands, which shattered the statue and which then grew into a great mountain. Daniel interprets this dream historiographically, with reference ﬁrst to the personal and then to the corporate. The constituent elements of the statue, he announces, represent a series of kings, who symbolise historical kingdoms, each of which rules in its turn until the time when ﬁnal kingdom, represented by the feet of iron and clay, is overthrown by the advent of the Kingdom of God, which shall reign forever. Somewhat diﬀerent in form from the dreams of Daniel 2 and 4 is the waking vision of Daniel 5. Here Belshazzar, the son of and successor to Nebuchadnezzar,86 throws a massive banquet in which the captured Temple vessels are used for the guests’ wine. Suddenly, on the wall in front of the king and all his guests, appears a dis84 The essential literature on Daniel 4 is E. Haag, Die Errettung Daniels aus der Löwengrube: Untersuchungen zum Ursprung der biblischen Danieltradition (SBS 110; Stuttgart, 1983); L.M. Wills, The Jew in the Court of the Foreign King: Ancient Jewish Court Legends (HDR 26; Minneapolis, 1990); and M. Henze, The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar. Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4 ( JSJSup 61; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1999). 85 Nebuchadnezzar, not Daniel. As with all the tales of Daniel 1–6 and the Greek Additions, the story is about Daniel, not written by him. 86 On the diﬃculties between the information preserved in the Book of Daniel and the historical record, and also on the responses to the diﬃculties in the Daniel legenda, see Chapter Two.

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embodied hand. The hand writes a few words on the wall, the nature of which the king and his wise men are utterly unable to understand. Daniel is summoned, reads the words, and deciphers their complex historiographic meaning, which like the interpretation of the dream at Daniel 2 has both a personal and a corporate tenor. The kingdom of the Babylonians, he announces, is destined to be ruled by a succession of monarchs of diminishing ability, the last of whom, King Belshazzar, would suﬀer the fate of having his kingdom conquered and divided among the Persians and the Medes. In all three of the dreams and visions just described,87 the forecasting of personal fortune plays a paramount role, even in the cases where the interpretation has clear corporatist overtones. If the Book of Daniel had only consisted of the apocalyptic visions of Daniel 7–12, where the corporate element dominates, the dream-book that now bears his name likely would have been attributed not to Daniel but to Joseph, who demonstrates the ability to interpret the dreams and forecast the futures of individuals, namely, Pharaoh’s butler and baker. It is this conﬂation of two elements—the ability of Daniel to forecast personal fortune and the continual aﬃrmation that he stood head and shoulders above what were collectively regarded as the most knowledgeable and puissant wise men of all time—that helped make him the ideal ﬁgure with whom the Somniale could be associated. The manner in which the Jewish historian Josephus describes the abilities of Daniel is instructive. In his retelling of portions of the Book of Daniel in the Jewish Antiquities, although for sensitive political reasons he removes the note that Nebuchadnezzar judged Daniel ten times better than his Babylonian counterparts,88 Josephus continually accentuates the wisdom of Daniel. L. Feldman perceptively observes that ﬁve of the thirteen occurrences of the word sofÒw (thirty-eight per cent) in Josephus’ paraphrase of the Bible and seven 87 There is no need to discuss here Daniel and the apocalyptic revelatory visions of Daniel 7–12, a subject that was addressed in great detail in Chapter Three. Although the vision in Daniel 7 is clearly a dream (7:1) and in Daniel 8, while not explicitly a dream “conforms to the pattern of the symbolic dream vision” (Collins, Daniel, 342), there are substantive diﬀerences in form and content between, on the one hand, the dream-visions embedded in Daniel 1–6 and, on the other hand, the revelatory visions of Daniel 7–12. Indeed, one of the major theses of this study is that the post-biblical writers also made this distinction. 88 A patron of Rome, Josephus was always careful not to undermine or ridicule the ideas of kings and empires, even if this meant glossing over the accounts where Jews had done so in the past.

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of the thirty-ﬁve appearances of the word sof¤a (twenty per cent) occur in the section devoted to the Book of Daniel.89 Moreover, Josephus’ view is that Daniel’s wisdom is especially manifested in his ability to interpret dreams.90 Josephus’ portrait of Daniel the Wise may have played a part in forming this bedrock from which the Somniale was formed, in the sense that it augmented a biblical story that already stressed the quality of Daniel’s knowledge and abilities. Another reason why the Somniale might have been accredited to Daniel and not to Joseph is rooted in the way that the text might have been understood by its copyists and audience. Although there are various reasons why a text might be attributed pseudonymously and/or received as a pseudonymous text,91 and even though I have previously reviewed a case where pseudonymous apocalypses were created for a greedy and gullible market,92 there is good reason to postulate that, generally speaking, texts such as the Somniale Danielis, the Lunationes Danielis, and the Praedictiones Danielis were understood as ultimately to have come from the pen of the prophet himself. In many copies, the text of the Somniale is preceded by a short title (in Greek: ÙneirokritikÚn bibl¤on toË profÆtou DaniØl prÚw tÚn basil°a NabouxodonÒsor katå élfãbhton;93 in Latin: Incipit Som(p)niale Danielis prophete)94 or by a brief but highly informative Prologue that leaves the attribution to Daniel in no doubt. There are several versions of this Prologue, most of which are variations on the following, a version included by Martin in his edition of the text:95 Incipit Somniale Danielis prophetae, quod vidit in Babilonia in diebus Nabuchodonosor regis. Quando petebatur a principis civitatis et ab omni populo ut eis somnia quae videbant iudicaret, tunc Daniel propheta haec omnia scripsit, et eis ad legendum tradidit, dicens: “Ego sum 89

L.H. Feldman, “Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel,” Henoch 14 (1992), 37–94 at 46. Ibid., 49–50. 91 See the literature cited in DiTommaso, Bibliography of the Pseudepigrapha, 115–121. 92 See Chapter Three, Excursus II: “The Figure of Daniel and the Arabic Muslim Daniel Apocalypses.” 93 Apud de Stoop, “Onirocriticon du prophète Daniel.” 94 W. de Gray Birch reports that preﬁxing the copy of the eleventh-century Latin copy of the Somniale that appear in BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi is a title written in a sixteenth or seventeenth-century hand, “Alphabetum somniale excerptum ex Danielis libro” (“On Two Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts in the British Museum,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature 11 (1873), 463–512 at 481). This suggests that even ﬁve centuries later the Somniale was still understood as having come from the hand of Daniel. 95 Cf. Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 271 (apud Fischer, Complete Medieval Dreambook, 13). 90

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Daniel propheta, unus de ﬁliis Israel, qui captivi ducti sumus de Hierusalem, civitate sancta. Haec omnia a Deo facta sunt, nihil tamen per memetipsum dixi vel sustuli, sed ea a Domino accepi.” Quicumque legerint, Danielem intellegant.

A diﬀerent version of the Prologue which also contains interesting bio-bibliographic information is found in manuscript codex 466 (fourteenth century) of Cambridge University’s Corpus Christi College: Sic autem factum est in diebus nabugodnosor [sic] regis in babylonia quando petebant principes ciuitatis et populus ut sompnia que uiderant exponerentur. Tunc daniel propheta sedit et hec omnia scripsit et populo ad legendum tradidit a deo autem hec palam facta sunt quibus ipse nichil addidit nichil sustulit sed quemadmodum ea acceptit ita populo tradidit. Omnia sompnia intellexit sed quia intellixit hec omnia per spiritum sanctum sibi reuelata esse ideo scripsit hec e. [sic] in honore dei omnia sompnia danielis recitantur.96

Besides the consistent claim of attribution to Daniel, what is particularly interesting is the equally constant reference to the setting, “in Babilonia in diebus Nabuchodonosor regis,” which may be translated loosely, “in Babylon during the time of King Nebuchadnezzar.” As I have stressed repeatedly, one way in which the author/redactor of the Book of Daniel shaped his material was by means of the deliberate imposition of a coherent, comprehensive, and numbingly obvious chronology. Throughout the Book, short introductions to each episode inform the reader as to exactly when and where the action takes place. King Nebuchadnezzar occupies centre stage throughout MT Daniel 1–4, Belshazzar is the king at Daniel 5, and Darius the Mede at Daniel 6. King Belshazzar reappears at Daniel 7–8, Darius at Daniel 9, and ﬁnally the reader is introduced to Cyrus the Persian at Daniel 10–12. The reasons why the chronology of the revelatory visions of 7–12 is out of step with that of the court tales of 1–6 need not concern us here.97 Of importance are facts that the chronology from Belshazzar through Darius is consistently

96 Cambridge, CCC cod. 466 [olim MS Misc. L], pp. 131 (incipit), 228–231; see M.R. James, Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (Cambridge, 1909–1913), No. 466. Note also the radically abbreviated Prologue found at the start of the lunation at New Haven, Yale University Beinecke cod. 163 (Wagstaﬀ Miscellany), fol. 28v: “Dies Nebugodonosor Regis omnis populus tradebat ei sompna que videbat ut solueret Daniel propheta.” 97 Although it did concern the authors of the post-biblical Daniel legenda; see Chapter Two.

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maintained over both parts of the Book of Daniel and that none of the revelatory visions is set in the period prior to the reign of Belshazzar. By explicitly identifying the setting of the composition of the Somniale Danielis as Babylon in the time of Nebuchadnezzar, both the author and the later copyists who maintained this choice of setting reinforced a number of points. For one thing, the selection of this setting ﬁrmly associated the dream manual with the Daniel of the court tales and not with the Daniel of the revelatory visions. As we have seen, precisely the opposite tack was taken by the authors of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, who invariably located their compositions during the reigns of one of Nebuchadnezzar’s successors and also opened them with ample references to elements reﬂecting the revelatory preliminaries of Daniel 7–12 (e.g., explicit mention of rivers and other bodies of water, a preparatory period of fasting or other actions, the appearance of mediating ﬁgure, etc.). What is more, the choice of setting the Somniale during Nebuchadnezzar’s reign only further limited the implied referent to the phenomenon of thirdperson interpretation of dreams speciﬁcally rather than to the interpretation of both dreams and visions, as would have been the case had Belshazzar (Daniel 5) been cited as well. Finally, it is during Daniel’s time under Nebuchadnezzar in MT Daniel 1–4 that the reader is assured several times that in his knowledge of the secrets the prophet stands head and shoulders above his companions and the Babylonian wise men. By citing Nebuchadnezzarian Babylon as the setting for the Somniale Danielis, the author and copyists of the Somniale were drawing a connexion between it as a dream manual solely concerned with the forecasting of personal fortune and a speciﬁc type of interpretative knowledge on the part of Daniel the wise.98 The selection of setting is also critical from the perspective of plausibility. On several levels Daniel and Babylon work better than Joseph and Egypt. The fact that the Somniale was set in Babylon was probably historically quite believable in the context of the science of late antiquity and the mediaeval period. Nebuchadnezzarian Babylon stood at the threshold of the ancient world, the ﬁrst of a succession of historical kingdoms that the reader is assured in both Daniel 2 98 See also the observation on the same subject, but with the focus on the apocryphal apocalypses and the kings who reigned during Daniel’s visions of Daniel 7–12 in Chapter Three, §3.

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and 7 would culminate in the Kingdom of God. The wise men and learned doctors of late antiquity and the Middle Ages could trace their storehouse of knowledge back to this time, when the Babylonians invented or perfected the sciences with which they were familiar99 and when the classical Greeks composed the scientiﬁc treatises on medicine, mathematics, and geometry that they knew and consulted. This scientiﬁc context is also implicit in so many of the Daniel prognostica from the East, where the ﬁgure of Daniel is employed in a manner which clearly suggests that he was considered to be among the ﬁrst of a long line of learned men whose thoughts and writings formed the basis for the science of the mediaeval Middle East. In contrast, locating the composition of the Somniale in Joseph’s Egypt would have been too much of a stretch of the imagination, if only because it would have required a plausible reason to explain how the text survived, located as it was among a very small group of Israelites, who subsequently endured a centuries-long bondage, a forty-year exodus in the wilderness, a kingdom that eventually split into two, and then destruction at the hands of ﬁrst the Assyrians and then the Babylonians. Another issue related to this idea of plausibility is the understanding of Daniel as the keeper of secrets, which was investigated in more detail in Chapter Three. The references to Daniel as a solver of mysteries and the notice that he was to “keep the words secret and seal the book until the time of the end” (12:4) combined to provide post-biblical authors with a biblical justiﬁcation for the creation of extra-biblical Daniel apocalypses.100 This relationship between Daniel and secret wisdom had a long post-biblical afterlife in itself as well, one permutation of which was the forging of a link to Adam and the legendary Cave of Treasures.101 This notion of Daniel as a keeper of secrets was perhaps yet another factor in the decision to accord and then maintain Daniel as the author of the Somniale. In the biblical account of the life and deeds of Daniel (and unlike the account of Joseph) there was room and precedent for a later argument that 99 On dreams and dream-interpretation in Babylon, see M. Leibovici, “Les Songes et leur interprétation a Babylone,” Les Songes et leur interprétation. Égypte ancienne— Babylone—Hittites—Canaan—Israël—Islam—Peuples altaïques—Persans—Kurdes—Inde— Cambodge—Chine—Japon (Sources orientales 2; Paris, 1959, 63–85. 100 Note also 7:28, 8:26, and see Chapter Three, §1, on the idea of hidden knowledge and the basis for the post-biblical Daniel apocalypses. 101 See §§3 and 5, infra, for more on this link and its meaning.

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Daniel could have written something that did not appear in the Book of Daniel but that could have resurfaced a little later on. This is a minor point, perhaps, but one that helps to ﬂesh out the overall picture. Finally, in approximately one quarter of the extant manuscripts the Somniale Danielis immediately precedes, follows, or is in some other way intimately connected to a copy of the lunar prognosticon we identify as the Lunationes Danielis.102 More signiﬁcantly, the Somniale regularly appears bound in manuscript codices alongside other prognostica, typical of which are lunar prognostica, zodiacal prognostica,103 the “Egyptian Days” (Dies Aegyptiaci, a compendium of lucky and unlucky days),104 the Mansions of the Moon (which concentrate on the moon’s passage through the zodiac, sub-divided into twenty-eight “houses” or “mansions”),105 brontologia, horoscopes, physiognomies, medical recipes, and various and diverse calendar computi. Frequently included in such codices are diverse astronomical and astrological tables, charts, maps, and other data.106 Regardless of what one might think of the practice of systematic dream interpretation, the Somniale was a text that was clearly understood to fall under the domain of the science of late antiquity and the mediaeval period and formed part of the collective scientiﬁc knowledge of the era.107

102 This percentage is only an approximation, given that I was not able to examine all the manuscripts by autopsy, nor can I be sure that I have identiﬁed the full corpus of extant manuscripts of each text. 103 E. Svenberg, “De latinska lunaria” (Diss: Göteborg, 1936); idem, Lunaria et zodiologia latina, edidit et commentario philologico instruxit (Studia graeca et latina Gothoburgensia 16; Göteborg, 1963); more recently, W. Hübner, Zodiacus Christianus. Jüdisch-christliche Adaptationen des Tierkreises von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (BKPh 144; Königstein, 1983). 104 J. Loiseleur, “Les jours égyptiens. Leurs variations dans les calendriers du moyen âge,” Mémoires de la société des antiquaires de France 33 (1872), 198–253; C. Cuissard, Étude sur les jours égyptiens des calendriers (Lectures et mémoires de l’Académie de SaintCroix 5; Orléans, 1882); R.S. Steele, “Dies Aegyptiaci,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 12 (suppl.) (1918–1919), 108–121; and O. Södergard, “Notes sur les jours périlleux de l’année,” NPhM 55 (1954), 267–271. 105 S. Weinstock, “Lunar Mansions and Early Calendars,” JHS 69/70 (1949–1950), 48–69. 106 Curiously, despite the fact that such medical and astronomical codices are often copiously illustrated, one very rarely sees illustrations accompanying either the Somniale Danielis or the Lunationes Danielis. My thanks to J. Folda of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, who during a conference at the Claremont Graduate University in February 2003 asked the question that precipitated my thought on the matter. I have yet to tender a satisfactory answer, however. 107 London, BL Cotton Titus codices D.xxvi and D.xxvii together preserve a copy

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Each of these points—Daniel as a Babylonian wise man par excellence, the connexion between Daniel and personal forecasts, the setting during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar, the issue of plausibility, the view of Daniel as keeper of secrets—are important in and of themselves as reasons why Daniel was the ideal ﬁgure to whom the Somniale could be attributed. But what of the overall picture of Daniel that might be drawn from these points, a picture of which the postbiblical writers were aware and upon which they drew? The basic equation which proceeds from their amalgamation is that dream interpretation was considered a science, that the Somniale was a scientiﬁc text and, in the apocryphal imagination at least, that Daniel was a scientist, perhaps the greatest scientist of the biblical tradition. No other biblical ﬁgure besides Daniel could have been understood in this fashion, with the possible exception of Adam and Ezra, and neither one of them interpreted dreams. The Somniale Danielis, therefore, reﬂects the transformation of the biblical character of Daniel as wise man and seer of revelatory visions into a post-biblical scientist. I will have more to say about this transformation in subsequent sections of this chapter. 3. Lunationes Danielis The other Daniel prognosticon of western mediaeval Christendom is the Lunationes Danielis. Although the terms “moon-text,” “lunary,” of the Somniale and a half dozen lunations. Of them, de Gray Birch writes, “Although these two manuscripts are now separately bound, there is no doubt that they originally were united under one cover . . . [their characteristics] all point unmistakably to the conclusion that they are the collective work of one hand, and that they formed the stock of wisdom stored up by one individual at a period when the fortunate possessor of such a volume would indeed have passed as knowing much beyond the ordinary run of his contemporaries. That those books belonged to a church dignitary is a matter of course, when we remember that all science in the tenth and eleventh century in England, with hardly an exception reposed in ecclesiastical people exclusively” (“Two Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts,” 463–464; cf. the comments of R. Liuzza, “Anglo-Saxon Prognostics in Context: A Survey and Handlist of Manuscripts,” Anglo-Saxon England 30 (2001), 181–230 at 219). Note also the dream compendium that in one manuscript begins “Cy commence le livre des exposicions et signiﬁcacions des songes par Daniel et autres exposez.” Again there is the sense that Daniel is part of a centuries-long scientiﬁc tradition. On this text, see the Inventory of Chapter Six; for the critical edition, see F. Berriot, Exposicions et signiﬁcacions des songes et Les songes Daniel (manuscrits français de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris et de la Staatsbibliothek de Berlin, XIV e, XV e et XVI e siècles) (Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 234; Genève, 1989), 55–298.

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and “lunare” (SelhnodrÒmia, or lunarium) in the past have been used interchangeably with “lunation,”108 the latter is strictly employed throughout this chapter as a formal designation only for those texts that list in order the thirty days of the month, from new moon to new moon,109 on which it is fortuitous to undertake a variety of actions or upon which certain things will or will not come to pass.110 The forecast for each day of all lunations follows a set formula that begins with the word or abbreviation for “moon,” continues with a notation marking the speciﬁc day of the month, and concludes with the prognostication for that day. To illustrate, one variety of lunation commences with the prognosis: “Luna I: tota die bona est,” which is translated idiomatically as “The ﬁrst moon: It is a good [i.e. propitious] day for everything.” In contrast, “lunaries” refer in this chapter to a broader category of texts that embraces the full range of lunar prognostica, including not only the lunations proper,111

108 The manuscript evidence preserves a wide variety of titles, usually with the word “moon” in its nominative state or an abbreviation thereof (e.g., “Luna” or “L” [more often the abbreviation „] in the Latin texts). One occasionally sees the term “Lunationes” (cf. Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Reg lat. 567, fol. 37v), but more often the lunation is simply identiﬁed by its purpose (e.g., the “De egrotantibus” of Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb). Colophons are rare but not unknown; rubrication of the initial letter of “luna” is common. On the titles in manuscript, C. Weißer observes, “Die zeitgenössischen lateinischen Texte bezeichnen sich nämlich als ‘lunarium,’ ‘lunaris,’ ‘lunares,’ oder ‘lunare,’ und ein französischer Text gebraucht als Gattungsname ‘lunaire’.” (Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte laienastrologischer Fachprosa (Würzburger medizinhistorische Forschungen 21; Würzburg, 1982)). 109 This might seem strange to the layperson, who thinks in terms of lunar months of approximately 28 days, but lunations depend on the moon’s light over the course of a synodic month of 29.53 days, which is rounded to 30 (I. Taavitsainen, Middle English Lunaries. A Study of the Genre (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 47; Helsinki, 1988), 45–48). Disregarding the fragmentary texts, one of the few exceptions to the rule is found at Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 2° 186, fols. 157v–158r, which is a lunation that extends to 31 days. 110 H. Craig, The Works of John Metham, Including The Romance of Amoryus and Cleopes, Edited from the Unique MS. in the Garrett Collection in the Library of Princeton University (Early English Text Society 132; London, 1916), xxxviii: “The prognostications for every day of the moon’s age . . . are usually known collectively in Latin as ‘lunationes,’ and are frequently found in conjunction with the Esdras prognostics, the Somnium Danielis and other forms of the minor literature of superstition . . .” 111 C. Weißer, “Lunare,” Verfasserlexicon. Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Band 5 (ed. K. Ruh; Berlin/New York, 1985), cols. 1054–1062 at 1054: “Lunare sind Kurztexte, die zu den 30 Tagen eines von Neumond zu Neumond zählenden MondMonats Prognosen bieten und demgemäß über eine konstante 30gliedrige Struktur verfügen.”

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but also the zodiacal lunaries,112 the “Mansions of the Moon,” and texts based on schemata involving the twelve months of the year.113 The variety of lunations reﬂect their function.114 Some are austere forecasts for favourable and unfavourable days—an analogy from the classical world is the calendar of the old Roman Republic, with its days fasti and nefasti. Others deal with speciﬁc tasks: when it is propitious to let blood, for instance, or to pursue a fugitive. Still others concentrate on whether events will come to pass, such as whether dreams will be interpreted or what children born on a speciﬁc day of the month will be like when they become adults. Lunations therefore may be classiﬁed in various ways, depending on their form, contents, state (conditional or absolute), or compass (individual or corporate).115 A distinction based on form, however, is the easiest and perhaps the most functional method of classifying lunations. “Simple” lunations are generally brief and concern themselves with one subject only: dream interpretation, blood-letting, illness, and the like. “Complex” lunations are inevitably longer, deal with a series 112 Note, however, the rare cases where some lunaries (see Excursus I, infra) may contain as part of their non-divinatory portion information about the zodiac (e.g., London, BL cod. Egerton 821, fols. 8v–12r). 113 Cf. the Greek “lunaria” in P. Boudreaux, “Lunarium” and “Lunarium anonymum,” Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. VIII. Pars III: Codicum Parisinorum (Bruxelles, 1912), 179–180 and 180–187 (and on which, see §4, infra). See also the “lunaria” at Leiden, Universiteitsbiblioteek cod. Vossiani chymici Q.33, fols. 130r–134v, incip.: “Dicitur in libris Hermetis quod est quedam planta que dicitur scatiz id est lunaria . . .,” expl.: “. . . et ideo in puteo penitentie detrudatur qui impotenti uel fatuo reuelabit hoc secretum.” (P.C. Boeren, Codices Vossiani Chymici (Leiden, 1975), 189–190). This lunaria is not noted by L. Thorndike and P. Kibre, A Catalogue of Incipits of Mediaeval Scientiﬁc Writings in Latin (revised and augmented ed.; Cambridge, MA, 1963). On the connexion between Daniel and Hermes, see note 215, infra. 114 And thus quite frequently lunations or lunaries are referred to in modern studies by their function rather than by their method of divination. As a result, terms such as “Bauernpraktik,” “Medizintext, or “Krankheitslunar” are sometimes seen. 115 In addition to the classiﬁcations outlined in the following notes, see also Epe, Wissensliteratur im angelsächsischen England, 54–64. His schema begins with the larger classiﬁcation of magical and mantic Anglo-Saxon texts, which he segregates into ﬁve categories, including those of dream manuals and “die laienastrologische Prognostik.” He divides the latter into six sub-categories of prognostica: those that concern themselves with the day on which the year begins; with fortunate and unfortunate days; with the day of the week on which one is born; with the times regarding pregnancy; with the day of the week on which the new moon falls; and with the thirty days of the month, namely, lunations (“Das Lunar”). There are six types of lunations, each corresponding to the function or functions of the text: “Das Tagwähllunar,” “Das Geburtslunar,” “Das Krankheitslunar,” “Das Aderlaßlunar,” “Das Traumlunar,” and the anthological catch-all type, “Das Sammellunar.”

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of topics, and sometimes even include additional almanac material such as short quotations from the Bible (almost inevitably the Psalms) or notations that certain biblical ﬁgures were born or died on speciﬁc days of the month. As with the Somniale Danielis, the early scholarship on the Lunationes concentrated on the Old English and the other vernacular copies of the text, and here again the name of M. Förster is conspicuous.116 More recently, I. Taavitsainen117 and L. Means118 have each produced a valuable volume of editions of the various Old English and Middle English lunaries, including the Lunationes. Eleven of the twelve Greek copies are edited in the Catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum.119 As for the Latin copies, which constitute the majority of the extant manuscripts, the reference works of A. Beccaria120 and of L. Thorndike and P. Kibre121 remain indispensable in the task of their identiﬁcation. Curiously, although many varieties of lunations are medical in nature and the structure of the genre itself is based ﬁrmly on the motion of the moon, studies of mediaeval medicine or science that discuss lunations in any depth are rare.122

116 See supra, note 26, and especially his “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde VIII. 14 Geburtslunare. 15. Krankheitslunar. 16. Aderlaßlunare. 17. Tagwähllunare,” ASSL 129 (1912), 16–49, and “Vom Fortleben antiker Sammellunare im englischen und in anderen Volkssprachen,” Anglia n.F. 67/68 (1944), 1–171. His classiﬁcation of the various lunaries appears in the latter article at 10–15. 117 Taavitsainen, Middle English Lunaries (see note 109). See also eadem, “The Identiﬁcation of Middle English Lunaries,” NPhM 88 (1987), 18–26; “Storia Lune and Its Paraphrase in Prose.” Neophilologica Fennica: Modern Language Society 100 Years (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 45; Helsinki, 1987), 521–555. Taavitsainen classiﬁes texts by their function: 1. Encyclopaedic Treatises (aims at explaining the existing order); 2. General Predictions (predicts future of societies); 3. Nativities (predicts future of individuals); 4. Elections (choosing the right moment for the right action); 5. Horary Questions (solving personal problems); and 6. Occult (inﬂuencing the outcome of illnesses or actions). 118 L. Means, Medieval Lunar Astrology. A Collection of Representative Middle English Texts (Lewiston, 1993). 119 For full citations, see the list of manuscripts in the Inventory of Chapter Six. The exception is London, BL cod. Royal 16.C.ii, fols. 1r–7v. 120 A. Beccaria, I codici di medicina del periodo presalernitano (secoli IX, X e XI) (Roma, 1956). 121 Thorndike and Kibre, Catalogue of Incipits, cols. 836–838, qv. “Luna prima, [etc.].” 122 The exception is Thorndike, History. More typical is the comment by M.L. Cameron: “In the same manuscript [London, BL Cotton Tiberius A.iii] there is also a prognostication by the moon’s age concerning the character of a child born on each day of the moon. There are many of these charts in medieval documents and many versions of the charcateristics for each day. There is no need to pursue the matter further, as it is only another example of the long-held belief in the

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The outstanding ﬁgures in the study of lunations are E. Wistrand,123 E. Svenberg,124 and C. Weißer.125 Weißer’s work especially is of a very high and enduring quality, and in it he furnishes a long and detailed list of approximately half of the over 250 extant Latin and vernacular manuscripts, many of which he edits in his volume. Just as is the case with the Somniale Danielis, however, the list of manuscripts of the Lunationes in the Inventory of Chapter Six in the present work includes dozens of additional and hitherto unnoticed Latin and vernacular manuscripts, many of which appear only as a brief entry in manuscript catalogues and are not included in any of the previous studies and lists. For instance, of the approximately 160 Latin copies of the Lunationes included in the Inventory, Weißer lists just over half, and in some cases this percentage is drastically lower.126 These relatively low percentages should not be taken as an indication of the value of Weißer’s work, however—just as he built on Svenberg’s and Wistrand’s scholarship, this work builds on his, and his long list of manuscripts have been of enormous assistance to my eﬀorts in this regard. The point is that any conclusions regarding the textual situation of the Lunationes should be tendered only after a full investigation by autopsy of these hitherto unlisted and unnoticed copies. inﬂuence of the phases of the moon on human behaviour” (Anglo-Saxon Medicine (Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 7; Cambridge, 1993), 184). 123 E. Wistrand, Lunariastudien (Göteborgs högskolas årsskrift 48.4; Göteborg, 1942). This work is seemingly quite rare and relatively unknown, since only a few of the subsequent studies mention it. 124 See note 103, supra, for the sources. Svenberg segregates the prognostica into three major types based on the divinatory method by which information about the future is gleaned. The ﬁrst type, which he terms “Speciallunaria,” corresponds to the deﬁnition of a lunation proper employed in this chapter and thus concerns us most. Svenberg divides the Speciallunaria into ﬁve sub-types, identiﬁed by their function: “Drömprognoser” (“dream-forecast”), “Födelprognoser” (“birth-forecast”), “Sjukdomprognoser” (“illness-forecast”), “Åderlåtningsföreskrifter” (“prescription for blood-letting”), and “Enkel uppgift om gynnsam resp. ogynnsam dag” (“simple enquiry as to whether a day is favourable [i.e. fortuitous] or unfavourable”). There is no mention of lunations that are concerned with the catching of criminals and fugitives. The second type covers other prognostica with similar forecasts; here Svenberg distinguishes three sub-types that correspond to the zodiacal lunary, the “30 olika planetsammanställningar,” and the Dies Aegyptiaci. The third and ﬁnal major type he identiﬁes as prognostica related to the calendar year and its divisions and covers what may be identiﬁed as the Supputatio Esdrae and related texts. 125 Weißer, Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar; idem, “Lunare.” 126 Of the twenty-seven copies in the Vatican holdings, for example, he lists only seven. On the identiﬁcation and description of these copies, see L. DiTommaso, “Greek, Latin, and Hebrew Manuscripts of the Somniale Danielis and Lunationes Danielis in the Vatican Library,” Manuscripta 47/48 (2003/2004), 1–42.

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Like dream-books, lunar prognostica in general and lunations in particular do not appear in the Bible, but without question antedate most parts of it.127 Lunar prognostica also appear in classical sources, perhaps most notably in reﬂective, bucolic works such as Hesiod’s Works and Days and Virgil’s Georgics.128 Despite these antecedents, however, the realia of manuscript evidence and the variety of the extant late antique and mediaeval copies suggest that the Lunationes Danielis developed in the general context of ancient lunar prognostica rather than descended from any one exemplar directly. This is probably also true for the other various astronomical prognostica and computi of late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Our earliest manuscripts of the Lunationes date from the ninth century. There are quite a few of these,129 however, so it follows that the text had to be composed early enough to allow for their relatively widespread diﬀusion, and all the more so since these ninthcentury texts already preserve evidence of the wide variety of Lunationes. It is certainly possible, then, that the text is a product of the early Middle Ages, perhaps the seventh or the eighth century, maybe earlier. As for provenance, the Byzantine Empire is likely the ultimate origin of the Lunationes. Although the earliest surviving Greek copies date from the thirteenth century and most are much later,130 there is no reason to suspect it is a translation from the Latin, but rather

127 For examples in Babylonian and Egyptian literature, see Weinstock, “Lunar Mansions,” 57–60. 128 Virgil, Georgics, 1.276–286: “Ipsa dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna/felicis operum, quintam fuge: pallidus Orcus/Eumenidesque satae, tum partu Terra nefando/ Coeumque Iapetumque creat saevumque Typhoea/et coniuratos caelum rescindere fratres./Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio Ossam/scilicet, atque Ossae frondosum involvere Olympum;/ter pater extructos disiecit fulmine montis./Septima post decimam felix et ponere vitem/et prensos domitare boves et licia telae/addere. Nona fugae melior, contraria furtis.” [text apud H.R. Fairclough, Virgil. Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid I–VI (rev. G.P. Goold; Loeb Classical Library 63; Cambridge, MA/London, 1999)]. 129 Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 1790 (several lunations); Bern, Burgerbibliothek MS 441, fols. 15r–16r; Firenze, BML cod. Strozzi 70, fol. 100rv; Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882, fol. 18v; BNF cod. lat. 7349, fols. 31v–32v; BNF cod. lat. 11218, fol. 101r; BNF cod. n.a. lat. 1616, fols. 10v–12r; St. Gallen, SB cod. 44, pp. 226–228; St. Gallen, SB cod. 751, pp. 175–176 and again at pp. 376 and 428b and 428c–429; Uppsala, Universitetsbibliotek cod. C.664, p. 23; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 13v and again at 15v. 130 On the Greek copies of the lunations (and lunaries in general), see F. Cumont, “Les présages lunaires de Virgile et les ‘Selenodromia’,” L’Antiquité classique 2 (1933), 259–270 at 261–264.

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more probably the Greek original was translated into the Latin versions, which then served as multi-form exemplars for the vernacular copies.131 The fact that all the ninth-century copies are Latin supports the thesis that most the varieties of the text were known in the Latin before they appeared in the vernacular, although it is unclear whether all these varieties can be traced back to a Greek text or whether they are themselves products of the process—probably sporadic and occurring at various locations—by which the Latin translations were ﬁrst made. Unlike the Somniale Danielis, which is almost always attributed to Daniel, lunations were attributed to other biblical and historical ﬁgures or were anonymous. There are lunations attributed to Adam,132 Esdras,133 and Merlin,134 and there is even one text associated with King Solomon.135 Signiﬁcantly, there are no lunations under the name of Joseph. One historical ﬁgure who came to be associated with lunations pertaining speciﬁcally to the art of blood-letting was the seventhcentury Anglo-Saxon historian and scholar known as the Venerable Bede.136 Bede of course wrote many scientiﬁc treatises, and in a few manuscript codices we ﬁnd embedded among his works a copy of a medical lunation.137 This false attribution survived the transition from manuscript to book largely due to the eﬀorts of one John Herwagen (Hervagius) of Basle.138 In 1563 Hervagius published the ﬁrst complete folio edition of Bede’s works and included in its contents a battalion of unauthenticated theological and other treatises 131

J.H.G. Grattan and C. Singer, Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine (Oxford, 1952), 49. See below, where these cases are discussed separately. 133 But in conjunction with the name of Daniel; cf. Basel, Universitätsbibliothek MS B VII 4, fol. 140va–b: “Somniale quod reuelatum est esdre siue ex daniele inuentum.” 134 Gent, Universiteitsbibliotheek MS 5 (416), fols. 157v–158v. 135 P. Meyer, “Notice du MS. Rawlinson Poetry 241,” Romania 29 (1900), 1–84 at 77–78. 136 Another historical ﬁgure associated with lunations is the great English astronomer, Edmund Halley, who famously discovered the comet that would come to bear his name. The lunation is found at Princeton, University Library Garrett MS 141, fols. 79r–83v; see Craig, The Works of John Metham, 148–156. There is some question as to the date of this manuscript, however (see the Inventory of Chapter Six). 137 The nineteenth- or twentieth-century authors of the catalogues that listed this material knew enough, however, to attribute the lunation to “Ps.-Bede” rather than to Bede himself. 138 For the full story, see C.W. Jones, Bedae Pseudepigrapha: Scientiﬁc Writings Falsely Attributed to Bede (Ithaca/London, 1939), 14–18. 132

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that he felt certain belonged among the corpus of writings of the Venerable One. Among these treatises was the De minutione sanguinis, which among things incorporated a very simple lunation of the type preserved in Cambridge, Trinity College codex O.7.23, fol. 70v, and similar copies.139 Unfortunately, subsequent editions of Bede’s works, while managing to purge the corpus of the other Hervagius Bede pseudepigrapha, somehow ignored this particular treatise. As a result, the De minutione sanguinis and its lunation sporadically resurfaces under the name of Bede, most conspicuously in the ninetieth volume of J.-P. Migne’s Patrologia latina.140 To summarise: there are a variety of lunations, the majority of which are anonymous, and even when they are attributed, the author is not always Daniel. These facts probably explain why none of the other scholars who have studied lunations have ever considered the genre to be associated with the prophet.141 That being said, there are ﬁve compelling reasons as to why I am ﬁrmly convinced that the genre belongs among the Daniel apocrypha and that the collection of lunations proper ought to be known as the Lunationes Danielis. First, the presence of anonymous copies of the Lunationes does not speak to the issue of its overall attribution to Daniel. The Somniale Danielis aside, it is not uncommon for prognostic texts to be attributed to a biblical or classical ﬁgure in one manuscript copy and be anonymous in another. Second, the actual percentage of copies attributed to someone other than Daniel is very low. That there are so many anonymous lunations does not change the fact that if a lunation was attributed to a ﬁgure, that ﬁgure was almost always Daniel. In addition, the extension of the attribution of pseudonymous authorship to other biblical ﬁgures in these few instances was a relatively late development in the history of the text.142 When they are not anonymous, all the earliest copies of the Lunationes are attributed to Daniel.

139

See the Inventory in Chapter Six. 221 vols. (Paris, 1844–1864). The De minutione sanguinis appears at vol. 90, cols. 959–962. 141 If a lunation is speciﬁcally attributed to Daniel, then one will occasionally encounter some sort of notation marking this fact in the scholarship or in manuscript catalogues. But the appreciation of the entire genre as part of the Daniel apocrypha is without precedent. 142 Thorndike, History, 682 note 1. 140

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As for Adam’s association with the lunations,143 we observe that, strikingly, the only two examples are preserved in the same manuscript, Bodleian Library codex Ashmole 361, at fols. 156 verso to 158 verso and again at 159 recto to verso. It is worth investigating these attributions in detail. At the beginning of the ﬁrst lunation there appears a brief introduction: Iste sunt lunaciones quas Adam primus hom*o disposuit secundam veram experientiam quam etiam suis ﬁliis tradidit et quam maxime Abel et ceteris de posteritate ad quos etiam concordavit Daniel propheta.144

The second lunation contains a diﬀerent and far longer introduction: [M]odo agitur de numero lune ad videndum que sit bona uel que mala. Et vsum istarum lunacionum inuenerunt Adam et Daniel propheta, quibus dedit sensum deus et pulcritudinem et fortitudinem huius mundj. Et ideo omnes homines qui nasc*ntur: omni debet peccatum ipsius Ade et mulieris peccatum Euue, sicut quod masculus quando nascitur, dicit ‘o a’, et femila dicit ‘o e’. Primum dixit, quod vidit Adam, quando fuit factus, quia primo creatus uidit lunam, et ideo uocata est sic, quia dixit ‘lunam’ primam, et deus dedit lune potestatem super res inferiores creatas. Et Adam sciuit tectum suum posse, et inst[it]uit lunam uocari primam, postquam coniuncta est soli facta reuolucione, dum jncipit nouiter apparere, et ideo propter creacionem suam dixit: [then follows the lunation, beginning with Luna I] . . .145

143 It is important, however, not to mistake the lunations attributed to Adam with lunations that include as part of the information contained for the ﬁrst moon the notation about Adam (on which, see Excursus I, “The Figure of Daniel in the Combination Lunations and the Zodiacal Lunaries,” infra). For manuscripts of combination lunations that begin the ﬁrst moon with the information that “Adam fuit creatus,” “Adam factus fuit,” or something similar, see [Latin]: Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 4° 70 [Electoralis 968], fols. 229vb–232rb; Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 130, fols. 25–26; Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 204 [olim 136], fols. 25r–26r; London, BL cod. Additional 15236, fols. 169v–171v; London, BL cod. Sloane 282, fols. 82v–85v; London, BL cod. Sloane 2641, fols. 62r–64v; Modena, Biblioteca Estense cod. lat. 697, fols. 24v–27r; Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 361 (supra); Paris, BNF cod. lat. 3660, fols. 53r–57r; Paris, BNF cod. lat. 4147, fol. 112; Venezia, BM cod. VIII.33 [olim lat. 106], fols. 7vb–8vb; [French]: New Haven, Yale University Beinecke cod. 395, fol. 180r and again at 182r; Worchester Cathedral, Chapter Library 4° MS 61. 144 Cited in Thorndike, History, 682 note 1. 145 Cited in Weißer, Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar, 359–360. I have maintained his punctuation and spelling, but have not included the siglum he uses to indicate that an abbreviated portion of the text has been here spelled with full orthography.

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In both cases the name of Adam appears in conjunction with the name of Daniel, so it is not strictly true that these lunations are associated with Adam alone. The fact that both lunations appear in tandem in the same manuscript codex strongly suggests that their attributions to Adam were the anomaly, a result more probably of a deliberate eﬀort on the part of their copyist-redactor for his own unknown purposes rather than the mindless forces of chance that miraculously spared the only two extant representatives of a widespread tradition that associated Adam with lunations. But this explanation does not answer the question as to why these lunations were associated with Adam, nor does it address the connexion between Adam and Daniel. On the surface, these introductions tell us nothing explicitly beyond the ultimate provenance of the lunar knowledge in the texts to which they are preﬁxed. Perhaps, though, what we have underpinning these two introductions is a form of the legend of the Cave of Treasures, to which we have alluded several times already. After their expulsion from the Garden of Eden—so the legend goes—Adam and Eve settled in a cave on a sacred mount. This cave served as both a dwelling and a place of worship, and in it Adam secured the gold, myrrh, and frankincense which he had taken out of Paradise. After Adam’s death, this cave became his tomb, and with his body were sealed these three items from paradise. The legend of Adam and the cave is found in many sources, including a text called the Cave of Treasures, which survives in Syriac, Arabic and Karshuni, Ethiopic, Georgian, and other versions.146 In other versions of the legend, however, the treasures that Adam took with him from Paradise were not the only items sealed with his tomb in the Cave. In the Testament of Adam 3.6, for example, it is claimed that Adam’s last testament was sealed in the Cave, and in some other texts, notably a version of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl (see §5, infra), there is a reference to secret astronomical and meteorological lore that was also deposited in the Cave. This last is the important point. The ﬁgure of Adam was from early on associated with special, secret knowledge, his having of course been one of two humans to eat from the Tree of Knowledge 146 The literature on these sources is fairly extensive. The standard work is A.S.-M. Ri, Commentaire de la Caverne des trésors: étude sur l’histoire du texte et ses sources (CSCO 581, Subsidia 103; Turnhout, 2000); for more sources (including editions) see DiTommaso, Bibliography of the Pseudepigrapha, 211–217.

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of Good and Evil (Gen 3:6). Josephus remarks that Adam predicted “a destruction of the universe, in one case by violent ﬁre and in another by a mighty deluge of water.”147 In fact, Adam’s foretelling the future was a common picture in the Aggadah, and there his predictions are noted to have been directed to future generations rather than to his contemporaries,148 thereby according them for all intents and purposes the status of revelatory literature. Óàjì Khalìfa’s Arabic Lexicon mentions that Adam inscribed clay tablets on which were inscribed scientiﬁc knowledge,149 and within some of the diverse material of the Hermetic corpus there is the tradition that these tablets, which were deposited in the Cave of Treasures, were later discovered by Hermes.150 The Mal˙amat Dàniyàl ties all these loose ends together: Adam deposits the tablets containing this hidden and esoteric scientiﬁc knowledge in the Cave of Treasures, which many generations later are recovered by Daniel. This sequence of events is echoed in al-Bîrûnî’s Alâthâr Albâ˚iya 'an-il Kûrûn Alkhâliya, which connects the knowledge of the great chronological cycles of the cosmos to Daniel’s wisdom.151 Even more explicit is the connexion between Adam and Daniel established by an Arabic text preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, codex arab. 4605 (circa 1642–1643) which the Baron de Slane calls the Livre de la Majesté divine, transmis à la postérité par le prophète Daniel.152 He proceeds to describe the text as: . . . une traité de cosmogonie. On lit dans la préface que cette révélation, écrite sur une toile de soie blanche, avait été envoyée par Dieu 147 Ant., 1.70–71. The translation of the Greek is from L. Feldman, “Man’s Decline after Creation,” Studies in Josephus’ Rewritten Bible ( JSJSup 58; Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1998), 1–16 at 14. 148 S. Rappaport, Agada und Exegese bei Flavius Josephus (Wien, 1930), 7 note 37 and 88 note 45 (cited by Feldman, “Man’s Decline,” 14 note 33). 149 Quoted by A. Fodor, “The Metamorphosis of Imhotep—A Study in Islamic Syncretism.” Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft (ed. A. Dietrich; Göttingen, 1976), 155–181 at 170. 150 A. Siggel, Der Islam 24 (1934), 290ﬀ. On Daniel and Hermes, see note 215, infra. 151 al-Bîrûnî. Alâthâr Albâ˚iya 'an-il Kûrûn Alkhâliya [trans. = E. Sachau. The Chronology of Ancient Nations. An English Version of the Arabic Text of the Athâr-ul-Bâ˚iya of Albîrûnî, or “Vestiges of the Past,” Collected and Reduced to Writing by the Author in A.H. 390–1, A.D. 1000. London, 1879. 300]: “It [the Great Cycle] occurs in the following verses of Khâlid b. Yazîd b. Mu'âwiya b. Abî-Sufyân, who was the ﬁrst philosopher in Islâm; people say even that the source of his wisdom was that learning which Daniel had derived from the Treasure-Cave, the same one which Adam the father of mankind had deposited his knowledge.” 152 The text is described in W. MacGuckin (Baron de Slane), Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris, 1883–1895), 3.731.

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chapter four à Adam. Un nommé 'Abdallah ibn Salâm, ayant déterré ce trésor, en communiqua le contenu au calife 'Othmân.

Of course the introductions to the Ashmolean lunations preserve nothing of this sequence explicitly, and the legend of the Cave of the Treasures was perhaps unknown in the West. It is not too much to suppose, however, that the copyist/redactor of these two lunations might have drawn on this widespread tradition connecting Adam, Daniel, and secret knowledge when he crafted the introductions or, at the very least, given that throughout late antiquity and the mediaeval period both Daniel and Adam were associated with mantic wisdom and scientiﬁc knowledge, made the connexion between the two biblical ﬁgures independently. Third, as I have previously remarked, in approximately one quarter of the extant manuscripts a lunation immediately precedes, follows, or is in some other way intimately related to a copy of the Somniale Danielis.153 Most commonly the Somniale immediately precedes or follows the lunation (or lunations, since there are instances where lunations appear in groups of two or more).154 To be sure, both the Somniale and the Lunationes appear in manuscript codices alongside other prognostica, including the Dies Aegyptiaci, but the frequency of these cases is quite low compared to the number of instances where the Somniale is preceded or followed by a lunation rather than another prognosticon. Put another way, the frequency of cases where a lunation and the Somniale enjoy this close proximity suggests that there is a special connexion between the two texts other than merely that they were considered scientiﬁc or astronomical works.155 153 This percentage is only an approximation, given that I was not able to examine all the manuscripts by autopsy and that we cannot be certain that we have identiﬁed the full corpus of extant manuscripts of either the Somniale or the Lunationes. See the list of manuscripts for both the Somniale and the Lunationes in the Inventory in Chapter Six, which also identiﬁes the instances where the two texts enjoy this special relationship and when either one or both are explicitly attributed to Daniel. 154 Again, see the Inventory in Chapter Six for numerous examples of this. 155 This close relationship in manuscript between lunation and Somniale is not exactly the same as the one in which either of these texts appears as part of a larger work of a like nature or is bound together in the same manuscript codex with analogous texts. For example, as with the Somniale, lunations frequently appear i) as part of an extended collection of works (in the same hand) devoted to scientiﬁc, astronomical, or astrological matters or ii) bound in manuscript codices (of various hands) containing various treatises on these subjects. In such cases one may conclude that lunations were understood to be part of the corpus of the scientiﬁc literature of the time, i.e., their appearance in so many scientiﬁc or astronomical

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What is more, the lunations that are paired with the Somniale are frequently anonymous. This intimates that in such cases the copyist knew that these two texts enjoyed some sort of relationship. Because there is no real connexion between the substance of dream-texts and moon-texts (indeed, there are host of other astronomical and astrological texts that formally are far more similar to a lunation), one cannot help but conclude that the element that united both texts in the imagination of the copyist was the ﬁgure of Daniel, even though in these cases the lunation was left anonymous. In certain instances this close physical relationship between the two texts in manuscript is exhibited even more plainly. To cite one example, Vatican codex Pal. lat. 235, whose texts date from the eighth to the eleventh centuries, contains one of the oldest Latin copies of the Somniale (unfortunately incomplete) preserved in any language. In the upper two thirds of fol. 39 verso three lunations are preserved, a, b, and c, which run in parallel columns down the page. For some reason, the text of the third lunation in column c does not extend as far down the page as does the ﬁrst two in their columns. The text of the Somniale, however, begins in column c immediately following the end of the third lunation. When the text reaches the point in the page where the columns containing the ﬁrst two lunations end, it moves to extend across the full width of the lower third of the page. The text then continues across full width of the following page (fol. 40 recto) when it abruptly breaks oﬀ approximately half-way down. The text of the Somniale thus begins immediately in column c following the third lunation before moving to extend across the page at the point where the other two lunations terminate, a clear indication that it and the trio of lunations that precede it are meant to be associated together. The fourth and perhaps most signiﬁcant reason why the Lunationes ought to be considered part of the Daniel apocrypha is that in the instances where it and the Somniale Danielis appear together in manuscript they often share the Prologue.156 No other text besides the Lunationes shares the Prologue with the Somniale. The most telling treatises and codices suggests that they, too, were considered scientiﬁc or astronomical works. The only diﬀerence between lunations and the Somniale in this regard is that lunations also tended to be included as part of treatises and codices devoted to medical matters when their function includes the prognosis of illnesses or the suitability of the days upon which blood-letting should occur. 156 On the Prologue, see §2, supra.

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aspect of this phenomenon is that the order of the three elements— Prologue, Somniale, and Lunationes—varies among the manuscripts. In some cases the Lunationes precedes both the Prologue and the Somniale; in other cases the Prologue precedes the Somniale, which is then followed by the Lunationes; in still other cases the Lunationes immediately follows the Prologue, separating it from the Somniale.157 It must be reiterated that the Prologue was originally a part of the Somniale alone—we know this by virtue of the nature of its content and by the fact that it never appears preﬁxed to a lunation without the Somniale.158 It follows, then, that the insertion of the lunation at various points in the formula Prologue + Somniale (and particularly between the two elements) is a deliberate act, and one that can only be explained by assuming that those who did so operated under the assumption that there was an intimate linkage between the texts.159 Again, because there is no common substantive element between the two, we are forced to conclude that the ﬁgure of Daniel (and the way in which his special ability with dreams was understood) provided the necessary link. Fifth, the name of Daniel explicitly appears in the titles of or incipits to certain lunations160 independent from the aforementioned connexion with the Somniale that is implied by virtue of the shared

157 Lunationes + Prologue + Somniale: Cambridge, CCC cod. 466 [olim MS Misc. L], pp. 131 (incipit), 228–231 (on this Prologue, see note 96, supra, and the text to which the note refers); Prologue + Somniale + Lunationes: Città del Vaticano, BAV Pal. lat. 1321, fols. 160va–163ra–b; Prologue + Lunationes + Somniale: Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1030, fols. 131ra–132vb. For more examples of each type, see the Inventory in Chapter Six; for a more detailed examination of the types in the Vatican holdings, see DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts.” 158 The only exception might be the relatively copy preserved in the Wagstaﬀ Miscellany at the Beinecke Library at Yale University (see note 163, infra), a fact that confused the compiler of the manuscript catalogue in which the Miscellany is listed into thinking the text was actually a copy of the Somniale rather than the Lunationes. But even in this unique case the Prologue is radically abbreviated. 159 Note, e.g., the very old (eleventh century) copy preserved in London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A. iii, fols. 30v–33v (the foliation of this codex is particularly problematic; see the note on the matter where the codex is ﬁrst cited in the section on the Somniale Danielis in the Inventory of Chapter Six). The codex appears to preserve a Somniale followed by a lunation, with the lunation terminating with the closing sentence “Finiunt somnia Danielis prophetae” (in Old English: “endiaä swefnu danielis [þæs] witian” [the text is in both Latin and Old English]), thereby plainly indicating that the two texts are intimately related. 160 It must be noted, however, that the bulk of the titles of the lunations are very simple and concentrate only on their particular function (“De etate lune,” “Prognostica ad mortem et ad vitam,” etc.)

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Prologue. There is among the various copies of lunations the notation that “Incipit lunaris sancti Daniheli”161 or that “Incipit lunarium sancti Danihel de nativitate infantium.”162 One also encounters the abbreviated prologue “Dies Nebugodonosor Regis omnis populus tradebat ei sompnia que videbat ut solueret Daniel propheta,”163 and the title or description “Consideratio aetatum lunae in Nativitatibus; convenit quoad potissimam partem cum Lunari Danielis Prophetae.”164 In conclusion, not every lunation ever copied and eventually bound into codex was understood to have been written by Daniel. The fact that lunations are often anonymous and that only a minority of them appear in manuscript with a Somniale indicates that in some cases the text was merely one of a number of anonymous and quasiautonomous astronomical prognostica that were frequently bound together in a codex. That being said, there are ﬁve reasons which together suggest that the Lunationes collectively belongs among the corpus of the Daniel apocrypha. Whether the Lunationes was ever independently attributed to Daniel before it became associated with the Somniale is unknown.165 Whatever the case, its attribution to Daniel and its association with the Somniale occurred quite early, and the manuscript evidence demonstrates that the link between the two texts was not the content of both texts but rather the ﬁgure of Daniel. But proving that Daniel was associated with the Lunationes to the point where the text ought to be considered part of the Daniel apocrypha does not get around to explaining why Daniel would be associated with astronomical prognostica in the ﬁrst place. It has already been noted that there is no formal relationship between the Lunationes and the Somniale and that their connexion in manuscript is based on a common attribution to Daniel the wise. To be sure, the underlying 161

St. Gallen, SB cod. 751, p. 376. London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v. 163 New Haven, Yale University Beinecke cod. 163 (Wagstaﬀ Miscellany), fol. 28v. See notes 96 and158, supra. 164 London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 41r–v. With respect to the copy preserved at Manchester, Chetham’s Library cod. 11380 [olim Mun. A.4.91], fol. 125v, N.R. Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. III: Lampeter-Oxford (Oxford, 1983), 370, identiﬁes the work as “Prognostications from the age of the moon and from dreams ‘secundum Danielem’.” The quotation marks framing the phrase “secundum Danielem” suggest that Ker is quoting the manuscript itself, although I cannot be certain of this as I have not examined it by autopsy. 165 The manuscripts where the Lunationes and Somniale appear with the Prologue are earlier than those that simply preserve a copy of the Lunationes that is attributed to Daniel. 162

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equation for the association of the Lunationes and the ﬁgure of Daniel was probably much the same as it was in the case of the Somniale: the Lunationes was a scientiﬁc text and in the post-biblical mind Daniel was the greatest scientist of the biblical tradition. But the post-biblical rationale that connected lunar prognostica speciﬁcally with the ﬁgure of Daniel needs to be more fully articulated. We have already observed that the author/redactor of MT Daniel took some care to delineate among the various groups of wise men of Babylon. For the purposes of this chapter it is irrelevant whether this careful classiﬁcation of the wise men is historical, in the sense that it accurately reﬂects the court setting of sixth-century Babylon, or, more probably, was a romantic, somewhat idealised vision of court life. In this classiﬁcation there appears several times the category of “diviners” (ˆyrzg, at 2:27, 4:4, 5:7, and 5:11). The word derives from the Hebrew root rzg, “to cut” and, more speciﬁcally, “to partition,” which then led its gaining additional and related meanings, such as (in the Aramaic) “to determine fate.”166 In the manuscripts of the Greek witnesses of the Book of Daniel, the Aramaic word for “diviners” was usually translated as oﬂ gazarhno¤.167 The term does not appear in the New Testament, which only contains one reference to fortune-telling (Acts 16:16–19), and here the context is clearly oracular rather than strictly divinatory.168 166 F. Brown, S.R. Driver, and C.A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic (re-issued ed.; Oxford, 1951), 160 [Hebrew], 1086 [Aramaic]. 167 See also the text to which notes 72–74, supra, refer. 168 The verb employed at 16:16 is manteÊomai, which tends to appear in the context of fortune-telling and, more speciﬁcally, in an oracular sense (see the sources cited in W. Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (second English ed. of ﬁfth German ed.; trans. and ed. F.W. Gingrich and F.W. Danker, based on the ﬁrst English ed. trans. and ed. W.F. Arndt and F.W. Gingrich; Chicago/London, 1957), 491. The oracular tenor of the verb as it is used at Acts 16:16 is reinforced by the note that the slave-girl with these powers is described as having a spirit of a python (pneËma pÊyvna). In the entry “pÊyvn” (728–729), the editors of the Greek-English Lexicon suggest the ultimate referent of the word was the snake or dragon that guarded the Delphic oracle. This suggestion only indirectly associates the word “python” with the fortune-telling action of the slave-girl; accordingly they note that the word later “came to designate a spirit of divination.” In my opinion, this is too general a use of the term “divination,” which was clearly distinguished from other types of fortune-telling both in Book of Daniel (with the emphasis on the categorisation of the Babylonian wise men) and, by implication, in the many separate prognostica of late antiquity and the mediaeval period (and in systematic classiﬁcations such as Macrobius’). Moreover, while the ultimate referent of the word “Python” in its fortune-telling sense was indeed the guardian

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In the Book of Daniel, the Babylonian wise men function as a foil against which Daniel’s knowledge and skill are cast into sharp focus. But because the categories of these wise men are communicated substantively and never in a comparative sense, the implication is that Daniel is the master of all the specialties of the groups of Babylonian wise men, not just one or two of them. Daniel is as much a diviner as he is a dream-interpreter. Admittedly, there is no empirical proof to support this; the biblical Daniel does not formally operate in a divinatory sense, as he does as an interpreter of dreams. At the same time, however, the existence of the Lunationes suggests that in the post-biblical era the understanding of Daniel as an expert diviner was in eﬀect. Kernel of this understanding may be found in the implication that Daniel was proﬁcient and knowledgeable is all the specialties of the wise men. This implication was further buttressed by the widespread belief throughout the classical world that the Babylonians invented the calendar, perfected the regular keeping of time, and were the greatest astronomers and astrologers of the ancients.169 Another place where this kernel of understanding may be sought is in the dreams and visions of Daniel 2, 4, and 5, in which, as we saw, the forecasting of personal fortune plays a prominent role, even when the interpretation of the dream or vision has corporatist overtones. This aspect is particularly pronounced in the tale of Nebuchadnezzar’s madness in Daniel 4, which essentially revolves around the idea of the Wheel of Fortune, a popular topos in late mediaeval and renaissance literature and art. Over a space of seven years Nebuchadnezzar moves from king to wild beast and then back again to king, the cycle complete. The forecast of this double reversal of fortune, which is presented in the form of Daniel’s interpretation of the king’s odd dream, is functionally the equivalent of a personal fortune-telling, albeit clothed in the axiomatic hermeneutic that God is in control serpent, the oracle at Delphi was herself known as “Pythia,” i.e., the “Pythoness,” and throughout the classical period the word when used in this sense referred not to the serpent per se but to the oracle itself (on Pythia, see J.E. Fontenrose, Python: A Study of the Delphic Myth and Its Origins (1959)). Accordingly, when the author of Acts speaks of the slave-girl in terms of a spirit of a python, the imagery evoked is strictly oracular rather than divinatory, a sense buttressed by the appearance of the verb manteÊomai. 169 Many examples exist of Babylonian lunaria and other prognostica; see those cited in M. Jastrow, Jr., The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Handbooks on the History of Religions 2; Boston, 1898), 352–406, passim.

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of the processes of his history and that kingdoms wax or wane at his command. However, the question still remains as to why Daniel’s name came to be associated with the moon in general and with the Lunationes speciﬁcally. Collins correctly remarks that the ﬁgure of Daniel demonstrates scant interest in the motion of the stars,170 a topic that in the Second Temple period was largely the province of other biblical heroes, paramount among whom was Enoch. Certainly the old lunar calendar of Second Temple Judaism had nothing to do with a postbiblical lunar text such as Lunationes, and there does not appear to be a connexion between the practice of dream interpretation and the moon. One might argue that Daniel’s preoccupation with time (past time: the ex eventu periodisation of history; future time: the calculation of the end) prepared the way for a prognosticon such as the Lunationes that centered on the divisions among the days of the month. Perhaps, too, the fact that dreams are a phenomenon of the night might explain an association with the moon, which of course rules the night sky just as the sun rules the day. At the same time, it is probable that such points of contact between the ﬁgure of Daniel and the phenomenon divination merely paved the way for a process of association that actually occurred in manuscript, at the level of the copyist/editor rather than the author. The close correspondence of the Lunationes in manuscript with the Somniale has already been mentioned. Although a detailed investigation of all the cases where the two prognostica appear together in manuscript is still required,171 a preliminary survey of the evidence strongly suggests that the speciﬁc key to the process of association between them is the simple dream lunation. For example, in the six cases where a Vatican manuscript preserves a copy of the Somniale and one or more copies of the Lunationes, the lunation that immediately precedes or succeeds the Somniale is of the simple dream-interpretation type. In fact, ﬁve of the six cases contain a dream lunation immediately preceding the Somniale,172 while only one has the lunation following the Somniale.173 Furthermore, in three of these cases

170

Collins, Daniel, 139. Again, such an investigation would require an examination by autopsy of all the manuscript evidence. 172 Pal. lat. 235, Pal. lat. 1030, Reg. lat. 567, Reg. lat. 1420, and Vat. lat. 6297. 173 Pal. lat. 1321. 171

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the lunation is actually inserted between the Somniale and its Prologue.174 This evidence implies that through the medium of the simple dream lunation the Lunationes came to be associated in manuscript with the Somniale Danielis and so also with the ﬁgure of Daniel the Prophet. The process was no doubt facilitated by the aforementioned points of contact, but the critical element was the correspondence of the subject matter, i.e., dream interpretation. Once this association was established, either the other types of lunations began to be included under Daniel’s name or, more probably, simple dream lunations under the name of Daniel gradually acquired other functions and/or grew into complex lunations, all of which is now reﬂected in the state of the manuscript evidence. Excursus I: The Figure of Daniel in Complex Lunations and the Zodiacal Lunaries Two other lunar prognostica deserve our attention, if only in passing. The structure of some complex lunations include both divinatory and nondivinatory elements and frequently the latter consists of a notation about persons and events from the Bible: the speciﬁc day of the month on which a patriarch or prophet was born, when the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah met their fate, etc. These notations appear for each of the thirty moons that constitute a complete lunation. Such complex lunations generally begin with the observation that “Luna prima factus est Adam . . .,”175 “Luna prima. Adam natus fuit,”176 “Primo die lunae Adam ad lucem peruenit . . .,”177 “Luna prima Adam fuit creatus . . .,”178 and the like. One would expect Daniel to be mentioned somewhere in the series, but this is not the case, since the thirty moons usually cover the ﬁgures and events from Adam to Moses or, less frequently, from Adam to Samuel or David.179 How this particular chronological window

174 Pal. lat. 1030, Reg. lat. 1420, and Vat. lat. 6297. For more information on the Vatican lunations, see DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts.” 175 Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 4° 70 [Electoralis 968], fols. 229vb–232rb; London, BL cod. Additional 15236, fols. 169v–171v; London, BL cod. Egerton 821, fols. 8v–12r; London, BL cod. Sloane 2641, fols. 62r–64v; Modena, Biblioteca Estense cod. lat. 697, fols. 24v–27r; München, UB, cod. 8° 339, fols. 118v–119r; München, BSB, cod. lat. mon. 14706, fols. 34r–35r; Paris, BNF cod. lat. 4147, fol. 112; Venezia, BM cod. VIII.33 [olim lat. 106], fols. 7vb–8vb. 176 Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 204 [olim 136], fols. 25r–26r. 177 Paris, BNF cod. lat. 3660, fols. 53r–57r. 178 Aberystwyth, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, cod. Peniarth 26, pp. 15–19; Erfurt, WBS Amplonian 4° cod. 330, fols. 23v–24v; London, BL cod. Sloane 282, fols. 82v–85v. 179 This chronological range also extends to the vernacular lunations of this type.

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came to be established is impossible to determine, although it is clear that Daniel and the Babylonian exile fall outside it. Oddly enough, however, King Nebuchadnezzar appears in one lunation (London, BL cod. Sloane 2641, fols. 62r–64v: “Luna IXa. natus est Nabugodenosor.”). The second type of text where the ﬁgure of Daniel appears brieﬂy is the zodiacal lunary, a genre upon which some scholarship has been devoted.180 As their name suggests, zodiacal lunaries are prognostica which depend on the observation of the zodiac as well as the moon. There are several types of zodiacal lunaries: i) those that are structured around the twelve signs of the zodiac and the position or state of the moon relative to each sign (e.g., “Luna commorante in signo Arietis . . .”);181 ii) as above, but with an added line or two explaining the correspondence between the sign of each zodiac and a biblical ﬁgure, usually a patriarch, prophet, or apostle;182 and iii) those that are centered around the zodiacal signs and the moon’s place within them, but structured in three divisions of four zodiacal signs each (e.g., “Aries Cancer Libra Capricornus. In his signis tropicis Luna cum erit . . .”).183 In the zodiacal lunaries the ﬁgure of Daniel appears sporadically and almost always in the context of those texts that include this additional line about a biblical ﬁgure (type ii). The one common element among such brief references is the association of Daniel with Leo, the sign of the zodiac representing the lion. In the Bibliothèque Nationale de France codex n.a. lat. 299, fols. 23 recto to 24 verso, we ﬁnd the following: “Signum Leonis signum est Danielis prophete, qui in lacu leonis fuit. de Luna cum fuerit in Leone.” And again, in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France codex n.a. lat. 456, fols. 163 verso to 168 recto: “Luna XI et XII. Signum Leonis, pro eo quod Daniel Propheta in lacum leonum missus fuit . . . signum Leonis Sancti Daniel prophete signum est. . . .”184 In both cases the link between 180

Svenberg, Lunaria et zodiologia latina; Hübner, Zodiacus Christianus. Cf. Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 8° 93, fols. 56r–57r (from which the quotation was drawn); Cambridge, CCC cod. 37, fol. 51r–v; Herten, Bibliothek des Grafen Nesselrode-Reichenstein, cod. 192, fols. 89va–90va; Paris, BNF cod. lat. 16208, fol. 25r; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Urb. lat. 1398, fols. 23r–31r. Such texts are common throughout ancient and mediaeval Europe and the Near and Middle East— see, e.g., the Syriac Book of Medicines, fol. 212v: incip.: “And if the year be born in the sign of the Ram, the rain will cut the early seed . . .”; expl.: “And if the year be born in the sign of the Fishes, do not sow seed too early, and the crops will prosper on the mountains, and the early seed will prosper” (E.A.W. Budge, Syrian Anatomy, Pathology and Therapeutics, or “The Book of Medicines”. The Syriac Text, Edited from a Rare Manuscript, with an English Translation, etc. (London, 1913), 2.522–523). 182 Paris, BNF cod. n.a. lat. 299, fols. 23r–24v; Paris, BNF cod. n.a. lat. 456, fols. 163v–168r. 183 Cf. Fabariensis cod X, fols. 18r–v; St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek cod. 878, pp. 240–241 (from which the quotation was drawn); Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek cod. hist. fol. 415, fols. 18v–82r; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 834, fol. 42v. See Hübner, Zodiacus Christianus, 196–197, for diﬃculties in reading Laurentianus 45,23, fol. 65r at the point at which Daniel’s name appears. 184 Quotations apud Svenberg, Lunaria et zodiologia latina, 63–64 and 83. 181

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the ﬁgure of Daniel and the zodiacal sign of Leo is made on the basis of the episode of Daniel in the Lions’ Den (Dan 6). The association of Daniel with Leo is reﬂected in the work of W. Hübner, who has made an exhaustive study of all such associations between the patriarchs, prophets, and apostles and the zodiac, the motion of the planets, and other astrological data.185 Because there is no attribution to Daniel I do not categorise these zodiacal lunaries as part of the Daniel prognostica, and since they preserve only a minute amount of information about the prophet (a phrase or sentence at most) and the vector by which this information is communicated is not third-person narrative, these lunations are not Daniel legenda, either. In actuality, the only thing that can be said about this information is that it is vaguely annalistic. A modern analogy would be the 365-day calendar on which one ﬁnds speciﬁc days recorded with the notations for “Easter,” “Victoria Day,” “Christmas Day,” and so on. While one expects to see calendars with the third Monday in May highlighted “Victoria Day,” one does not expect to see any further information about Queen Victoria other than perhaps the dates of her long reign.

4. Praedictiones Danielis In contrast to the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis, which while not particularly well-known to scholars of apocryphal literature have been nevertheless the subject of some sustained academic interest on the part of mediaevalists, the existence of the Praedictiones Danielis is almost completely unknown beyond the limited compass of the study of Greek astrological texts. Indeed, even the name of the text is artiﬁcial. The manuscript catalogues, which preserve the bulk of the scant evidence associated with this text, tend to employ terms such as “Danielis prophetae apocalypsis”186 or “Apocalypsis Danielis.”187 The use of the term “apocalypse” is in part reﬂective of the fact that a few of the manuscript copies of the text preserve titles that call to mind the titles of several of the apocryphal Daniel

185

See Hübner, Zodiacus Christianus, 62: “Von Daniel beim Löwen und Jona bei den Fischen war bereits die Rede, weil diese beiden Parallelen schon früher belegt sind.” See also Tabelle 13 (at 66) and especially the comprehensive Tabelle 14 (at 72–73). Note, however, the anomaly at Tabelle 8 (at 46), where Daniel appears under sign of Capricorn. 186 F. Boll, Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. VII: Codices Germanicos (Bruxelles, 1908) 47, re Berlin, SBPK cod. gr. 170 [olim Phillipps 1574], fols. 137v–184r. 187 M.A. ”angin, Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. XII: Codices Rossicos (Bruxelles, 1936), 153, re Sankt Petersburg, cod. Bibl. Publicae 575, fols. 46r–64v.

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apocalypses.188 The Praedictiones, however, is patently not an apocalypse. It is an anthological prognosticon, that is, it consists of a series of loosely related forecasts derived from the observation of various phenomena. With this in mind, the functional title of Praedictiones Danielis seems more apropos for this text than the more established but plainly inappropriate “Apocalypsis Danielis.”189 The form and content of the Praedictiones vary widely among the copies, with the diﬀerences among the texts centering on the quantity and nature of their forecasts. In its longest examples, the text consists of a series of twenty-ﬁve prognostica whose referents are primarily astronomical and meteorological phenomena—the movement and phases of the sun and the moon, the observation of lightning and seismic activity, and so on.190 In none of its various versions does the Praedictiones appear to contain a section that deals explicitly with the interpretation of dreams. This is markedly diﬀerent from what we ﬁnd with both the Somniale and the Lunationes. The Praedictiones survives in at least thirteen Greek manuscript copies, although there is a high probability that more examples of the text have yet to be identiﬁed. Although there is a distinct possibility that it is preserved in oriental copies (see below), the Praedictiones does not appear to be extant in manuscript copies which are composed either in Latin or in the vernacular languages of mediaeval Western Europe. In this characteristic the Praedictiones again radically diﬀers from both the Somniale and the Lunationes. The Praedictiones Danielis is never intimately connected in manuscript to the Somniale and its Prologue in the way that many copies of the Lunationes are. The text generally stands alone, although in some codices devoted speciﬁcally to astronomical or astrological prognostica it is bound along with a copy of the Lunationes.191 In one

188

Cf. the ˜rasiw profÆtou DaniÆl of the copy listed in the preceding note. Actually, “Prognostica Danielis” would have been a more accurate title, but this would likely cause confusion with the general subject of this Chapter. 190 F. Boll, Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. VII, 47; W. Gundel and H.G. Gundel, Astrologumena. Die astrologische Literatur in der Antike und ihre Geschichte (Sudhoﬀs Archiv 6; Wiesbaden, 1966), 259–260; C. Pasini, Codici e frammenti greci dell’Ambrosiana (Testi e studi Bizantino-neoellenici 9; Roma, 1997), 153 note 84. 191 Athínai, Bibl. Publ. cod. 1350 and Milano, BA cod. E.11 sup. It is unclear whether London, BL cod. Royal 16.C.ii preserves a copy of the Lunationes plus additional but unconnected prognostica (i.e., not a copy of the Praedictiones), or whether all the prognostica (including the lunation) is meant to function as the ﬁrst section of a full-blown copy of the Praedictiones Danielis. 189

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case, it is bound with a copy of the apocalypse The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel.192 The attribution of the Praedictiones varies with the copy consulted. In some cases it is associated with Daniel,193 in other cases it is ascribed to ﬁgures such as Orpheus194 or, in light of its claim to be an apocalypse, to Leo the Wise.195 Occasionally preﬁxed to the text are various prologues. Some of these are quite brief, others are longer and more detailed, but they are completely unlike the Prologue that is associated with the Somniale and, through it, the Lunationes. Perhaps the most important of these prologues appears at Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France codex gr. 2316, fols. 380 verso to 381 recto:196 Ptolema›ow ı Filãdelfow ı basileÁw AﬁgÊptou Íp∞rxe basileÊsaw ¶th lhÄ §n tª aÍtoË basile¤& otow ÑEbra¤ouw katadoulvsãmenow eﬁw tØn •llhn¤da metabale›n énagkãzei ei fvnØn §k t∞w •bra˝tidow pãsaw tåw ye¤aw grafåw ka‹ poioËntai tØn •rmhne¤an êndrew oÄ §n sof¤& parå to›w ÑEbra¤oiw §pairÒmenoi. §n toÊtoiw ëpasin ∑n ka‹ ≤ b¤blow ¥de DaniØl toË profÆtou, Ùptas¤an Ípãrxousa b¤blow yaumastØ ka‹ ¶gkritow, tå §perxÒmena énagg°llousa m°xri t∞w suntele¤aw toË kÒsmou katå tÊxhn t«n sumbainÒntvn aﬁyer¤vn terãtvn. ÉEn d¢ ta›w ≤m°raiw K«nsta basil°vw KvnstantinoupÒlevw, §ggÒnou d¢ ÑHrakle¤ou, Moab¤aw ı t«n ÉArãbvn érxhgÚw metå dunãmevw ple¤sthw §jelyΔn kat∞lye m°xri ka‹ t∞w ÑRÒdou tØn g∞n t«n ÑRvma¤vn lh˝zvn, …w ka‹ taÊthn kat°strece ka‹ pçsan tØn paral¤an taÊthw §lehlãthse. ı d¢ basileÁw taËta ékoÊsaw ka‹ laÚn sunayro¤saw ∑lyen eﬁw Fo¤nika, …w toÊtƒ t“ Moab¤& éntiparatãjasyai ka‹ pÒlemon sunãcai. ≤tt«ntai ÑRvma›oi, ı d¢ aÈtÚw K≈nstaw mÒliw diasvye‹w Íp°strecen §n tª pÒlei metÉaﬁsxÊnhw. ı d¢ Moab¤aw §parye‹w tª n¤k˙ §pÒryhsen katedafÆsaw tØn per¤xvron m°xri ka‹ aÈt∞w t∞w KvnstantinoupÒlevw, …w ka‹ tØn b¤blon taÊthn §ntuxΔn ka‹ tå gegrammena yaumãsaw, doÁw to›w ÖAracin met°frasen tª ﬁd¤& dial°ktƒ, me¤nasan §n toÊtoiw m°xri ka‹ tØn sÆmeron. ÉEn d¢ t“, wcngÄ ¶tei §ntuxΔn tÆnde ÉAl°jiÒw tiw épÚ Buzãntion doËlow aﬁxmãlvtow Ípãrxvn basileËsi ÉArãbvn tåw grafåw ka‹ tØn diãlektvn êmfvn gin≈skvn ka‹ tØn diÆghsin énagnoÁw §pÒyhse toË metafrãsai taÊthn ÑRvma¤oiw kayΔw ÍpÒkeitai summarturoËsan ka‹ sumfvnoËsan êgxvn tØn t«n ÉArãbvn pezikÆn gl«ttan, ˘w ka‹ eÎxetai toË dvrhy∞nai aÍt“ parå yeoË proyum¤an toË eﬁw t°low taÊthn §jãjein. émÆn.

This is an important statement, because it explains the post-biblical rationale for associating the Praedictiones with the biblical ﬁgure of 192

Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. gr. 363. Athínai, Bibliothecae Publicae cod. 1350, fols. 25v–28r: ÉEnyãde per¤exei ırãseiw tinåw toË profÆtou DaniØl ìw épekãlucen aÈt“ ı YeÒw. 194 Cambridge, UL cod. Ll.4.12, fols. 89r–99r. 195 S. Weinstock, Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. IX: Codices Britannicos. Pars II: Codices Londinenses, Cantabrigienses, Bibliothecarum minorum (Bruxelles, 1953), 124. 196 Boudreaux, Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum VIII.III, 171–172. 193

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Daniel. It does this by clarifying the relationship between the author, Daniel, and the present form of the text. In a nutshell, we are told that the text originated from the pen of Daniel, was translated into Greek at the time of Ptolemy Philadelphos (284–246 bce), was later transmitted into Arabic, and ﬁnally translated back into the Greek by Alexios of Byzantium. The reference to Ptolemy Philadelphos is signiﬁcant in that, according to tradition,197 it was in Egypt during this time and at the king’s request that seventy-two elders of Israel translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek. What the prologue attempts to do, therefore, is to connect the Praedictiones Danielis with the Book of Daniel by means of a common transmission history involving the legendary history of the LXX, the argument being that if the Book of Daniel is genuine (as it is surely was), then so too was the Praedictiones. Despite its obviously ﬁctional elements, this transmission history might nevertheless provide a clue to the real origins of the text. It is possible that the Greek text which presumably stands behind these relatively late extant manuscript copies of the Praedictiones Danielis is also the Vorlage of the oriental prognosticon known as Mal˙amat Dàniyàl.198 It must be stressed that any evaluation of this suggestion will require the identiﬁcation of the full range of the available manuscript evidence, a study of the versions of both the Praedictiones and the Mal˙amat, and a detailed analytical comparison of the two texts. It is presently unclear, for example, whether the Praedictiones and the Mal˙amat—if indeed they are related—are copies of the same text or versions of related texts, or whether both texts in their present form represent later recensions of an original Greek (or Syriac or Arabic) Vorlage. At the same time, several items suggest that there might be some fundamental connexion between the Praedictiones and the Mal˙amat. First, the information in the prologue of Bibliothèque Nationale de France codex gr. 2316 provides an explicit connexion with the general Arabic prognostic tradition. Second, both texts are anthological treatises, in contrast to the Somniale Danielis and Lunationes Danielis, which focus on one sort of forecasting. Third, both the Praedictiones and the Mal˙amat are extant in manuscript copies whose varieties diﬀer in their length and contents. Fourth, no variety of either text seems to contain a section on the interpretation of dreams.

197 198

See the Letter of Aristeas. See §5, infra.

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Finally, both texts are speciﬁcally concerned with the meaning of astronomical and meteorological phenomena. 5. Daniel Prognostica from the East As I remarked in the introduction to this chapter, in the West the name of Daniel came to be associated with two types of prognostica. The Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis were products of the culture of mediaeval Europe and were seemingly unknown in the East beyond those geographic boundaries deﬁned by the presence of the Latin- and Greek-speaking peoples. To be sure, the phenomena of dream interpretation and lunar prognostication were as widespread throughout the East as they were in the West.199 J.C. Lamoreaux demonstrates that dream manuals were quite common throughout the Arabic Muslim world,200 while lunar and other astronomical and astrological prognostica seemingly enjoyed a wide circulation in points south and east of Byzantium. At the same time, the Somniale and the Lunationes are extant in but a handful of Hebrew201 and Armenian202 copies of a very late date. In addition, there is only 199 On the Prophet Muhammad and dreams, see M.J. Kister, “The Interpretation of Dreams: An Unknown Manuscript of Ibn Qutayba’s 'Ibàrat al-Ru"yà,” IOS 4 (1974), 67–103 at 70–74. 200 Lamoreaux, Muslim Dream Interpretation. On the topic, see also N. Bland, “On the Muhammedan Science of Tâbír, or Interpretation of Dreams,” JRAS 16 (1856), 118–171; Y. Gouda, Dreams and Their Meanings in the Old Arab Tradition (New York, 1991); and the introduction to L. Kinberg, Ibn abì al-Dunyà: Morality in the Guise of Dreams. A Critical Edition of Kitàb al-Manàm with Introduction (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science 18; Leiden/New York/Köln, 1994). 201 There is one Hebrew copy of the Somniale at Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. heb. 285, and perhaps another at London, BL cod. Harley 5686 (see M. Steinschneider, “Das Traumbuch Daniels,” 196). In addition, Vat. heb. 285 contains a copy of the Lunationes. For a description of the Vatican copies and of the problems associated with their foliation, see DiTommaso, “Medieval Manuscripts.” It is further possible that a Hebrew copy of both the Somniale and the Lunationes exist in the München libraries—Dream manual: (cod. 418) “ laynd lç twmwlj ˆwrtp”; lunations: (cod. 289, fol. 139) “twygnfxyah tmkjm, Collectaneen . . . und laynd tmkj . . . Nativitäten nach den Monaten . . . und Bauernregeln über die Jahre. . . .” (reported by M. Steinschneider, Die hebraischen Handscriften der K. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in Muenchen (München, 1895), 235, 151). 202 I know of two copies of the Somniale Danielis in Armenian: i) Paris, BNF cod. armen. 307, fols. 91v–102v, on which see F. Macler, Catalogue des manuscrits arméniens et géorgiens (Paris, 1908), 159: “Explication des songes par le prophète Daniel”; note that Macler describes the text following (fols. 103r–114v) as “Autre traité sur le même sujet”; ii) Oxford, Bod. cod. armen. f.10, fols. 112–132, on which see S. Baronian and F.C. Conybeare, Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars XIV:

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one Coptic copy of the Somniale of which I am aware,203 while the Lunationes is preserved in perhaps a few Syriac copies.204 Apparently neither text survives in Aramaic, Arabic, Ethiopic, Georgian, Slavonic, or Turkish.205 The fact that the Hebrew and Armenian copies are Catalogue of the Armenian Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library (Oxford, 1918), col. 219: “Divination by Dreams . . . ‘written by the Prophet Daniel,’—alphabetically arranged.” An example of a lunation, albeit without an attribution to Daniel, is found in an Armenian text in London, BL cod. Or. 2624, fols. 146–150, on which see F.C. Conybeare, A Catalogue of Armenian Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1913), 319: “A certain philosopher’s treatise on the days of the moon, making clear your dreams. The ﬁrst day of the moon is good for laying foundations, for sowing, for setting out on a journey. He that is sick is racked, yet survives, He that is born on it will be lucky. A dream is fulﬁlled on the twelfth day . . .” This is no diﬀerent in content from many of the lunations preserved in western manuscripts. Whether the Armenian text is a direct translation from the Greek or represents a later translation of a Latin or another vernacular copy is unclear. 203 Oxford, Bod. cod. Maresch. 31 (cod. Copt. 2); see J. Uri, Bibliothecae Bodleianae codicum manuscriptorum orientalium, videlicet hebraicorum, chaldaicorum, syriacorum, aethiopicorum, arabicorum, persicorum, turcicorum, copticorumque (Oxford, 1787), 318: “Somnium danielis Prophetae, cum Arabica interpretatione.” 204 There is a Vatican text listed in an old manuscript catalogue that might be a Syriac lunation. See J.S. Assemanus, Bibliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae codicum manuscriptorum catalogus. 1.III: Complectens reliquos codices chaldaicos sive syriacos (Roma, 1759), 503 re no. 217: “Astrologia & Lunarium, Syriace fol. 92 [to 94].” I have not been able to verify whether this is a lunation proper (the index to the catalogue lists it as attributed to Daniel) or, more generally, a lunary. In the Syriac Book of Medicines, there are several lunations, although none are attributed to Daniel: (fol. 218r) incip.: “Every one who is attacked by sickness on the ﬁrst day of the month recovereth on the second day . . .”; expl.: “If he be attacked on the thirtieth day of the month, he will live.”; (fols. 218r–v) incip.: “First day of the moon. If he is breathing a little, the son of a day, he will live; and if he is altogether sick, he will not die . . .”; expl.: “Thirtieth day of the moon. Whether he eateth, or whether he eateth not, he will most assuredly die”; (fol. 226r) incip.: “First day of the moon. The whole day is propitious for going on a journey . . .”; expl.: “Thirtieth day of the moon. The whole day”; (fols. 226r–v) incip.: “Observe on what day the ﬁrst day of the month beginneth. First day. Propitious for everything . . .”; expl.: “Thirtieth day. Good for everything”; (fols. 227r–229v) incip.: “First day of the moon. This day is good for business of all kinds . . . and the dream which a man seeth on this day will be fulﬁlled in two days’ time . . .” expl.: “Thirtieth day of the moon. This day is good for everything . . . And dreams dreamed on this day are bad. Keep thyself from them” (E.A.W. Budge, Syrian Anatomy, Pathology and Therapeutics, or “The Book of Medicines”. The Syriac Text, Edited from a Rare Manuscript, with an English Translation, etc. (London, 1913), 2.536–538, 556–558, 560–565). 205 The possibility is high that this statement is erroneous in its minor details, given the number of languages cited, the number of manuscripts preserved in each language, and the fact that the manuscript catalogues for these languages are not as well known as the catalogues for Greek and Latin manuscripts. But even if, for example, there is a Arabic copy of the Somniale Danielis or a Syriac copy of the Lunationes Danielis buried in a library somewhere, this would not change the fact that there are over 150 western manuscripts of the former and over 250 of the latter, and one or two or twelve eastern copies will not alter the conclusion that these

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of such a late date206 implies that these exemplars are late translations of the Somniale and the Lunationes from Western manuscripts rather than the only survivors of a long-standing tradition in Hebrew and Armenian. Instead of the Somniale or the Lunationes, though, there was a remarkable and variegated assortment of divinatory texts attributed to Daniel which circulated primarily throughout the mediaeval Near and Middle East—particularly in Syriac Christian and Arabic Muslim circles— and which appears never to have spread farther west than the Bosporus. The scholarship on these Eastern Daniel prognostica is comparatively meagre, and it cannot be stressed strongly enough that the information presented in this section is meant as a preliminary survey designed to supplement the list of texts that F. Sezgin presents in the seventh volume of his comprehensive Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums.207 Almost every fundamental question about these eastern Daniel prognostica remains at best only partially answered, including issues pertaining to their identiﬁcation and the range of the extant manuscript evidence, the state of their relationship to each other, and their origins and transmission history.208 Our knowledge of many of these texts frequently relies on little more than a brief citation in a manuscript catalogue, and it is more than probable that what we consider to be separate texts by virtue of their seemingly distinct titles are in several cases actually versions or even copies of the same text.209 The most important and possibly the oldest of these eastern Daniel prognostica frequently appears under the title Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, that is, the Forecasts of Daniel or the Predictions of Daniel,210 which I have two texts are predominantly products of western mediaeval Christendom. On the possibility of an Arabic Somniale, see notes 252 and 253, infra. On the possibility of a Syriac lunation, see the previous note. 206 No date is indicated in the catalogue for the Coptic Somniale. 207 F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Band VII: Astrologie—Meteorologie und Verwandtes bis ca. 430 H. (Leiden, 1979), 312–317. 208 This warning is repeated in the sections on these texts in the Inventory of Chapter Six. 209 Cf. the trenchant comments of Lamoreaux: “Whether by way of physiognomy, geomancy, palmistry, dream interpretation, or any of a dozen other methods, mediaeval Muslims evinced a lively interest in the arts of divination. The manuscript collection of the Muslim world are replete with hundreds of thousands of texts on these subjects. Despite their ubiquity, few have had the good fortune to attract the attention of researchers” (Muslim Dream Interpretation, 1). 210 On the term malâ˙im, see T. Fahd, La divination arabe: études religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif de l’Islam (Leiden, 1966), 224; and S.A. Arjomand,

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previously suggested might be related to or a later copy/version of the anthological Greek prognosticon Praedictiones Danielis. The Mal˙amat is also known by the generic Kitàb Dàniyàl (The Book of Daniel ) and as with the Praedictiones is sometimes associated with other biblical and historical ﬁgures besides Daniel.211 From what can be gleaned from the scattered and diverse sources, the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl is extant in Arabic, Persian, and Syriac (Karshuni) copies that stem from both the Christian and the Islamic traditions. The Mal˙amat Dàniyàl is essentially an anthology of prognostica. Its forecasts tend to focus not only on astronomical phenomena, but also calendrical, meteorological, climactic, agricultural, and/or astrological ones. Unlike the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis, which almost always involve a personal rather than a corporate perspective (namely, events will occur to an individual rather than to a community or state), the prognostications in the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl sometimes include those with a corporate aspect. Oddly for a prognosticon, a number of the versions of the text contain the sort of eschatological speculation and historical-political statements about dynasties and kings that one normally associates more with the biblical and apocryphal Daniel dreams and visions.212 This combination of divinatory prediction and eschatological expectation is seemingly unknown in western prognostica such as the Somniale or the Lunationes. In his magisterial study of divination in the Arabic tradition, T. Fahd argues that there are three recensions of the Mal˙amat.213 The ﬁrst recension contains what in western manuscript codices might be called a compendium of calendrical computi and sundry meteorological forecasts, the contents of which are worth listing:

“Islamic Apocalypticism in the Classical Period,” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture (ed. B. McGinn; New York, 1996), 238–283 at 244. The term also seems to have been used in the sense of “woes,” particularly in a prognostic sense; see infra, on the Muslim interest in ﬁtan. 211 See the history of mal˙ama literature in Fahd, 225–227. He observes that “ce genre de mal˙ama atteignit son apogée dans un écrit qui ﬁt fortune à l’époque ottomane et dont il existe de nombreaux témoins manuscrits et commentaires” (226). 212 Speaking of these texts, Fahd remakes, “De caractère eschatologique, elle annonçait le Mahdi et prévoyait, en fonction de sa venue, les péripéties que nations, dynasties, religions et individus traverseraient jusqu à son avènement” (La divination arabe, 224). For examples, see J. den Heijer, “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl and Christian Arabic Literature,” Actes du Premier Congrès international d’Études arabes chrétiennes (Goslar, septembre 1980) (OCA 218; ed. K. Samir; Roma, 1982), 223–232 at 227–232. 213 Fahd, La divination arabe, 408–409.

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Un corpus de ces signes et de leurs signiﬁcations divinatoires nous est parvenu sous le nom de Mal˙ama, attribuée au prophète Daniel, où des prédictions sont tirées du premier janvier du calendrier chrétien, selon le jour de la semaine auquel il tombe, à commencer par le samedi [in this manuscript, fols.:] (58v–60r), des éclipses de soleil, selon les mois du calendrier chrétien, à commencer par avril (60r–60v), des éclipses de la lune, selon la même ordre (60v–61v), des éclairs (5v) [sic], du tonnerre (61v–63r), de l’apparation des halos autour du soleil (63r–63v) et autour de la lune (63v–64r), de l’arc-en-ciel (64r–64v), de l’apparition d’un signe dans le ciel (64v–65v), des tremblements de terre (65v).214

The second recension is a fuller version of the ﬁrst, with the addition of prognostica such as the Mansions of the Moon, forecasts relating to the observation of comets, and so on. The third recension, Fahd claims, is the longest one of all, and includes an introduction that expands the attribution of the prognosticatory material to a diverse assortment of biblical and ancient and contemporary historical ﬁgures traditionally associated with scientiﬁc endeavour.215 Whether one can divide a rather open-ended text such as the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl in this rigorous tripartite fashion is uncertain, especially in the light of the reality that an overall grasp of the manuscript evidence is not yet available.216 Sezgin, for example, argues that this evidence indicates that there are more than a dozen separate (and by implication unrelated) texts that only sometimes appear under the name Mal˙amat.217 On the other hand, Sezgin’s classiﬁcation appears

214

Ibid. 408. Ibid., 225. Fahd’s list includes Daniel, Dû l-Qarnayn, Bal'âm [= Balaam?], Andronicos, Ptolemy, Hermes (or Idris), and Ezra the Scribe. Of the copy preserved at Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, MS 1506, there is the following description: Kitàb al-Mulhama. A treatise expounding the astrological judgment relating to the twelve months. The name of the author is not mentioned. In the preface it is mentioned that the material for the present work was taken from the sayings of Dàniyàl, the Prophet, Idrìs bin Luqmàn and Hurmus the Philosopher” (M. Ulama, et alii, Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Collection of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta, 1949), no. 1506, 2.195–196). 216 This is the point of den Heijer, “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl,” 224. See also the comments by A. Fodor: “The relatively great number of manuscripts and their spread throughout Europe and the Middle East, presenting perhaps a kind of embarras du choix, have thus far hindered a completion of the work” (“Malhamat Daniyal,” The Muslim East. Studies in Honour of Julius Germanus (ed. G. Káldy-Nagy; Budapest, 1974), 85–160 at 85). 217 Sezgin, Geschichte, 7.312–317, re his nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16, as well as some unassigned texts. 215

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to run counter to the research of scholars such as M. Ullmann218 and J. den Heijer,219 who list under the title of the Mal˙amat many of the manuscripts that Sezgin seemingly considers to be copies of these other texts. Certainly examples exist of shorter manuscript copies of the Mal˙amat or Mal˙amat-like texts that preserve diﬀerent prologues and that do not appear to conform to one of Fahd’s three categories. There is a brief Arabic text located in the Library of the Coptic Patriarchate in Cairo (codex Theol. 260) in which one will ﬁnd a Vision of Daniel the Prophet,220 which despite its apocalyptic-sounding title appears to be nothing more than an abbreviated copy of the Mal˙amat of clearly Egyptian provenance.221 At the other end of the spectrum is a very long print edition of the text edited by A. Fodor.222 Here the Mal˙amat begins by describing how God taught Adam the science of forecasting the future, whereupon Adam transcribed his knowledge on tablets of baked clay—for nothing else would survive the Deluge that was to come—and deposited them in a cave that would open but one day each year. This of course is a version of the legend of the Cave of Treasures, and one on which we already have commented in the context of the two Ashmolean copies of the Lunationes associated with Adam and Daniel. Centuries after the Deluge, Daniel, having heard of this remarkable Cave and the special information stored therein, gathered forty pupils and set oﬀ from Jerusalem to the Cave to be there on the one day in the year that it opened.223 Daniel and his band entered the Cave on the prescribed day and there they copied the information from the tablets of Adam (pp. 3–4). After this lengthy introduction the text continues with a description of the sort of knowledge that Daniel discovered, beginning with some general zodiacal data (pp. 4–6). This is followed by prognos-

218 M. Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam (HdO 6.2; Leiden/Köln, 1972), 293 note 4. 219 den Heijer, “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl.” 220 Y. 'Abd al-Masi˙, “A Fragmentary Farmer’s Almanac,” Les cahiers coptes 10 (1956), 5–9. 221 An Egyptian provenance for the text seems indicated by its sustained concern with the level of the Nile’s ﬂooding and by continual reference to Egyptian place names. 222 Fodor, “Malhamat Daniyal,” 97–160 (translation and text). See also idem, “The Metamorphosis of Imhotep,” 169–170. 223 On the tradition that Daniel left for the Cave from Jerusalem (and thus did so before he came to serve in the Babylonian court), see Chapter Two.

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tica based on: the day of the week on which falls the Second Kanun, from Saturday to Friday (pp. 6–15); the sign of the zodiac (and the astronomical body associated with each sign) in which the new year begins (pp. 15–29); the month in which the Sun (pp. 29–33) and the Moon is eclipsed (pp. 33–38); the month in which a halo appears around the Moon (pp. 39–40) or the position of the new moon in each month (pp. 40–42); and the month in which earthquakes (pp. 42–44), lightning (pp. 44–45), rainbows (pp. 46–49), thunder (pp. 49–59), thunderbolts (pp. 59–64), comets and other celestial signs (pp. 64–71), and gale winds and sundry storms (pp. 71–75) occur. Towards the end of the text we ﬁnd prognostica concerning the severity of winter and the occurrence of rain (pp. 76–78), prognostica based on the sign of the zodiac (pp. 78–80) or the month (pp. 80–84) in which the Moon is eclipsed, prognostica concerning the cold and fog (pp. 84–86), the day of the week upon which one falls ill (pp. 86–87) and comets (p. 88), and prognostica based on the day of the week on which falls the beginning of the month of Muharram, from Saturday to Friday (pp. 88–91), and on the day of the week on which falls the Festival of the Cross, from Saturday to Friday (pp. 91–93). Clearly the order of the prognostica in the Mal˙amat as they are presented in the lists of Fahd and Fodor are dissimilar. Although there are enough similarities among the various manuscript copies of the text to consider them part of the Mal˙amat corpus, the diﬀerences in the sequence of their prognostic elements intimate a more complicated transmission history. What is more, the transmission-relationship among the discrete versions or recensions of the text need not be strictly linear. Rather, the evidence could instead suggest a more radial development, in that there was a common stock of computi and astronomical and meteorological phenomena from which various authors at diﬀerent times drew to fashion the disparate copies of the Mal˙amat. In this, perhaps, the transmission history of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl might echo that of the Byzantine apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles attributed to Daniel. At the same time, and regardless of the exact nature of its transmission history, the Mal˙amat never appears to contain either a dream manual or a lunation proper among its diverse contents. Notably, it shares this quality with the aforementioned Greek Praedictiones Danielis. The issue of the number of copies and the problem with the versions or recensions in which the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl is preserved are

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only two of the many questions that surround this text. Its date and provenance also remain a mystery. Fodor argues that the Mal˙amat originated in Syrian Christian circles in ˇùr 'Abdìn around the second half of the eleventh century (developing from the AssyrianBabylonian Iqqur Ìpu“ and the astrological portions of the Syriac Book of Medicines)224 and then moved into the Shi’ite communities of southern Iraq.225 He bases his argument on this connexion between Adam, Daniel, and the Cave of Treasures and the Hermetic literature,226 and on the Mal˙amat’s agricultural and horticultural data, linguistic features, confessional aspects, and historical allusions. This theory of origins has been rightly questioned by G. Vajda, who demonstrates that Fodor’s linguistic evidence does not permit such speciﬁc conclusions,227 and by den Heijer, who among other things notes that the full extent of the manuscript evidence ﬁrst needs to be consulted in order to determine whether this information about the Cave of Treasures appears in older copies of the text.228 Also open to question is the assumption that a solitary community was responsible for the creation of a compendium of astronomical and meteorological forecasts such as the Mal˙amat when so many of the component elements of the text appear in widely diverse formats elsewhere (in both the East and the West) and well before the period indicated by Fodor. In addition, the agricultural and horticultural data cited by Fodor are far too general to imply a speciﬁc location and, besides, one cannot exclude the possibility that these elements in such a text are the product of accretion rather than creation. As for the historical allusions in the text that Fodor cites, they consist of largely unspeciﬁc references to kings and conﬂicts between the Arab Muslims and the Byzantines, and so are of a kind that per224

On the Book of Medicines, see note 204, supra. Fodor, “Malhamat Daniyal,” 90–96. But if the copy in the Coptic Patriarchate in Cairo is a version of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, the conclusion is that this text (or at least certain versions of it) also spread into Egypt. 226 On the connexion between Daniel and Hermes, note the Kitàb Hirmis, a “compendium of astrological lore usually bearing a title relating to the ﬁrst treatise, which deals with the heliacal risings of Sirius and which is attributed to Hermes, but consisting mainly of sections attributed to Daniel” (D. King, A Survey of the Scientiﬁc Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library (American Research Center in Cairo, Catalogs 5; Winona Lake, 1983), 27). King lists ﬁve MSS, at least one of these Christian, and notes that there are more. 227 G. Vajda, “Quelques observations sur la Mal˙amat Dàniyàl,” Arabica 23 (1976), 85–87. For more on the Mal˙amat, see note 284 infra. 228 Den Heijer, “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl,” 225–226. 225

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mits identiﬁcation with a variety of historical circ*mstances. That the Arabic is a translation from the Syriac is a distinct possibility, however, since in some Arabic copies the prognostica based on the months of the year are arranged according to the Syriac months.229 Like all prognostica, the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl transcended religious boundaries easily. Den Heijer aptly describes it as a “popular astrological/meteorological divinatory text, and as such . . . not restricted to any particular confession.”230 The manuscript evidence bears this out, with both Christian and Islamic variations of the text. The obvious question is whether this state of aﬀairs sheds some light on the ultimate origin and subsequent development of the text. As for the eschatological elements which are preserved in some copies of the text, the major issue here is whether there might be a connexion between these elements and the eschatological data contained in the apocryphal Syriac and Arabic Daniel apocalypses. With respect to both queries, however, we are stymied by a woefully incomplete understanding of the evidence, and no conclusions can be oﬀered at this time. Yet, even if the text originated in the Syriac Christian tradition, the process of its incorporation into Muslim scientiﬁc circles might have run parallel with or otherwise might have been somehow related to the development of Muslim interest in ﬁtan, that is, civil disorders and wars, a topic explored in some detail in Chapter Three, Excursus II. S.A. Arjomand’s thoughts on this possibility are illuminating and worth quoting extensively: With the civil wars of 656–661 and 680–692, the term ﬁtan was soon to become synonymous with malà˙im—apocalyptic woes and tribulations on which a book is attributed to Daniel. I suspect that this tradition anachronistically renders malà˙im as ﬁtan, but its referent is most probably the apocalyptic battles of the kings of the South and the North, and especially the battles of the end of time against the earthly kings in which the archangels Gabriel and Daniel will lead the army of angels against earthly kings (Dan. 10:13–12:1). The use of the term malà˙ama for the woes and tribulations of the end of time is striking. Its derivation from the Hebrew cognate, mil˙àmâ (‘war’), has not been explored; nor has the possible inﬂuence of the apocalyptic ‘War Rules’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls. . . . But if my reading of this tradition on the content of the book of Daniel is correct, the original derivation of the

229 230

Thorndike, History, 2.294, citing Alger codd. 1517 and 1518. Den Heijer, “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl,” 223.

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chapter four malà˙im may be from the Danielic expression of the battles of the end of time. Others doubtless thought that the book also contained the eternal wisdom that the father of humanity, Adam, had hidden in the Treasure-Cave mentioned in the Syriac texts soon to be translated into Arabic . . .231

Arjomand raises several issues, a few of which fall outside the compass of our investigation.232 It could be, however, that on the basis of its eschatological elements—the “woes and tribulations at the end of time,” as Arjomand puts it—the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl was part of a general blossoming of Islamic interest in apocalyptic ideas, another example of which was witnessed in the production of the Arab Muslim apocalypses. Whether this blossoming was precipitated by the discovery of Daniel’s tomb and the contents therein, by ﬁrst contact and then war with the Byzantines233 (and perhaps even by crosspollination from the many Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalypses that also appeared at this time), or, as Arjomand suggests, by internecine strife in Muslim world, the underlying assumption is that the Mal˙amat dates more from the eighth or ninth centuries than it does from the tenth or eleventh ones ( pace Fodor).234 Signiﬁcantly, the Kitàb al-malà˙im of Ibn al-Munàdì, in which is embedded the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid,235 is dated to the ﬁrst decades of the tenth century. If the story preserved in the text about the apocalypse’s being an older text is to be believed, we have another connexion among Daniel and eighth- or ninth-century mal˙ama literature. At the same time, the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, as I suggested in the previous section, might represent the vernacular reﬂexes of the aforementioned Greek prognosticon, the Praedictiones Danielis, which were produced for and circulated around the mediaeval Muslim world. Much more work is required on the study of these two classes of texts, however, before any ﬁrm conclusions may be drawn. Despite the many unanswered questions surrounding the origins, development, and characteristics of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, it is the 231

Arjomand, “Islamic Apocalypticism in the Classical Period,” 244. For example, the suggestion of a connexion between mal˙ama literature and the War Scroll (found in several manuscripts and copies among the Dead Sea Scrolls) is particularly tenuous. 233 S. Bashear, “Apocalyptic and Other Materials on Early Muslim-Byzantine Wars: A Review of Arabic Sources,” JRAS 1.2 (1991), 173–207. 234 For a discussion of all these hypotheses, see Chapter Three, Excursus II: “The Figure of Daniel and the Arabic Muslim Daniel Apocalypses.” 235 See Chapter Three, §2.18. 232

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one text of its type to which some sustained academic research has been devoted. Indeed, the only common characteristic of the other Daniel prognostica from the East is that relatively very little is known about them. There is a collection of geomantic texts that exist in Persian, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Turkish manuscript copies236 and that have some connexion to the ﬁgure of Daniel the Prophet. The science of geomancy is one where divination is eﬀected by means of ﬁgures and lines or geographic features.237 In the Arabic tradition this science is called raml, a term also seen in transcription spelled as reml, remel, or rumul (with and without diverse diacritica). The full extent of these Daniel geomantic prognostica is unknown, as is their history, development, and characteristics beyond what one ﬁnds included in manuscript catalogues,238 and to the best of my knowledge they have not been the subject of sustained academic enquiry.239 Brief as these catalogue descriptions are, however, they do help illuminate the nature of this elusive text. For example, there is in British Library codex Add. 9702, fols. 1–45, a Turkish “book of Remel ascribed to Daniel, with the heading . . . The ﬁgures used in that mode of divination consist of sixteen combinations of dots and lines.”240 One manuscript in the possession of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal is described as “S˙ajari-i-pur Thamara. Another treatise on divination by raml, based on the apocryphic [sic] book of

236 On Western geomantica, see T. Charmasson, Recherches sur une technique divinatoire: la géomancie dans l’Occident médiéval (Centre de Recherches d’histoire et philologie 5, Hautes Études médiévales et modernes 44; Genf, 1980); and I.P. Culianu, “La Géomancie dans l’Occident médiévale. Quelques considérations,” Non nova, sed nove. Mélanges de civilisation médiévale dédiés à William Noomen (ed. M. Gosman and W. van Os; Groningen, 1984), 37–46. 237 There are several manuscript codices, for example, in the Vatican Library devoted to astronomical and astrological texts which contain tables of chance, usually revolving around the various combinations of throws of the dice (with six, eight, or even ten pips), each throw indicating a diﬀerent forecast. On the subject in general, see A.C. Merriam, “Divination by Dice-Throwing,” American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 7 (1885), 184; and W.L. Braekman, Fortune-Telling by the Casting of Dice (Scripta 4; Bruxelles, 1981). 238 On the manuscripts, see the Inventory of Chapter Six and note 284 infra. 239 Fahd, La divination arabe, 196–204, discusses geomancies—and refers to some of the authors cited by the descriptions in the manuscript catalogues—but does not mention Daniel in this context. See also the quotation by B. d’Herbelot at note 249, infra. 240 C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1888), 131–132.

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Daniel,”241 while another is identiﬁed as a “treatise on raml, based on the book of Daniel. The author calls himself merely Surkhàb.”242 I have uncovered references to possibly three additional copies in the Vatican manuscript holdings: codex Vat. arab. 1106, fols. 93 verso to 98 recto, a text which is entitled “k.[itàb] Al-Qur"a ar-ramliyya di Dàniyàl (Daniele)”;243 codex Barb. pers. 533, fols. 2 to 70, described as a “Recueil de données astrologiques, suivi d’une série de prognostications (Kitàb ar-raml), le tout attribué à Daniel le prophète . . . en gar[ùnì”;244 and codex Vat. pers. 107, fols. 2 to 70, identiﬁed as “Kitàb-i ramal-i Dànyàl, trattato o raccolta di trattati di geomanzia, in turco, senza nome d’autore.”245 These descriptions suggest several preliminary conclusions about the Daniel geomantica. First, some copies appear to be anthological. Second, they are not always attributed to Daniel and, indeed, as with several of the copies of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, a few of these geomantic texts are found under the name of a collection of authors. Some of these authors are ancient, others are more contemporary, still others might not even be pseudonymous, as we ﬁnd with this “Surkhàb,” a name that is frequently associated with other geomantic texts. The situation here is analogous perhaps to what we encountered with the Venerable Bede and the strange attribution to him of the text De minutione sanguinis. The implication is that there was a storehouse of geomantic traditions which were often drawn upon for incorporation into discrete texts. Some of these texts were longer, some were shorter. Some were attributed to the ﬁgure of Daniel, others were merely based on Daniel’s knowledge, as if the prophet stood at the head of a long line of scientiﬁc tradition whose culmination in the ﬁeld of geomancy were these texts.246 While it would be seriously unwarranted to include 241 Calcutta, Asiatic Society MS J.16; cf. W. Ivanow, Concise Descriptive Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Collection of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta, 1924), no. 1517, 709. 242 Ibid., no. 1518.1, 709: Calcutta, Asiatic Society MS J.9, fols. 1v–34v. 243 G. Levi della Vida, Elenco dei manoscritti arabi islamici della Biblioteca Vaticana. Vaticani, Barberiniani, Borgiani, Rossiani (S&T 67; Città del Vaticano, 1935). 244 A. van Lantschoot, Inventaire des manuscrits syriaques des fonds Vatican (490–631) Barberini oriental et Neoﬁti (S&T 243; Città del Vaticano, 1965) 57–58. 245 E. Rossi, Elenco dei manoscritti Persiani della Biblioteca Vaticano (S&T 136; Città del Vaticano, 1948). 246 Cf. the analogous situation with the eleventh-century dream manual of Dìnawarì, which used extensively the traditions ascribed to Daniel (Lamoreaux, Muslim Dream Interpretation, 62).

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all the Eastern geomancies under the general rubric of Daniel apocrypha,247 the presence of geomancies under Daniel’s name or somehow based on his knowledge cannot be ignored, either. For both the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl and these Daniel geomantica, the key element is the ﬁgure of Daniel and how this ﬁgure was understood in the post-biblical period. Perhaps related to the Daniel geomantica is a text called the Qur"at Dàniyàl. According to Fahd, “dans la Qur"at Dâniyâl, ce sont les nombres, formulés en deux phrases, qui servent à la qur’a; elles sont disposées de la manière suivant [here appears a table of two columns of words]. Une explication détermine la signiﬁcation de ces formules, explication reprise en vers introduits par qâla r-râ[iz.”248 Another eastern prognosticon associated with Daniel is a dreamtext called variously Kitàb al-ußûl li-Dàniyàl al-˙akîm (The Book of Principles of Daniel the Sage) or Ußul al-ta’bir li-Dàniyàl (The Principles of Interpretation [of Dreams] of Daniel ). A few scholars mention this work in passing,249 others cite a manuscript or two. I have never encountered an edition or a translation of this text, and the one truly noteworthy item about it that I have been able to uncover is that Fahd discusses the text in the light of the Greek copies of the Somniale Danielis published by E. de Stoop and F. Drexl.250 It is uncertain whether Fahd means to imply that this Kitàb al-ußûl is an Arabic copy of the Somniale or whether he was simply indicating that the Arabic text is of the same type (e.g., a dream manual) as these Greek manuscript copies. Whatever the case, the Kitàb al-ußûl li-Dàniyàl al-˙akîm does not exist in any great numbers;251 Fahd cites one copy in Berlin,

247 Unlike the Lunationes Danielis, where we could identify a speciﬁc type of lunar prognostica and deﬁnitely assign it to the Daniel apocrypha. 248 Fahd, La divination arabe, 218. 249 B. d’Herbelot, “Danial,” Bibliothèque orientale, ou Dictionnaire universel (Paris, 1697), 283: “Les Orientaux attibuent à Daniel l’invention de la Geomantie qu’ils appelent Reml, & un livre qui a pour titre Oßoul al Tâbir, Les principes de l’Oneiro-critique, ou de l’explication des songes” (paraphrased in M. Seligson, “Daniel. In Arabic Literature,” The Jewish Encyclopaedia. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times (ed. I. Singer, et alii; New York/London, 1901–1905), 4.429); Bland, “Muhammedan Science of Tâbír,” 123, 153. Cf. also Steinschneider, “Das Traumbuch Daniels,” 198. 250 Fahd, La divination arabe, 335. On the Greek texts of the Somniale, see note 27, supra. 251 There is a text preserved at Istanbul, Ba[datli Vehbi Kütüphanesi 2234, fols. 16r–20v, whose title Sezgin records as K. Dàniyàl al-˙akim (Geschichte, 7.315, re his no. 7). Whether this is the same text, I do not know.

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and there is perhaps an additional copy in Paris.252 Thus even if the text is indeed an Arabic copy of the Somniale, it stands more with the handful of Hebrew manuscript copies as an interesting anomaly rather than as evidence for the widespread transmission of the Somniale to the East. Notably, the Somniale is not mentioned except in passing in Lamoreaux’s study of early Muslim dream interpretation.253 A similarly mysterious text associated with Daniel is the Kitàb alJafar, that is, the Book of Numerology. In his book Les Prairies d’Or,254 Masudi mentions a certain Daniel, who lived during the time between Noah and Abraham, to whom may be attributed the various scientiﬁc writings, the eschatological predictions, and foretellings of the fortunes of kingdoms, and to whom is ascribed this “Kitab el-Djefr” [sic]. Why all these writings were ascribed to an “elder Daniel” rather than to the familiar one who operated at the Babylonian court is unclear, since all are of the sort one traditionally ﬁnds associated with Daniel the Prophet. A more trustworthy analysis is oﬀered by Arjomand, who writes: “Numerology is an ancient technique for the calculation of the predetermined future. Its reception in Islam as the science of Jafr was quite early, that science being attributed to Daniel and also to the sixth Shi'ite Imam, Ja'far b. Mu˙ammad, presumably on account of the red leather bag known as the jafr,”255 and again: “It is interesting to note that Ibn Abì Tàhir’s treatise in political astrology is followed, in the same manuscript, by the Book of Jafr, ‘extracted from the Books of Daniel and Solomon, son of David’.”256 Regarding the text cited by Arjomand, London, British

252

W. Ahlwardt, Verzeichniss der arabischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, re Berlin MS 4289, 24. In addition, Fahd cites two copies (?): “Ó-› [= Óâ[[i-›alîfa, Kaßf aΩ-Ωunûn . . .] I, 338; II, 311.” Note also Bland, “Muhammedan Science,” 153, who in the context of this text cites d’Herbelot’s note on a manuscript in the old Royal Library in Paris: “Il y a dans la Bibliothèque du Roy no. 410. un livre intitulé Odhmat al mancoul ân Danial al Nabi, qui contient des predictions reçues par tradition du Prophete Daniel” (d’Herbelot, “Danial,” 283). The current shelf mark of this manuscript is unknown. 253 Lamoreaux, Muslim Dream Interpretation. Note, esp., his Appendix, “Early Muslim Dream Manuals” (175–181), which does not refer to the Somniale. 254 I am unfamiliar with the original Arabic title; see Maçoudi (al-Mas'ùdì), Les Prairies d’or. Texte et traduction (edd. C. Barbier de Maynard and P. de Courtelle; Paris, 1863), 128–129; and see also F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Band VI: Astronomie bis ca. 430 H. (Leiden, 1978), 200–201. 255 Arjomand, “Islamic Apocalypticism,” 265. 256 Ibid., 278 note 37. The manuscript in question is London, BL cod. Oriental Add. 7473, fol. 63v.

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Library cod. Or. 426 [Add. 7473],257 the British Museum catalogue of Oriental manuscripts provides the title “Operis Astrologici pars secunda” and translates its Arabic prologue into Latin: Pars prima Libri al-Jafar de Contemplatione in explicatione mensium Arabicorum et Graecorum et signorum Zodiaci ad eos pertinentium, et illorum quae sunt in eis; de mansionibus lunae atque sideribus earum: de ortu mansionum, et occasu similium: item de epochis, et ventis et ﬂatu eorum: de signis veris et demonstrationibus lucidus claris: et de luna in ortu et in occasu: ex illo quod dixit Aristoteles de motibus animalium et signis potus atque aliis: de accidentiis aeris, et signis ignium et rorum et pluvarium, ex illo quod extractum est e libro Danielis et Solomonis ﬁlii Davidis, quibus ambobus sit pax; atque testiﬁcati sunt philosophi et Amalecitae.258

One will note that several astrological elements familiar to western astronomical/astrological codices appear in this prologue and that the text appears either to be anthological or to have drawn eclectically from various sources. But nothing more can be said about this text. M.H. Goshen-Gottstein lists an eighteenth or nineteenth-century Syriac manuscript in the Harvard Library, MS Syr 161.259 He describes the text as a “book of magic, diagnosis and prognosis of illnesses, attributed to the Prophet Daniel and to Ezra the Scribe.” It is uncertain whether a Syriac version of the Lunationes is part of this treatise. There is a brief Persian text on divination and astrology which is presrved in the Bodleian Library and which is said to be “extracted from the book of the prophet Daniel.”260 Whether this is an excerpt from the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl or any of the other known Daniel prognostica or represents something new, I do not know. Several types of Daniel prognostica exist in the Turkish tradition in addition to the geomantica.261 British Library codex Royal 16.B.xxi, 257

Arjomand cites fol. 63r; the Catalogue fol. 64. Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum orientalium. Pars secunda, codices arabicos amplectens (London, 1846), 206. 259 Goshen-Gottstein, M.H., Syriac Manuscripts in the Harvard College Library: A Catalogue (HSS 23; Missoula, 1979), 104. The text was ﬁrst described by J.T. Clemons, “A Checklist of Syriac Manuscripts in the United States and Canada,” OCP 32 (1966), 224–251 at 236 [re MS 37], but no mention is made of Daniel. 260 Oxford, Bod. cod. Whinﬁeld 8, fols. 215r–216r. See A.F.L. Beeston, Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani and Pushtu Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. Part II: Additional Persian Manuscripts (Oxford, 1954), 82–84 at 84. 261 On all the texts listed in this paragraph, see the Inventory of Chapter Six, re the Excursus, “Sundry Turkish Daniel Apocrypha.” Several other Ottoman texts 258

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fols. 13–19 contains a medical treatise “in tabulated form showing the omens to be drawn from throbbings in various parts of the body . . . [it] gives, in ﬁve columns, the import assigned to the throbbings by Ja"fer Íàdi˚, the prophet Daniel [etc.] . . .”262 One wonders whether western medical lunations played a role is the connexion made here between Daniel and physiological forecasting. Fols. 355 verso to 356 recto of the codex turc supp. 245 in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France preserve a text described as a “traité de prédictions d’après le prophète Daniel, en turc, disposé sous la forme de tableaux.”263 Finally, two Turkish texts associated with Daniel and mantic functions appear in the manuscript catalogues to the old Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin.264 6. General Observations Despite the fact that there were scores of diﬀerent divinatory texts which circulated throughout ancient and mediaeval Europe and the Near and Middle East, the ﬁgure of Daniel the Prophet came to be associated with only a few speciﬁc types. In the West, these were the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis.265 Both texts were probably composed originally in Greek in late antiquity and in the context of biblical and classical ideas of the interpretation of dreams, visions, and astronomical and astrological phenomena. Both are preserved in a great number of manuscript copies—over 150 extant copies of the Somniale and over 250 of the Lunationes—and were extraordinarily popular in Western and Northern Europe from at least make use of Daniel’s divinations ( fal-e Daniyal ), including the Matala'al-Sa'ada, several copies of which exists and illustrate the tomb of Daniel as one of the possible divination images (private correspondence with C. Gruber). 262 C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1888), 134. 263 E. Blochet, Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue de manuscrits turcs. Tome I er: Ancien fonds, nos. 1–396. Supplément, nos. 1–572 (Paris, 1932), 283. 264 W. Pertsch, Verzeichniss der türkischen Handschriften (Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin 6; Berlin, 1889), 175–176, re Pertsch nos. 157 and 157. 265 There is at least one copy of the Mansions of the Moon that is attributed to Daniel: Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal cod. 2872, fols. 394r–397r (Catalogue géneral des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France. Paris: Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal (Paris, 1885–1889), 3.136). To the best of my knowledge, this is the only copy of this text (which exists in many hundreds of copies) that is attributed to Daniel, and thus we must characterise the attribution as idiosyncratic rather than paradigmatic.

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the ninth or tenth century to well into the age of print.266 Although there are exceptions, in most cases these two texts were bound in manuscript codices that wholly or in part were devoted to astronomical and astrological observation and prognostica, with medical lunations sometimes included in medical codices.267 In a signiﬁcant minority of instances the two texts appear side-by-side in manuscript and share the same Prologue. Despite their disparate contents, the element that linked them in the mind of the copyists is the ﬁgure of Daniel; more speciﬁcally, Daniel the interpreter of dreams. In the East the situation was slightly diﬀerent. Although the same broad restrictions seem to have applied to the sort of texts with which Daniel could be associated, the corpus of prognostica was comparatively larger and the range somewhat broader. In both the West and the East one encounters manuscript codices devoted to scientiﬁc topics, but whereas in the former the general tendency was for individual texts to be titled and attributed separately, in the East it seems that there was a greater trend towards anthological treatises. With respect to the Daniel prognostica speciﬁcally, the Somniale and Lunationes are discrete texts: one deals with dreams and their interpretations from A to Z, the other with the thirty days of the month, and very rarely is there another type of divination text preﬁxed or appended to either text. While they might share a Prologue and so attribution to Daniel, the Somniale and Lunationes are unquestionably separate from the Mansions of the Moon, the Supputatio Esdrae, and rest of the prognostica, even when they all these texts appear alongside each other in the same codex. In contrast, the East was home to collective treatises such as the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl and the various Daniel geomantica, where under the name of Daniel were collected a whole range of divinatory elements, the sequence and inclusion of which could vary depending on the manuscript copy consulted. We should also include in this category the Praedictiones Danielis, which, as we have seen, is not preserved in manuscript copies composed in the languages of Western Europe. One diﬀerence, therefore, between the western and the eastern Daniel prognostica is a developmental one that is related to the issues 266 And, in some cases, beyond. One ﬁnds lunations and weather prognostica in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century almanacs and other literature of that sort. 267 Notably, neither appears in manuscript alongside a copy of the Book of Daniel, as we sometimes ﬁnd with a few of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses.

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of form and function. In the West the function of a prognosticon was more rigidly subordinate to its form. In form all lunations are alike; in function they are radically diﬀerent. There are lunations that deal with medical issues, matters of personal fortune, or with questions pertaining to whether dreams will come true or whether fugitives will be apprehended. But the form of the lunation is precisely the same in all such cases and, moreover, the attribution to Daniel is no more prevalent for one type of lunation than it is for any of the others. The same is true for the Somniale, whose form remained the same no matter how many of the individual dreams were added, subtracted, or reworked. In the eastern Daniel prognostica, however, form tended to be sacriﬁced more to function by virtue of this inclination to anthological treatises. If an author of a Mal˙amat wanted to include forecasts revolving around the meaning of comets or to subtract predictions based on the interpretation of rainbows, he simply added them to his text, all the while maintaining the attribution to Daniel. In both the West and East, however, and whether Daniel’s name was associated with the Somniale, the Lunationes, or an anthological treatise on divination, the implication was that Daniel stood near the head of a long line of scientiﬁc tradition.268 Daniel could interpret dreams and visions and had ten times the skill of the other types of Babylonian wise men—this the Bible said. But if in the Book of Daniel he is the wise man without peer, we must also recognise that in the court tales of Daniel 1–6 he gains his special knowledge from God, as a result of his resolute courage and steadfast piety in the face of mortal oppression. He is granted knowledge of the hidden mysteries by virtue of his enduring faith. In the prognostica, however, just as in the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses, much of the overt expressions of this basic connexion between faith and knowledge is lost. But whereas in the apocryphal apocalypses the loss of the link between faith and knowledge was not replaced by anything else, there is in these Daniel prognostica an additional sense of Daniel as a scientist, however crudely that term 268 Or sometimes Daniel was understood to have collated the science and wisdom of the philosophers and wise men antecedent to him; cf. an Armenian copy of a Daniel geomanticon, which according to its description in the catalogue begins: “[The] wisdom of ancient philosophers, expounded by Daniel the Prophet, how to know good and evil, and beware of the latter” (Baronian and Conybeare, Catalogue of the Armenian Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, cols. 236–237).

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was understood a thousand years ago. We encounter this understanding in the ways that the Daniel prognostica were plainly understood to be scientiﬁc texts. They were frequently grouped in manuscript with other texts pertaining to the study of and forecasts from astronomical, astrological, meteorological, and other phenomena, and were also bound in codices of like material. The prologues to these texts, where they exist, communicate less the biblical connexion between faith and knowledge and more the simple fact that Daniel was fundamentally knowledgeable. In certain prologues, particularly in such collective treatises such as the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, the Daniel geomantica, and even the Turkish treatise on the “throbbings” of the body, the ﬁgure of Daniel is grouped with other biblical, mythological, and historical ﬁgures to whom others have attributed great knowledge. Prognostica are by nature scientiﬁc texts. Their contents imply patient observation and careful calculation and the information they contain is assumed for the most part to be universal. All these elements are hallmarks of the scientiﬁc method and from these simple procedures were born modern science and medicine. S.W. Hawking remarks that “the whole history of science has been the gradual realization that events do not happen in an arbitrary manner, but that they reﬂect a certain underlying order, which may or may not be divinely inspired.”269 The prognostica thus represent an important intermediate stage in the worldview that postulates that all knowledge ultimately comes from God. The ﬁgure of Daniel in the prognostica operates not simply as a wise man whose abilities are God-given, but also as an empirical scientist. This is not to suggest that the view of Daniel as scientist was no longer governed by this postulate that knowledge derives from God. Rather, there is an additional element of wisdom that fundamentally if only implicitly underpins these prognostica, a biblical wisdom that is anthropocentric as well as empirical, repeatable, and universal. Daniel has ﬁgured things out for himself, so to speak. He does this using his God-given talents, to be sure, but also with the beneﬁt of his own reason and common sense. What is more, the results of his observations are codiﬁed in texts such as the Somniale and Lunationes and are ready to be employed by subsequent generations of scientists and physicians—this, after all, is the function of such prognostica. In the cases of the anthological 269 S.W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time. From the Big Bang to Black Holes (New York, 1988), 122.

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treatises attributed to several wise men of the past, Daniel’s observations are simply an important part of a larger compendium of similar scientiﬁc observations. Indeed, texts such as the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal’s MS 1506, whose contents represent a seeming ﬂorilegium of scientiﬁc observations drawn from the researches of past wise men, clearly imply this as well. The underlying hermeneutic is diachronic, not synchronic: it relies on a view of knowledge characterised not by what the historian of mediaeval technology L. White, Jr. once called the “ﬂat contemporary view of phenomena” common to engineers or to social scientists,270 but rather by an implicit belief of science as both process and progress. The ﬁgure of Daniel as it is both expressed and implied in the prognostica is understood to be part of this dynamic. I do not mean to draw too sharp a line between Daniel the wise man in the biblical tradition and Daniel the scientist in the postbiblical one. Again, one must assume that the conception that God is the ultimate origin of Daniel’s special knowledge exists in the postbiblical prognostica, despite the lack of the sort of overt connexion one ﬁnds in the Book of Daniel. At the same time, too, the biblical ﬁgure of Daniel is no mere cipher, the mindless voice of God to the Babylonians, the Medes, and the Persians, and from there to generations of later kings and kingdoms. Ten times as clever as his Babylonian counterparts, Daniel employs both his intelligence and ability to reveal mysteries to resolve situations. This is seen most clearly in the apocryphal story of Susanna, where the angel of the Lord or God himself provides the impetus for Daniel to act on behalf of the accused,271 but the manner in which Daniel acts as a detective is a model of common sense and judicious wisdom. Moreover, I cannot fully agree with R. Gnuse that “the art of [dream] interpretation is connected only with Joseph and Daniel where special eﬀort goes into attributing the power of interpretation to God, so that Joseph and Daniel appear as prophets not oneirocritics.”272 True, Daniel is not a paradigmatic oneirocritic in the Hebrew Bible, but he is chief of a group of wise men whom the Book of Daniel takes 270 L. White, Jr., “Technology Assessment from the Stance of a Medieval Historian,” American Historical Review 79 (1974), 1–13 at 3. 271 The agency varies among the versions: OG “angel of the Lord” (vv. 44–45), yÄ “God” (v. 45). See Chapter Two, §2 for a discussion of the tale of Susanna. 272 R. Gnuse, Dream and Dream Reports in the Writings of Josephus: A Traditio-Historical Analysis (Leiden, 1996), 73.

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pains to explain were specialists in various ﬁelds of scientiﬁc endeavour, including the science of dream interpretation. And it is a science; otherwise we must attribute the powers of these Babylonian wise men to divine ﬁat, and this would undermine the connexion between faith and special knowledge that stands at the heart of the court tales of Daniel 1–6.273 For all this, though, little of Daniel’s actions in the Bible call to mind the ﬁgure that stands behind the prognostica, and unless one approaches it with an overarching purpose,274 the information revealed in the dreams and visions of the book of Daniel cannot be used in a scientiﬁc or anthological sense. Daniel reveals dreams in the Bible, but he functions more as a court magus than as a scientist, dispensing one-time dream interpretations to kings on their royal command rather than compiling a corpus of divinatory knowledge for posterity. Therefore, even though the implication is there in the Book of

273 For this reason I cannot agree with R.G. Wooden, who argues that, in distinction from the Babylonian wise men who indirectly divined messages sent by the gods, Daniel is presented as one who receives revelations directly from God (“The Witness of Daniel in the Court of the Kings,” “You Will Be My Witnesses.” A Festschrift in Honor of the Reverend Dr. Allison A. Trites on the Occasion of His Retirement (edd. R.G. Wooden, et al.; Macon, GA, 2003), 30–52 (cf. note 82, supra, and the text to which this note refers). There is no reason to draw such a sharp line between Daniel and the Babylonian wise men. Daniel can be a wise man, skilled in all the divinatory arts and even be ten times better at it than his Babylonian counterparts, and yet still receive divine revelation. Daniel 4, which Wooden does not address in any detail, is a good example where Daniel essentially functions as an straight-forward interpreter of dreams. Indeed, Wooden himself admits that the Book of Daniel stresses that Daniel was a member of the guild of Babylonian wise men, and the distinctions he highlights between Daniel and the Babylonians (Daniel is a Jew, he is the recipient of divine favour, and he alone receives divine revelations in Daniel 2) do not really speak to his central argument of this sharp dichotomy. The ﬁgure of Daniel as the recipient of divine revelation of course cannot be ignored, and Wooden is quite right to remind us of its import. But the transformation from wise man to seer of apocalyptic visions was a process, and the Book of Daniel records several of its stages. My point is that the ﬁnal redaction of the Book never fully harmonised what essentially was a changing understanding of the nature and role of Daniel, and it seems to me that any eﬀort to maximise the revelatory aspects of Daniel the Wise of Daniel 1–6 is too informed by the portrait of Daniel the Seer of Daniel 7–12. I will have more to say on this topic in a future study. Also, to keep things in perspective, we should recall the topic of this chapter is the Daniel prognostica, and it is quite clear that its authors (and many copyists) obviously considered him to be a functioning classic dream interpreter of the highest skill. 274 E.g., a Christian Praeparatio wherein passages from the Hebrew Bible thought be foretelling the advent of Jesus Christ would be collected and which would include the Son of Man portions of the Book of Daniel.

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Daniel that the Prophet has scientiﬁc credentials, the fruits of these credentials is not science. In sum, therefore, the understanding of Daniel as a scientist is not biblical, but it is post-biblical, and thus represents a critical extrapolation of his character and abilities beyond the information contained in the biblical record. Daniel was not an expert in all types of knowledge, however, and here the limitations of this extrapolation from the biblical record are met. There is nothing in the Book of Daniel to indicate that he was a court astrologer or that he received oracular visions as did the Sibyl. He is a scientist, but his ﬁeld of scientiﬁc enquiry is somewhat delimited by his description in the Book of Daniel, which itself is circ*mscribed by the comparison with the wise men of Babylon (and, implicitly, by the various groups of these wise men). Daniel’s knowledge and proﬁciency were restricted to speciﬁc ﬁelds of study. That this was true in every case is impossible to say, but a general statement to this eﬀect can be made. Such a statement is based, in a positive sense, on the reconstruction of the post-biblical rationale in the cases of the Somniale, the Lunationes, and the Mal˙amat, and also, in a negative sense, by the distinct lack of certain types of late antique and mediaeval texts associated with him. There are no oracular Daniel texts, nor are there magical or demonological ones. Daniel’s name never appears at the head of mathematical or musical treatises—of which there are many in both the Western and Eastern manuscript tradition—nor is it ever associated with such activities as animal husbandry, wine-making, alchemy, or sorcery. The characteristics that made prognostica part of the science of the day also ensured their ready transmission across confessional and schismatic boundaries. The Somniale and the Lunationes likely originated in areas under the general inﬂuence of the Eastern Christianity, but quickly found a home among the lands of Western Christendom. Many of the Daniel prognostica from the East are preserved in both Christian and Islamic copies, which should come as no surprise given the ease with which science transcended linguistic and cultural diﬀerences in the Middle Ages.275 Unlike the apocryphal Daniel legenda and apocalypses, where sometimes one can ﬁnd evidence of 275 An excellent example of this phenomenon is the pagan Greek scientiﬁc texts of antiquity, may of which were preserved in Muslim manuscripts, and which over the long twilight of the mediaeval period were re-introduced from these manuscripts to Western Christendom.

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the religious attitudes of the community which produced them,276 the Daniel prognostica tend not to preserve such information. Along with their ability to cross confessional boundaries was the prognostica’s capacity to endure. The Hebrew Bible frowned upon divination (Deut 18:14–15, Isa 44:25; Jer 14:14, 27:9–10, etc.) and the only reference to fortune-telling in the New Testament (Acts 16:16–19) is whole-heartedly derogatory. At the same time, and running parallel to this “oﬃcial” stance, the practice of divination, augury, and the use of magic thoroughly permeated the ancient and mediaeval worlds. Among many other elements, there are Jewish incantation bowls from Hellenistic Egypt, manuscript illuminations of Christian priests practicing divination,277 and a slew of widely diverse magic and prognostic texts in many languages. The precise relationship between the “oﬃcial” stance and this mass of texts and customs is beyond the scope of this chapter,278 but whatever it might be, the Daniel prognostica form a part of a scientiﬁc tradition that existed alongside, and probably to some degree within, the strictures of the biblical tradition. In a recent, important essay, R.M. Liuzza argues that because prognostica were suited to the rhythms of monastic life, they ﬂourished even in an era where fortune-telling and divination were normally condemned.279 In this context prognostic texts served many functions: as much-needed medical reference works, as manuals for calculating the age of the moon (a facet of clerical training), as vectors between celestial observation and ecclestiastical observance, or, more generally, as a way in which churchmen could relate to the members of their ﬂocks on an everyday level. For Liuzza, the fact that prognostica were produced and used regularly in church circles suggests 276 E.g., some of the Byzantine Greek Daniel apocalyptica preserve indications of their iconophile or iconoclastic tendencies. 277 So Susan L’Engle of the Vatican Film Library informs me in a personal conversation. 278 But note the conclusion to the recent essay by I. Moreira, “Dreams and Divination in early Medieval Canonical and Narrative Sources: The Question of Clerical Control,” Catholic Historical Review 84 (2003), 621–642 at 642: “[The] picture provided by the prescriptive sources points to a clergy relatively uninterested in regulating non-clerical dream interpreters . . .” Moreira, who does not discuss the Somniale, also notes that the clergy did not have the de facto means to assert control had they wanted to, nor was there a normative “Christian culture” of dreaming [the term is hers] against which non-clerical modes of dream interpretation could be qualiﬁed and, if necessary, proscribed. 279 Liuzza, “Anglo-Saxon Prognostics in Context” (note 107, supra).

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their central rather than peripheral place within mediaeval culture and social systems.280 The popularity of the Daniel prognostica endured for a long time, perhaps over ten or eleven centuries in the west, and even longer in the east. They were the last of the three great types of Daniel apocrypha to emerge in the post-biblical period281 and they were the last to depart. The Somniale was a popular text in incunabula, as was to a lesser extent the Lunationes, and in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries one could still ﬁnd surviving examples of both genres in the printed farmer’s almanacs and the related quasifolklorish and often mawkish compendia of the “Secret Lore of the Ancients” type.282 In the east, Fodor reports that printed copies of the Mal˙amat were being sold by street book-vendors well into the third quarter of the twentieth century.283 The doom of these Daniel prognostica was the result of the same broad and complex changes in attitudes about the nature and dynamics of underlying causes that also spelled the end for the production of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. Simply put, prognostica have no part to play in the modern world outside their popular, uncritical applications. More speciﬁcally, their demise was precipitated by the redeﬁnition of the concept of agency and the examination of the formal diﬀerences between correlation and causal relationships that gradually took place during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the scientiﬁc revolution. It slowly came to be understood that humans and human behaviour could no longer be thought of in terms of the relatively simplistic causal formulations based on the observation of terrestrial and celestial phenomena. As a result, the study of humankind largely moved from what was considered science to what would become later known as the social sciences or the humanities. A few disciplines proved to be exceptions to the rule, managing to 280 Ibid., 196: the proliferation of prognostica “must be considered as a consequence, though no doubt an unintended one, of the tenth-century monastic reform— not at its margins but in its midst.” Although Liuzza’s focus is on Anglo-Saxon England, it is borne out by the MS evidence as valid for Western Europe in general. 281 Although, of course, prognostica as a genre are extremely ancient. 282 E.g., Godfridus, The Book of Knowledge of Things Unknown (1530?, 1588, and later published with The Husbandman’s Practice (1673, 1676, 1688, 1743)); N. Powell, The New Universal Fortune-Teller; or, Complete Book of Fate (London, 1730?); and W. Lilly, The Book of Knowledge of the Wisdom of the Ancients Written by Erra Pater (Glasgow, 1780). See also Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 26–30. 283 Fodor, “Malhamat Daniyal,” 86.

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keep the study of certain aspects of humanity a science. Medicine is one such discipline, the study of the mind is another. But in both cases these disciplines had to re-examine their foundations, and what could not be justiﬁed in the light of the new scientiﬁc rigour was discarded. Medical prognoses were no longer oﬀered on the basis on which day of the month it happened to be, but rather on a more nuanced comprehension of physiological functions, germ theory, and now gene theory. In psychiatry, dreams no longer foretold an individual’s future but instead revealed his or her past. This fundamental re-examination of foundations also occurred with meteorology and the agricultural sciences; here again the comparatively simplistic formulations of the prognostica were incrementally but steadily replaced by approaches more grounded in modern science and technology. In the end, the Daniel prognostica simply were no longer relevant. Their primary function—communicating knowledge of the future in a coherent manner—had become a casualty of the gradual transformation of the mediaeval world into the modern one. At the same time, however, their existence and popularity testify not only to the inﬂuence they once held but also to the way in which the biblical ﬁgure of Daniel sparked the imagination of dozens of generations of humanity across Europe and the Near and Middle East.284

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At the eleventh hour I encountered the transcription and translation of “A Judeo-Arabic Version of the Predictive Book Mal§amat Dâniyâl” in Y. Tobi, The Jews of Yemen (ÉJM 21; Leiden/Boston, 1999), 242–254. He cites two copies at Jerusalem, Hebrew University Ben-Zvi Institute cod. 3203, fols. 2r–4r and 26r–30v. The text, on which he comments brieﬂy (citing only Fodor and Vajda) is on abbreviated version of the Mal˙amat, containing a forecast based on the day of the week on which Second Kânûn Falls and a brontologion. He does not mention the Praedictiones but notes (on p. 244) a copy of the Kitàb al-Raml, the geomantic text attributed to Daniel.

CHAPTER FIVE

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Despite appearing at a relatively late stage in the biblical tradition, the ﬁgure of Daniel—wise man, model of faithfulness, interpreter of dreams, and seer of visions—proved remarkably popular. One of the few truly post-exilic characters, the ﬁgure of Daniel had by the ﬁrst decades of the second century bce become associated with a wide variety of court tales and revelatory visions, not all of which were included in the circa 164 bce redaction of the ﬁnal form of the MT book that bears his name. Moreover, within a few short generations, the material in MT Daniel was accorded the same authoritative status that had been granted to the books of great Israelite prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. The ﬁgure of Daniel also enjoyed what arguably was the greatest post-biblical afterlife of any biblical ﬁgure. The Greek witnesses to the Book of Daniel represented the ﬁrst such manifestation, although many of the Additional stories and the variant versions of the court tales themselves likely antedated the ﬁnal redaction of the MT text— it is merely because they are extant only in the Greek witnesses that we tend to consider them to be post-MT creations. What is more, LXX Daniel itself came to be considered authoritative and a fundamental part of Greek Bibles, and it was in this venue that the biblical story of Daniel enjoyed its greatest and most far-reaching inﬂuence. MT and LXX Daniel very much ﬁxed the basic contours of the story of Daniel, the character of the ﬁgure of Daniel, and the shape of all subsequent literature devoted to or associated with the ﬁgure.1

1 One example of the manner in which the Book of Daniel aﬀected all subsequent apocrypha is witnessed in the continuity of the ways in which the Book of Daniel exhibits three distinct modes by which the knowledge of the future is revealed through the ﬁgure of Daniel: dream interpretation (Daniel 2 and 4), waking-vision interpretation (Daniel 5), and the apocalyptic revelation of dreams and visions (Daniel 7–12), the last type mediated by an angelic ﬁgure and communicated in the ﬁrst person. There is no sense that the distinction among the modes reﬂected current Jewish, Greek, or Near Eastern attitudes regarding the revelation of the future, nor

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But the relationship between the biblical text and the post-biblical apocrypha was not simply one of source and stream. The focus of this study was the identiﬁcation and investigation of the apocryphal Daniel literature and its relationship with the Book of Daniel, and not the process by which the Book of Daniel came to be considered authoritative and/or canonical.2 Nevertheless, the relative lateness of the ﬁnal redaction of MT Daniel, the realia of the material evidence, and the observations recorded in the three previous chapters suggest that the relationship between biblical character and the post-biblical literature devoted to or ascribed to it was, in the case of Daniel, highly atypical. Our ﬁrst encounter with most other biblical characters is in the Hebrew Bible; their past history and the earliest stages of their stories are almost always lost to us. In eﬀect, the Hebrew Bible represents the starting-point for ﬁgures such as Adam and Abraham and Moses and David.3 When J.H. Charlesworth perceptively writes that “biblical exegesis was the crucible in which the Pseudepigrapha took shape,”4 this is largely true. The ﬁgure of Daniel, however, is somewhat the exception to the rule.

is it the case that it aﬀected later literature apart from the tremendous inﬂuence that Daniel 7–12 exerted on the form and content of ancient and mediaeval apocalypses. These three modes are simply a result of the redactive process that produced MT Daniel, which meant that they were fundamentally linked with its imposed chronology, particularly in the association of dream interpretation with Nebuchadnezzar and of apocalyptic revelation with the kings after Nebuchadnezzar. The authors of the later Daniel apocrypha understood the distinction among the modes, since dream interpretation is never paired with apocryphal revelation in the same text. Perhaps this is inevitable, given the diﬀerent genres through which dream interpretation and apocalyptic vision are expressed. The later apocryphalists, however, also understood the connection between the diﬀerent modes and the chronology of the Book, since, as we have seen, the dream manuals are always associated with Nebuchadnezzar, while the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses are always associated with the kings after Nebuchadnezzar. This can be neither an accident nor a coincidence; rather, it is evidence for the deliberate integrative nature of these texts. 2 See, again, K. Koch, “Stages in the Canonization of the Book of Daniel,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden, 2001), 421–446, E. Ulrich, “From Literature to Scripture: Reﬂections on the Growth of a Text’s Authoritativeness,” DSD 10 (2003), 3–25, and the caveat at Chapter One, note 14. 3 This is true even if these ﬁgures are developed and expanded in later biblical Books, such as we ﬁnd with the kings of Israel in Judah in Chronicles. 4 J.H. Charlesworth, “The Interpretation of the Tanak in the Jewish Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha,” A History of Biblical Interpretation. Volume 1: The Ancient Period (edd. A.J. Hauser and D.F. Watson; Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 2003), 253–282 at 278 [the quotation is italicised in the original].

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Although the biblical version of the story of Daniel was the font for all sorts of expansions, reworkings and ampliﬁcations of the story in the post-biblical legenda, the story of Daniel plainly antedates the biblical version. In other words, the biblical story of Daniel was merely one stage, albeit the most important one, in an ongoing process of the recitation of this story, one which began perhaps in the earliest tales ascribed to the ﬁgure of Danel and/or Belteshazzar and which continued through late antiquity and well into the mediaeval period. The root of the post-biblical Daniel legenda was the exegesis of Daniel 1–6 and the Greek Additions. This was a result of the authority granted to the biblical version of the Daniel story, a version which eﬀectively overwrote or overwhelmed all previous expressions of the story. But we should not forget that the exegetical motivations behind the legenda were not new, but rather to a large extent were identical to those which stood behind the formation of MT Daniel and the creation of the Greek witnesses to the Book of Daniel. The concern with Daniel’s early and later years and the need to establish the relative and absolute chronologies of the story are as much a part of the redaction of MT Daniel and the Greek witnesses as they are the formation of the post-biblical Daniel legenda. Charlesworth’s dictum is less appropriate in the case of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha. The revelatory visions of Daniel 7–12 had their roots in the ﬁgure of Daniel the wise and in the dream of the great statue of Daniel 2. These visions represented one of the earliest uses of a biblical ﬁgure to communicate an apocalyptic historiography, and through it to impart a reassuring message about a community’s place in history and its future deliverance, even as the community faced great peril. The reasons why such historical visions should have been ascribed to Daniel apply as much to visions of MT Daniel 7–12 as they do to the two dozen apocryphal Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles. At the same time, however, it is not the case that exegesis of the visions of Daniel 7–12 were the crucible out of which formed these apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles, even if in form and outlook the revelatory visions of the biblical Daniel greatly shaped the apocryphal ones. The Daniel apocalyptica are independent creations, each one designed to address the historical circ*mstances and present-day needs of a speciﬁc community at a speciﬁc point in history. They cannot be considered to be exege-

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ses of Daniel 7–12, nor should it be concluded that the reasons behind their composition are exegetical in nature. The same is true for the Daniel prognostica, which although not having any direct generic antecedent in the biblical tradition, clearly took their inspiration from the ﬁgure of Daniel the dream interpreter, whose ultimate antecedents surely predate MT Daniel. Yet, despite this clear connexion with the ﬁgure of Daniel as it articulated in the Hebrew Bible, the prognostica cannot be considered to stand in a formal exegetical relationship with the Book of Daniel. Perhaps the most surprising result of this study is the character of the evidence of the apocryphal Daniel literature. On the one hand, this literature is of three types only—legenda, apocalyptic apocrypha, and prognostica. This is itself is quite astonishing, given the many dozens of forms and genres in which post-biblical apocrypha could and did take shape. The tripartite nature of the evidence and the fact that it was generically limited in such a drastic fashion demonstrates, as I have noted repeatedly, the tremendous eﬀect of the inﬂuence of the biblical Book on the format of all subsequent Daniel apocrypha. On the other hand, and although it was rigidly restricted to these three types, the apocryphal Daniel literature exists in more numbers than any other corpus of apocryphal literature with the exception of that devoted to Adam. What is more, the Daniel apocrypha enjoyed a great popularity and had the rare ability to transcend easily the boundaries of language, culture, and confession. Particulary remarkable are the quantity and provenance of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha and the Daniel prognostica, the details of which have been presented in Chapters Three and Four respectively, which were evidently quite popular throughout late antique and mediaeval Jewish, Christian, and Muslim circles. In addition to this general observation, our survey of the full corpus of the apocryphal Daniel literature revealed some interesting patterns: 1. The concern with retelling the story of Daniel—whose concrete manifestations are primarily witnessed in the Daniel legenda—does not seem to have played as an important part in Muslim contexts as it did in Jewish and Christian ones. The ﬁgure of Daniel is unmentioned in the Quràn; perhaps the two data are related. 2. The apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha, while extant in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions, was far more an Eastern Mediterranean phenomenon that a Western Mediterranean one. At one end

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of the extreme is the Byzantine apocalyptic tradition, which, depending one how one deﬁnes the category, accounts for approximately threeﬁfths of the text discussed in Chapter Three.5 At the other end is the fact that no apocryphal Daniel apocalypse is a product of Western Europe of the late Roman Empire or the Middle Ages, nor is any such apocalypse preserved in Latin or any of the western vernacular languages.6 3. The Daniel prognostic literature, which while as a class was extremely popular throughout Eastern and Western Europe of late antiquity and the mediaeval era, was nevertheless also split along geographic lines. In the West were the two great Daniel prognostica, the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis; in the East were the anthological prognostica attributed to Daniel, including the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl and an amorphous collection of geomantic texts. 4. The legenda are the oldest form of Daniel literature. Their origin may be traced back to the proto-MT court tales involving Daniel the wise and the contemporary but extra-biblical court tales preserved in fragmentary form among the Dead Sea Scrolls. In addition, the autonomous Greek Additions (Susanna, Bel and the Dragon) are themselves third-person narratives. 5. There are no post-Hellenistic ancient Daniel apocalypses extant, although the form is of course ancient (MT Daniel 7–12), and older still is the use of the ﬁgure of Daniel to communicate an apocalyptic historiography (MT Daniel 2). The Dead Sea text 4Q243/244 most certainly contains an apocalyptic review of history, but I have argued in another essay that this text predates the ﬁnal redaction of 5

The total only increases if we add the Jewish Daniel apocalypses, which were clearly composed in the same Byzantine milieu and which probably emerged out of the same text-traditions. 6 The reasons for this are complex. B. McGinn identiﬁes three reasons for the fact that Eastern Christianity, rather than Western Christianity, was the primary source of new apocalyptic speculation in the late antique and mediaeval periods: i) Eastern theologians were far less inﬂuenced by the Augustinian reaction against apocalyptic eschatology; ii) although the Roman Empire in the West was long gone, Byzantium still functioned as the imperial restraining force of 2 Thess 2:6, which meant that the historical setting of some of the traditional apocalyptic scenarios still had a present meaning for Eastern Christians; and iii) the advance of the Arab Muslims was a historical event that demanded an apocalyptic interpretation (Antichrist. Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil (San Francisco, 1994), 88). On the interpretation of the conﬂict between Byzantium and Islam in the framework of “apocalyptic historiography,” see G. Podskalsky, Byzantinische Reichseschatologie. Die Periodisierung der Weltgeschichte in den vier Grossreichen (Daniel 2 und 7) und dem tausendjährigen Friedensreiche (Apok. 20) (München, 1972).

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MT Daniel and thus also at least a few of its apocalyptic visions in chapters 7–12.7 Despite claims to the contrary, then, the earliest postbiblical, ﬁrst-person apocalyptic texts identiﬁed in Chapter Three probably date from the late fourth century ce. 6. The Daniel prognostica are products of the early mediaeval period, or perhaps, in the case of the Somniale Danielis, the late antique one. Their ultimate point of origin was probably the early Byzantine Empire, although new forms of old texts and new texts developed later on in other areas. Based on the manuscript evidence, the Daniel prognostica ﬂourished in both the West and East during the ninth to ﬁfteenth centuries, their zenith in the West being the High Middle Ages. 7. Apocalyptic literature associated attributed to Daniel was, as I noted, the product of either the late Persian and Hellenistic worlds or late antiquity and the Middle Ages.8 The chronological distribution of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha does not match that of apocalyptic literature in general, since other Jewish and Christian apocalypses were composed in the period between the second century bce and the fourth century ce. One explanation may be the ﬁrmly national focus of all Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles—it is in times of national, state distress (the Antiochene crisis, the Arab invasions) that the ﬁgure of Daniel is summoned to serve as an ex eventu prophet to reassure, console, and promise. In addition, many of the Roman-era apocalypses are of the “otherworldly journey” type, which tended to be associated with the ﬁgures of Adam, Enoch, and Isaiah. But this is all quite speculative. 8. As is the case with the visions of Daniel 7–12, the focus of the apocalyptic Daniel apocrypha is the state and its place with respect to past history, present exigencies, and future expectations. As such, it commonly functioned, if indirectly so, as nationalist propaganda, although set ﬁrmly within the larger rationale that God controlled the sweeping processes of history. The Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles were unconcerned with otherworldly journeys or with visions of heaven, paradise, or hell. There was no meaningful

7 See L. DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244) and the Book of Daniel,” DSD [forthcoming]. 8 The story of Daniel was told and retold more or less continually in post-biblical times (recall that it was also communicated by patristic-era commentaries and works of art), while the Daniel prognostica are not a product of pre-Christian times.

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discussion in this material on the causal connexion between presentday behaviour and future-time fortune. 9. The Daniel apocrypha were rarely employed to communicate speciﬁc or sectarian theologies. Although Byzantine Christian apocalypses, for example, typically reﬂected the concerns of Byzantine Christians, issues of heresy, iconoclasm, and schismatic theologies are not a feature of the Daniel apocrypha, nor were any of these texts used for proselytising purposes. Indeed, several Byzantine apocalyptic oracles attributed to Daniel appear to have been composed by those unconcerned with the issue of icons. 10. The place in society of the apocryphal Daniel literature is diﬃcult to calculate, although a general claim could be made for their overall central role. The story of Daniel was evidently popular enough to retell time and again, to write commentaries upon, and to serve as a subject for countless manuscript illuminations and other works of art. The model of steadfast faith in the face of oppression and peril, the ﬁgure of Daniel the wise spoke and continues to speak to many persons. As for the apocalyptic apocrypha, their numbers and Bishop Liudprand’s statement about the importance of the visions of Daniel and the Sibylline Books to the Byzantine court directly speak to their central role within some segments of society. Indirectly, their historiographic function must have ensured a ready audience at most levels of society. The prognostica were clearly popular across the board; used in both priestly and lay circles, they were an integral part of the science of the time. While certainly not part of the higher classical and theological literature of the period, they nevertheless performed many valuable everyday roles. Not everybody could read apocalypses or prognostica or, for that matter, could aﬀord them, but by their very nature—and as opposed to long classical texts or involved theological treatises—their contents could have been disseminated relatively easily by word of mouth. The same is true for the story of Daniel, which by virtue of its attractive protagonist and engaging episodes probably ensured its continual popularity as a vehicle for didactic, hortatory, and entertainment purposes. Much work remains to be done regarding the apocryphal Daniel literature. Many of the texts—particularly the Byzantine-era apocalyptic writings and the prognostica from the East—require further primary manuscript research and/or the production of critical editions. In the area of the Daniel legenda, the lines of transmission among the various ancient and mediaeval Jewish, Christian, and

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Islamic expressions of the various themes and topoi require further study.9 An investigation of the relationship among the Byzantine-era apocalyptic Daniel material that incorporates the results of such studies is a desideratum. This is also true for a broader overview of the history of Byzantine apocalyptic that accounts for the complete corpus of texts (Danielic or otherwise) and for a re-examination of the role and import of apocalyptic in Byzantine culture and society. Likewise, certain topics concerning the Daniel prognostica demand attention, including an in-depth study of the Praedictiones Danielis and a full preliminary survey of the eastern anthological prognostica. That being said, it is hoped that the analytic and bibliographic aspects of the present study have provided some of groundwork for such future endeavours. If anything, the apocryphal Daniel literature is a rich and exciting area of study that will no doubt foster many more generations of scholarly research.

9 On the subject of cross-confessional lines of contact, see the questions raised by the study of the Cairo Genizah palimpsests in S.C. Reif, A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo: The History of Cambridge University’s Genizah Collection (Richmond, Surrey, 2000), 105–106.

CHAPTER SIX

THE APOCRYPHAL DANIEL LITERATURE: INVENTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY The purpose of this Inventory and Bibliography is to provide scholars with a comprehensive account of the Daniel apocrypha and their manuscript evidence and to present the complete range of the primary and secondary literature devoted to these texts. The problems associated with the identiﬁcation and evaluation of the Daniel apocrypha have been detailed in the ﬁrst four chapters. In many cases the information contained in this Inventory represents a signiﬁcant leap in our knowledge of the full extent of certain types of texts (e.g., the Daniel apocalyptica) or of the manuscript evidence (e.g., the apocalyptica again, and also the Daniel prognostica, especially the Somniale Danielis and the Lunationes Danielis). The Inventory thus represents a new and more complete understanding of the apocryphal Daniel literature, correcting and greatly expanding on the scholarship of past generations while adding much more in the way of information about new texts, sources, and manuscripts. At the same time, the Inventory cannot be the last word on the topic. Much work remains to be done, particularly with respect to the relationship among the many Daniel apocalyptica (particularly the Greek exemplars) and among the Eastern Daniel prognostica, a good number of which still must be edited from manuscript. There is also the task of identifying the discrete traditions associated with the story of Daniel and tracing the trajectories of their transmission in the legenda, commentaries, and works of ﬁne art. It is hoped, therefore, that the Inventory, together with the analysis of the data in the previous chapters of this study, will serve both as a checklist for scholars and as a springboard for future research. The Daniel apocrypha are arranged in the Inventory below according to the language in which they are preserved rather than by genre, content, date, provenance, or confession. No attempt is made to distinguish among the legenda, apocalyptica, and prognostica, although all three types of literature are comprehensively included. Each text is identiﬁed, named, and described. The manuscript evi-

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dence for each is listed, including, where possible, the title of each manuscript, its incipit and explicit, and the catalogue and other references to it. I do not assign a distinctive siglum to each manuscript copy, since in so many cases the full picture of the manuscript tradition for a text remains unresolved. Sometimes a brief description of the text is provided; in other cases the reader is pointed to another chapter and section where this information is presented. Each text is also accompanied by the bibliography of the editions, translations, and secondary studies. As I noted in the Introduction, variant or obsolete orthography is not highlighted. Since spelling is rarely consistent in mediaeval manuscripts, a proportion of the non-English text might appear misspelled. Manuscript dates, which in brackets follow shelf numbers and foliation, are reproduced from catalogues or secondary sources. Roman numerals refer to centuries, Arabic ones to speciﬁc dates and both may be assumed to refer to the Common Era unless otherwise indicated.

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN ARAMAIC

I. The Prayer of Nabonidus Manuscript: – 4Q242 (4QPrayer of Nabonidus ar) [i bce] incip.: . . . a]klm l [bb] ˚lm ynbn ylx yd at[ l]x ylm Texts and Translations: See infra Note: 4Q242 consists of four fragments of text. Description of the Text: The Prayer of Nabonidus perhaps preserves what its DJD editor, J.J. Collins, calls “an older or more conservative form of the tradition behind Daniel 4,” perhaps even the “missing link” between the story of the Babylonian king Nabonidus’ tenyear sojourn to Teima in Arabia and the legend of the madness of King Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 4 (“4QPrayer of Nabonidus ar” (infra), 86–87). For more on this text, see Chapter Three, Excursus III: “Dead Sea 4Q ‘Pseudo-Daniel’.”

1. Texts and Translations Amusin, I.D. “KyÏpaÌcÍËÈ Ùpa„ÏeÌÚ ‘MoÎËÚ‚˚’ ‚a‚ËÎoÌcÍo„o Ôapﬂ Ha·oÌË‰a.” VDI 66 (1958). 104–117. Transliteration, translation, and commentary. Summary by I.M. Diakonoﬀ, AOr 27 (1959), 148.

Beyer, K. “4QOrNab: Das Gebet Nabonids.” Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer samt den Inschriften aus Palästina, dem Testament Levis aus der Kairoer Genisa, der Fastenrolle und den alten talmudischen Zitaten. Göttingen, 1984. 223–224. Text and translation.

Carmignac, J., Cothenet, E., and Lignée, H. Les textes de Qumrân, traduits et annotés. Paris, 1963. 2.289–294. Transliteration, translation, and commentary.

Collins, J.J. “4QPrayer of Nabonidus ar.” Qumran Cave 4.XVII. Parabiblical Texts, Part 3. Ed. J.C. VanderKam. DJD 22. Oxford, 1996. 83–93. Text and translation, the oﬃcial edition.

———. “New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls.” Perspectives in the Study of the Old Testament & Early Judaism. A Symposium in Honour of Adam S. van der Woude on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Edd. F. García Martínez and E. Noort. VTSup 73. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1998. 180–196 at 181–187. Text and translation.

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Fitzmyer, J.A., and Harrington, D.J. A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts (Second Century BC –Second Century AD). BibOr 34. Rome, 1978. 2–4. Text and translation.

Flint, P.W. “The Daniel Tradition at Qumran.” Eschatology, Messianism, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. C.A. Evans and P.W. Flint. SDSSRL. Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 1997. 41–60 at 55–59. Translation and commentary.

———. “The Daniel Tradition at Qumran.” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint. VTSup 83. Leiden, 2001. 329–367 at 333–338. Text, translation and commentary.

García Martínez, F., and Tigchelaar, E.J.C. The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. 2 vols. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1998. 1.486–489. Text and translation.

Jongeling, B., Labuschagne, C.J., and van der Woude, A.S. “The Prayer of Nabonidus from Cave 4.” Aramaic Texts from Qumran with Translations and Annotations. SSS 4. Leiden, 1976. 1.121–131. Koopmans, J.J. Aramäische Chrestomathie. Ausgewählte Texte (Inschriften, Ostraka und Papyri) bis zum 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Leiden, 1962. No. 62. 1.197–199, 2.54. Lange, A., and Sieker, M. “Gattung und Quellenwert des Gebets des Nabonid.” Qumran-Studien. Vorläge und Beiträge der Teilnehmer des Qumranseminars auf dem internationalen Treﬀen der Society of Biblical Literature, Münster, 25.–26. Juli 1993. Edd. H.-J. Fabry, et al. SIJD 4. Göttingen, 1996. 3–34. Text, translation, and commentary.

Mertens, A. Das Buch Daniel im Lichte der Texte vom Toten Meer. Würzburg, 1971. 34–42. Meyer, R. “Das Qumrànfragment ‘Gebet des Nabonid’.” TLZ 85 (1960). Cols. 831–834. Translation.

———. “Das Gebet des Nabonid: Eine in Qumran-Handschriften wiederentdeckte Weisheitserzählung.” SAWLeip 107.3. Berlin, 1962. [= Zur Geschichte und Theologie des Judentums in hellenistisch-römischer Zeit. Ed. W. Bernhardt. Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1989. 71–129] Text and translation.

Puech, É. “La Prière de Nabonide (4Q 242).” Targumic and Cognate Studies. Essays in Honour of Martin McNamara. Edd. M. Maher, et al. JSOTSup 230. Sheﬃeld, 1996. 208–227. Text and translation.

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Cloward, R.A. The Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Selected Bibliography of Text Editions and English Translations. Provo, 1988. 87–88. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 307–311. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 251. 201–202. 3. Secondary Studies Ackerman, S. “The Prayer of Nabonidus, Elijah on Mount Carmel, and the Development of Monotheism in Israel.” The Echoes of Many Texts: Reﬂections on Jewish and Christian Traditions. Essays in Honour of Lou H. Silberman. Edd. W.G. Driver and J.E. Wright. BJS 313. Atlanta, 1997. 51–65. Attema, D.S. “Het gebed van Nabonidus.” Schrift en Uitleg. Studies . . . aangeboden aan Prof. Dr. W.H. Gispen. Kampen, 1970. 7–20. Beaulieu, P.-A. The Reign of Nabonidus, King Of Babylon (556–539 BC). New Haven/London, 1989. 153. Brooke, G.J. “Parabiblical Prophetic Narratives.” The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years. A Comprehensive Assessment. Edd. P.W. Flint and J.C. VanderKam, with the Assistance of A.E. Alvarez. Leiden/Boston/ Köln, 1999. 271–301 at 291–292. Cross, F.M. “Fragments of the Prayer of Nabonidus.” IEJ 34 (1984). 260–264. See also A.S. van der Woude, JSJ 16 (1985), 302–303 at 303.

Delcor, M. “Le Testament de Job, la prière de Nabonide et les traditions targoumiques.” Bibel und Qumran: Beiträge zur Erforschung der Beziehungen zwischen Bibel- und Qumranwissenschaft. Hans Bardtke zum 22.9.1966. Ed. S. Wagner. Berlin, 1968. 57–74. [= Religion d’Israël et Proche Orient ancien. Des Phéniciens aux Esséniens. Leiden, 1976. 201–218] Dommershausen, W. Nabonid im Buche Daniel. Mainz, 1964. 68–74. Dupont-Sommer, A. “Remarques linguistiques sur un fragment araméen de Qoumrân ‘Prière de Nabonide’.” GLECS 8 (1958–1960). 48–56. ———. Les Écrits esséniens découverts près de la mer Morte. Paris, 1959. 291–306.

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———. “Exorcismes et guérisons dans les écrits de Qoumrân.” Congress Volume, Oxford. Ed. J.A. Emerton. VTSup 7. Leiden, 1960. 246–261. Flint, P.W. “‘Apocrypha,’ Other Previously-Known Writings, and ‘Pseudepigrapha’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls.” The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years. A Comprehensive Assessment. Edd. P.W. Flint and J.C. VanderKam, with the Assistance of A.E. Alvarez. Leiden/Boston/ Köln, 1999. 2.24–66 at 58–59. Fohrer, G. “4Q Or Nab, 11 Q Tg Job und die Hioblegende.” ZAW 75 (1963). 93–97. Freedman, D.N. “The Prayer of Nabonidus.” BASOR 145 (1957). 31–32. [= Divine Commitment and Human Obligation. Selected Writings of David Noel Freedman. Volume One: History and Religion. Ed. J.R. Huddlestun. Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 1997. 50–52] García Martínez, F. “4Q Or Nab. Nueva síntesis.” Sef 40 (1980). 5–25. [= “The Prayer of Nabonidus: A New Synthesis.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 116–136] Gevaryahu, H.M.I. “The Prayer of Nabonidus from the Scrolls of the Wilderness of Judah.” Studies in the Manuscripts of the Desert of Judah. Lectures Delivered at the Third Annual Conference in Memory of E.L. Sukenik. Ed. J. Liver. Jerusalem, 1957. 12–23. [in Modern Hebrew] Greenﬁeld, J.C. “Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and Unusual Texts at Qumran.” A Light for Jacob. Studies in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls in Memory of Jacob Shalom Licht. Jerusalem/Tel-Aviv, 1997. 1*–9* at 7*–8*. Grelot, P. “La prière de Nabonide (4Q Or Nab). Nouvel essai de restauration.” RevQ (1977–1978). 483–495. Gunneweg, A.H.J. “Die aramäische und die hebräische Erzählung über die nachexilische Restauration—ein Vergleich.” ZAW 94 (1992). 299–302. Harvey, G. The True Israel. The Use of the Names Jew, Hebrew and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature. AGAJU 35. Leiden/New York/Köln, 1996. 37. Henze, M. The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar. Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4. JSJSup 61. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1999. 64–73, 222–224. Koch, K. “Gottes Herrschaft über das Reich des Menschen. Daniel 4 im Licht neuer Funde.” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New

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Findings. Ed. A.S. van der Woude. BETL 106. Leuven, 1993. 77–119 at 89–94. Kraus, W. Das Volk Gottes. Zur Grundlegung der Ekklesiologie bei Paulus. WUNT 85. Tübingen, 1996. 68–69. Milik, J.T. “‘Prière de Nabonide’ et autres écrits d’un cycle de Daniel. Fragments araméens de Qumrân 4.” RB 63 (1956). 408–411, pl. I. Rouillard-Bonraisin, H. “Les manuscrits de la mer Morte et les apocryphes et pseudépigraphes de l’Ancien Testament.” Qoumrân et les manuscrits de la mer Morte. Un cinquantenaire. Ed. E. Laperrousaz. Paris, 1997. 315–343 at 335–337. Segert, S. “Sprachliche Bemerkungen zu einigen aramäischen Texten vom Qumran.” AOr 33 (1965). 190–206. Vegas Montaner, L. “Los Textos de Qumrán y la literatura apócrifa judía.” Paganos, judíos y cristianos en los textos de Qumrán. Ed. J. Trebolle Barrera. BCBO 5. Madrid, 1999. 181–211 at 204–205. Vogt, E. “Precatio regis Nabonid in pia narratione iudaica (4Q).” Bib 37 (1956). 532–534. Wacholder, B.Z. “The Ancient Judaeo-Aramaic Literature (500–164 bce). A Classiﬁcation of Pre-Qumranic Texts.” Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls. The New York University Conference in Memory of Yigael Yadin. Ed. L.H. Schiﬀman. JSPSup 8, JSOT/ASOR Monographs 2. Sheﬃeld, 1990. 257–281 at 259, 268–269. Wills, L.M. The Jew in the Court of the Foreign King. Minneapolis, 1990. 87–113. van der Woude, A.S. “Bemerkungen zum Gebet des Nabonid.” Qumrân. Sa piété, sa théologie, son milieu. Ed. M. Delcor. BETL 46. Louvain, 1978. 121–129. II. and III. Pseudo-Daniel a–c ar Manuscripts: – 4Q243 (4QPseudo-Daniel a ) incip.: wanting Texts and Translations: See – 4Q244 (4QPseudo-Daniel b ) incip.: wanting Texts and Translations: See – 4Q245 (4QPseudo-Daniel c ) incip.: wanting Texts and Translations: See

[i] infra [i] infra [i] infra

Most commentators have assumed that 4Q243, 4Q244 (these two documents overlap at 4Q243 13 and 4Q244 12), and 4Q245 are copies of one document, although

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this matter is still open to question. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint, the editors of the fragments in the DJD edition, ﬁrst present the fragments of 4Q243 and 4Q244 separately, and then provide a running text preserved by the sum total of fragments from 4Q243–244. The four fragments of 4Q245 are in the DJD edition presented as a separate text. Description of the Texts: The text represented by the fragments in the copies 4Q243 and 4Q244 is a third-person review of history from primaeval times to the Hellenistic era, all of which appears to be set, à la Daniel 1–6, in the context of the Babylonian court. For more on this text, including the question of its generic relationship to the Book of Daniel, see Chapter Three, Excursus III: “Dead Sea 4Q ‘Pseudo-Daniel’” and DiTommaso, “4QPseudo-Daniela–b” (infra).

1. Texts and Translations Beyer, K. “4QPsDan: Außerkanonische Danielüberlieferungen.” Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer samt den Inschriften aus Palästina, dem Testament Levis aus der Kairoer Genisa, der Fastenrolle und den alten talmudischen Zitaten. Göttingen, 1984. 224–225. Text and translation.

———. “4Q243–245.551: Außerkanonische Danielüberlieferungen.” Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer samt den Inschriften aus Palästina, dem Testament Levis aus der Kairoer Genisa, der Fastenrolle und den alten talmudischen Zitaten. Ergänzungsband. Göttingen, 1994. 105–107. Text and translation.

Collins, J.J., and Flint, P.W. “4Qpseudo-Daniela–c ar.” Qumran Cave 4.XVII. Parabiblical Texts, Part 3. Ed. J.C. VanderKam. DJD 22. Oxford, 1996. 95–164, pls. VII–IX, X. Text and translation.

Eisenman, R., and Wise, M. “Pseudo-Daniel (4Q243–245).” The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. New York, 1992. 64–68. Text and translation.

Fitzmyer, J.A., and Harrington, D.J. A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts (Second Century BC –Second Century AD). BibOr 34. Rome, 1978. 4–9, 193. Text and translation.

Flint, P.W. “4Qpseudo-Daniel arc (4Q245) and the Restoration of the Priesthood.” RevQ 17 (1996) [Hommage à Józef T. Milik. Edd. F. García Martínez and É. Puech]. 137–150. ———. “The Daniel Tradition at Qumran.” Eschatology, Messianism, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. C.A. Evans and P.W. Flint. SDSSRL. Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 1997. 41–60 at 46–51, 51–55. Translation and commentary.

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———. “The Daniel Tradition at Qumran.” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint. VTSup 83. Leiden, 2001. 329–367 at 338–351 (4Q243–244), 351–360 (4Q245). Text, translation, and commentary.

———, and Tigchelaar, E.J.C. The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. 2 vols. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1998. 1.488–493. Text and translation.

Mertens, A. Das Buch Daniel im Lichte der Texte vom Toten Meer. Würzburg, 1971. 42–50. 2. Auxiliary Studies Cloward, R.A. The Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Selected Bibliography of Text Editions and English Translations. Provo, 1988. 87. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 311–313. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 248. 200. 3. Secondary Studies Brooke, G.J. “Parabiblical Prophetic Narratives.” The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years. A Comprehensive Assessment. Edd. P.W. Flint and J.C. VanderKam, with the Assistance of A.E. Alvarez. Leiden/Boston/ Köln, 1999. 271–301 at 293–294. Collins, J.J. “Pseudo-Daniel Revisited.” RevQ 17 (1996) [Hommage à Józef T. Milik. Edd. F. García Martínez and É. Puech]. 111–137. ———. “New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls.” Perspectives in the Study of the Old Testament & Early Judaism. A Symposium in Honour of Adam S. van der Woude on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Edd. F. García Martínez and E. Noort. VTSup 73. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1998. 180–196 at 187–189. Denis, A.-M. “Supplément. Les Apocalypses de Daniel.” Introduction à la littérature religieuse judéo-hellénistique. Turnhout, 2000. 1291–1303 at 1292. Brief overview.

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DiTommaso, L. “4QPseudo-Daniel a–b (4Q243–4Q244) and the Book of Daniel.” DSD [forthcoming]. Flint, P.W. “‘Apocrypha,’ Other Previously-Known Writings, and ‘Pseudepigrapha’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls.” The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years. A Comprehensive Assessment. Edd. P.W. Flint and J.C. VanderKam, with the Assistance of A.E. Alvarez. Leiden/Boston/ Köln, 1999. 2.24–66 at 55–58. García Martínez, F. “Les traditions apocalyptiques à Qumrân.” Apocalypses et voyages dans l’au-delà. Edd. C. Kappler, et al. Paris, 1987. 201–235 at 206–207. Meyer, R. “Das Gebet des Nabonid: Eine in Qumran-Handschriften wiederentdeckte Weisheitserzählung.” SAWLeip 107.3. Berlin, 1962. 85–94. Milik, J.T. “‘Prière de Nabonide’ et autres écrits d’un cycle de Daniel. Fragments araméens de Qumrân 4.” RB 63 (1956). 407–415 at 411–415. Including the transcription of several fragments.

Puech, É. La croyance des esséniens en la vie future: immortalité, résurrection, vie éternelle? 2 vols. Ébib 21–22. Paris, 1993. 568–570. IV. The “Son of God” Text Manuscripts: – 4Q246 (4QApocryphe de Daniel ar) [i bce] incip.: wanting Texts and Translations: See infra Description of the Text: Much scholarship has been devoted to the reading and implications of this text. See also Chapter Three, Excursus III: “Dead Sea 4Q ‘Pseudo-Daniel’.”

1. Texts, Translations, and Commentaries Beyer, K. Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer samt den Inschriften aus Palästina, dem Testament Levis aus der Kairoer Genisa, der Fastenrolle und den alten talmudischen Zitaten. Göttingen, 1984. Eisenman, R., and Wise, M. “The Son of God (4Q246).” The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. New York, 1992. 68–71. Text and translation.

Fitzmyer, J.A. “The Contribution of Qumran Aramaic to the Study of the New Testament.” NTS 20 (1973–1974). 382–407 at 391–394. [= A Wandering Aramean. Collected Aramaic Essays. SBLMS 25. Missoula, 1979. 85–113 at 90–94, with addendum at 102–107]

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———. “The ‘Son of God’ Document from Qumran.” Bib 74 (1993). 153–174. [with the essay “The Aramaic ‘Son of God’ Text from Qumran Cave 4” (infra) = “The Aramaic ‘Son of God’ Text from Qumran Cave 4 (4Q246).” The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Origins. SDSSRL. Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 2000. 41–61] Text, translation, and commentary.

García Martínez, F. “4Q246: ¿Tipo del anticristo o libertador escatológico?” El misterio de la palabra. Homenaje de sus alumnos al profesor D. Luis Alonso Schökel al cumplir veinticinco años de magisterio en el Instituto Bíblico Pontiﬁcio. Edd. V. Collado and E. Zurro. Madrid, 1983. 229–244. Text, translation, and commentary.

———. “The Eschatological Figure of 4Q246.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden/New York/Köln, 1992. 162–179. Text, translation, and commentary.

———, and Tigchelaar, E.J.C. The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. 2 vols. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1998. 1.492–495. Text and translation.

Oegema, G.S. “Messianic Expectation in the Qumran Writings: Theses on Their Development.” Qumran-Messianism. Studies on the Messianic Expectations in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. J.H. Charlesworth, et al. Tübingen, 1998. 53–82 at 78–81. Translation and study.

Puech, É. “Fragments d’une apocalypse en araméen (4Q246 = pseudoDand ) et le ‘royaume’ de Dieu.” RB 99 (1992). 98–131. ———. “Notes sur le fragment d’apocalypse 4Q246—‘le ﬁls de Dieu’.” RB 101 (1994). 533–558, pls. 1–2. ———. “Le ‘Fils de Dieu’ en 4Q246.” ErIsr 26 [Frank Moore Cross Volume]. Jerusalem, 1999. 143*–152*. Text, translation, and commentary.

———. “4QApocryphe de Daniel ar.” Qumran Cave 4.XVII. Parabiblical Texts, Part 3. Ed. J.C. VanderKam. DJD 22. Oxford, 1996. 165–184, pl. XI. ———. “Some Remarks on 4Q246 and 4Q521 and Qumran Messianism.” The Provo International Conference on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Technological Innovations, New Texts, and Reformulated Issues. Edd. D.W. Parry and E. Ulrich. STDJ 30. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1999. 545–565. With translation.

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Schattner-Rieser, U. “À propos de l’araméen à Qoumrân.” Qoumrân et les manuscrits. Un cinquantenaire. Ed. E. Laperrousaz. Paris, 1997. 175–204 at 202–203. Transcription, translation, and notes on col. I.

Vermes, G. “Qumran Forum Miscellanea I.” JJS 43 (1992). 299–305 at 301–303. Zimmermann, J. “4Q246—Der ‘Sohn Gottes’.” Messianische Texte aus Qumran. Königliche, priesterliche und prophetische Messiasvorstellungen in den Schriftfunden von Qumran. WUNT 2.104. Tübingen, 1998. 128–170. ———. “Observations on 4Q246—The ‘Son of God’.” Qumran-Messianism. Studies on the Messianic Expectations in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. J.H. Charlesworth, et al. Tübingen, 1998. 175–191. Unreconstructed and reconstructed text and translation, with study.

2. Auxiliary Studies Cloward, R.A. The Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Selected Bibliography of Text Editions and English Translations. Provo, 1988. 87. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 313–316. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 249. 200–201. Zimmermann, J. “Observations on 4Q246—The ‘Son of God’.” Qumran-Messianism. Studies on the Messianic Expectations in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. J.H. Charlesworth, et al. Tübingen, 1998. 175–191 at 190–191. 3. Secondary Studies Atkinson, K. “On the Herodian Origin of Militant Davidic Messianism at Qumran: New Light from Psalm of Solomon 17.” JBL 118 (1999). 435–460 at 452–454. Brooke, G.J. “Parabiblical Prophetic Narratives.” The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years. A Comprehensive Assessment. Edd. P.W. Flint and J.C. VanderKam, with the Assistance of A.E. Alvarez. Leiden/Boston/ Köln, 1999. 271–301 at 294–296. Casey, M. Son of Man. The Interpretation and Inﬂuence of Daniel 7. London, 1979. 114. Collins, J.J. “The ‘Son of God’ Text from Qumran.” From Jesus to

328

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John. Essays on Jesus and Christology in Honour of Marinus de Jonge. Ed. M. de Boer. JSNTSup 84. Sheﬃeld, 1993. 65–82. ———. “The Background of the ‘Son of God’ Text.” BBR 7 (1997). 51–62. ———. “Ideas of Messianism in the Dead Sea Scrolls.” The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Faith. In Celebration of the Jubilee Year of the Discovery of Qumran Cave 1. Edd. J.H. Charlesworth and W.P. Weaver. Faith and Scholarship Colloquies Series. Harrisburg, PA, 1998. 20–41 at 30–34. ———. “New Light on the Book of Daniel from the Dead Sea Scrolls.” Perspectives in the Study of the Old Testament & Early Judaism. A Symposium in Honour of Adam S. van der Woude on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Edd. F. García Martínez and E. Noort. VTSup 73. Leiden/Boston/Köln, 1998. 180–196 at 189–191. ———. “Jesus, Messianism and the Dead Sea Scrolls.” QumranMessianism. Studies on the Messianic Expectations in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. J.H. Charlesworth, et al. Tübingen, 1998. 100–119 at 107–112. ———. “Apocalypticism and Literary Genre.” The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years. A Comprehensive Assessment. Edd. P.W. Flint and J.C. VanderKam, with the Assistance of A.E. Alvarez. Leiden/Boston/ Köln, 1999. 2.403–430 at 413–415. Cook, E.M. “4Q246.” BBR 5 (1995). 43–66. See the reply of Collins, BBR 7 (1997), supra.

Cross, F.M. “Notes on the Doctrine of the Two Messiahs at Qumran and the Extracanonical Daniel Apocalypse (4Q246).” Current Research and Technological Developments on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. D.W. Parry and S.D. Ricks. Leiden, 1996. 1–13. Dunn, J.D.G. “‘Son of God’ as ‘Son of Man’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls? A Response to John Collins on 4Q246.” The Scrolls and the Scriptures. Qumran Fifty Years After. Edd. S.E. Porter and C.A. Evans. JSPSup 26, RILP 3. Sheﬃeld, 1997. 198–210. Evans, C.A. “A Note on the ‘First-Born Son’ of 4Q369.” DSD 2 (1995). 185–201. ———. “Are the ‘Son’ Texts at Qumran Messianic? Reﬂections on 4Q369 and Related Scrolls.” Qumran-Messianism. Studies on the Messianic Expectations in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edd. J.H. Charlesworth, et al. Tübingen, 1998. 134–153 at 141–143. Fabry, H.-J. “Die frühjüdische Apokalyptik als Reaktion auf Fremdherrschaft. Zur Funktion von 4Q246.” Antikes Judentum und frühes Christentum. Festschrift für Hartmut Stegemann zum 65. Geburtstag. Edd. B. Kollmann, et al. BZNW 97. Berlin/New York, 1999. 84–98.

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Fitzmyer, J.A. “The Aramaic ‘Son of God’ Text from Qumran Cave 4.” Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site. Present Realities and Future Prospects. Edd. M.O. Wise, et al. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 722. New York, 1994. 163–178. [with Bib 74 (1993), 153–174 (supra) = “The Aramaic ‘Son of God’ Text from Qumran Cave 4 (4Q246).” The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Origins. SDSSRL. Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 2000. 41–61] Flint, P.W. “‘Apocrypha,’ Other Previously-Known Writings, and ‘Pseudepigrapha’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls.” The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years. A Comprehensive Assessment. Edd. P.W. Flint and J.C. VanderKam, with the Assistance of A.E. Alvarez. Leiden/Boston/ Köln, 1999. 2.24–66 at 59. ———. “The Daniel Tradition at Qumran.” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint. VTSup 83. Leiden, 2001. 329–367 at 361. Flusser, D. “The Hubris of the Antichrist in a Fragment from Qumran.” Imm 10 (1980). 31–37. García Martínez, F. “Les traditions apocalyptiques à Qumrân.” Apocalypses et voyages dans l’au-delà. Edd. C. Kappler, et al. Paris, 1987. 201–235 at 206. ———. ‘Los mesías de Qumrân. Problemas de un traductor.” Sef 53 (1993). 345–360 at 355–360. ———. “Messianische Erwartungen in den Qumranschriften.” JbBT 8 (1993). 171–208 at 190–193. Henze, M. The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar. Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4. JSJSup 61. Leiden/ Boston/Köln, 1999. 224–227. Jenks, G.C. The Origins and Development of the Antichrist Myth. BZNW 59. Berlin/New York, 1991. 180–182. Knohl, I. “πswy ˆb jyçmw swlymra ‘,lah ˆb’ l[ ” Tarbiz 68 (1998–1999). 13–38. Kuhn, H.-J. “Röm 1,3f und der davidische Messias als Gottessohn in den Qumrantexten.” Lese-Zeichen für Annelies Findeiß zum 65. Geburtstag am 15. März 1984. Edd. C. Burchard and G. Theißen. BDBAT 3. Heidelberg, 1984. 103–113 at 105–113. Lietaert Peerbolte, L.J. The Antecedents of Antichrist. A Traditio-Historical Study of the Earliest Christian Views on Eschatological Opponents. JSJSup 49. Leiden/New York/Köln, 1996. 285–289. Mattila, S.L. “Two Contrasting Eschatologies at Qumran.” Bib (1992). 518–538.

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Puech, É. La croyance des esséniens en la vie future: immortalité, résurrection, vie éternelle? 2 vols. Ébib 21–22. Paris, 1993. 570–572. Steudel, A. “The Eternal Reign of God—Collective Expectations in Qumran Texts (4Q246 and 1QM ).” RevQ 17 (1996). 507–525 at 509–521. Tomasino, A.J. “Daniel and the ‘Son of God’ Text (4Q246).” In “Daniel and the Revolutionaries: The Use of the Daniel Tradition by Jewish Resistance Movements of the Late Second Temple Period.” Diss: Chicago, 1995. 162–200. Wacholder, B.Z. “The Ancient Judaeo-Aramaic Literature (500–165 bce). A Classiﬁcation of Pre-Qumranic Texts.” Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls. The New York University Conference in Memory of Yigael Yadin. Ed. L.H. Schiﬀman. JSPSup 8, JSOR/ASOR Monographs 2. Sheﬃeld, 1990. 257–281 at 269. V. Aramaic-Hebrew Daniel-Poem See below, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Hebrew.”

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A. Greek Daniel Apocrypha in Antiquity and the Early Mediaeval Period I., II., and III. The Greek Additions to the MT Book of Daniel The Greek Additions are among the oldest of all expressions of the story of Daniel and, with the exception of MT Daniel, the most studied. I have omitted the roster of extant manuscripts of the Additions, since this is a subject that has already had much time and eﬀort devoted to it in the context of the studies on the texts of the ancient Greek versions of the Bible in general and the Book of Daniel in particular. It is well-known that OG Daniel (with the Greek Additions) was at a very early date considered unsatisfactory and so was replaced by the translation commonly attributed to Theodotion.

1. Selected Primary and Secondary Sources on All the Greek Additions to Daniel Ball, C.J. “The Additions to Daniel.” Apocrypha of the Speaker’s Commentary of the Holy Bible. Ed. H. Wace. London, 1888. 2.305–360. Daubney, W.H. The Three Additions to Daniel. Cambridge, 1906. Fritzsche, O.F. Zusätze zu dem Buche Daniel. HEKAT. Leipzig, 1851. 1.112–154. Julius, C. Die griechischen Danielzusätze und ihre kanonische Geltung. BibS [F] 6.3. Freiburg i.B., 1901. 1–183. Koch, K. Deuterokanonische Zusätze zum Danielbuch. Entstehung und Textgeschichte. I: Forschungsstand, Programm, Polyglottensynopse. II: Exegetische Erläuterungen. AOAT 38.1–2. Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1987. Moore, C.A. Daniel, Esther, and Jeremiah: The Additions. AB 44. New York, 1977. ———. “Daniel, Additions to.” The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Ed. D.N. Freedman. New York, 1992. 2.18–28. Munnich, O. “Les nomina sacra dans les versions grecques de Daniel et leurs suppléments.” Katå toÁw oÄ: Selon les Septante [FS M. Harl]. Edd. G. Dorival and O. Munnich. Paris, 1995. 145–167. ———, and Fraenkel, D. Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco. Septuaginta 16.2, editio secunda. Göttingen, 1999. Plöger, O. Historische und legendarische Erzählungen Zusätze zu Daniel. Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit 1.1. Gütersloh, 1973. Rahlfs, A. Septuaginta. Vol 2: Libri poetici et prophetici. Stuttgart, 1935.

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Rothstein, J. “Die Zusätze zu Daniel.” Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des AT. Ed. E. Kautzsch. Tübingen, 1900. 1.172–193. Steussy, M.J. Gardens in Babylon: Narrative and Faith in the Greek Legends of Daniel. SBLDS 141. Atlanta, 1993. Swete, H.B. The Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge, 41912. 3.498–593. Ziegler, J. Septuaginta. Vetus Testamentum graecum 16.2: Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco. Göttingen, 1954. Selected Sources on the Textual History of the Ancient Greek Versions of the Book of Daniel and the Greek Additions to Daniel (not including ancient translations made therefrom): Albertz, R. Der Gott des Daniel: Untersuchungen zu Daniel 4–6 in der Septuagintafassung sowie zu Komposition und Theologie des aramäischen Danielbuches. SBS 131. Stuttgart, 1988. Amundsen, P. “Christian Papyri from the Oslo Collection.” Symbolae Osloenses 24 (1945). 121–140. Baars, W. “An Ancient Greek Fragment of Daniel 3,51b–52.” Textus 6 (1968). 132–133. [see Carlini, infra] Barthélemy, D. “Notes critiques sur quelques points d’histoire du texte.” Übersetzung und Deutung. Studien zu dem Alten Testament und seiner Umwelt Alexander Reinard Hulst gewidmet von Freunden und Kollegen. Nijkerk, 1977. 9–23. Bludau, A. “Die alexandrinische Übersetzung des Buches Daniels und ihr Verhältnis zum massoretischen Texten.” BibS [F] 2. Freiburg i.B., 1897. 1–30, 140–200, 330–368. Bodenmann, R. Naissance d’une exégèse: Daniel dans l’église ancienne des trois premiers siècles. BGBE 28. Tübingen, 1986. Bogaert, P.-M. “Le témoignage de la Vetus Latina dans l’étude de la Septante. Ezéchiel et Daniel dans le Papyrus 967.” Bib 59 (1978). 384–395. ——. “Relecture et refonte historicisantes du livre de Daniel attestées par la première version grecque (Papyrus 967).” Études sur le judaïsme hellénistique. Edd. R. Kuntzmann and J. Schlosser. LD 119. Paris, 1984. 197–224. ——. “Daniel 3 LXX et son supplément grec.” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings. Ed. A.S. van der Woude. BETL 106. Leuven, 1993. 13–37. Bruce, F.F. “The Earliest Old Testament Interpretation.” OTS 17 (1972). 37–52. ——. “The Oldest Greek Version of Daniel.” OTS 20 (1977). 22–40. Busto Saiz, J.R. “El testo teodociónico de Daniel y la traducción de Símaco.” Seferad 40 (1980). 41–55. Carlini, A. “Cod. Mon. gr. 610,7: Theodotion (?), Daniel 3,51–52.” Papiri letterari greci. BSCO 13. Pisa, 1978. 283–287. [re-edited version of Baars, supra] ——, and Citi, A. “Susanna e la prima visione di Daniele in due papiri inediti della Bibliotheca Bodmeriana: P. Bodm. XLV e P. Bodm. XLVI.” MH 38 (1981). 81–120. Coxon, P.W. “Greek Loan-Words and Alleged Greek Loan Translations in the Book of Daniel.” Glasgow University Oriental Society Transactions 25 (1973). 24–41. Di Lella, A.A. “The Textual History of Septuagint-Daniel and Theodotion-Daniel.” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint. VTSup 83. Leiden, 2001. 586–607. Gaster, T. “The Unknown Aramaic Original of Theodotion’s Additions to the Book of Daniel.” PSBA (1894). 1–35. [= Studies and Texts in Folklore, Magic, Mediaeval Romance, Hebrew Apocrypha and Samartian Archaeology. New York, 1928. 1.39–68] Giessen, A. Der Septuaginta-Text des Buches Daniel 5–12, zusammen mit Susanna, Bel et

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Draco, nach dem Kölner Teil des Papyrus 967. Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen 5. Bonn, 1968. Grelot, P. “Les versions grecques de Daniel.” Bib 47 (1966). 381–402. ——. “La Septante de Daniel IV et son substrat sémitique.” RB 81 (1974). 5–23. ——. “Le chapitre 5 de Daniel dans le Septante.” Sem 24 (1974). 45–66. ——. “Daniel VI dans le Septante.” Katå toÁw oÄ: Selon les Septante [FS M. Harl]. Edd. G. Dorival and O. Munnich. Paris, 1995. 103–118. Gronewald, M. “Ein liturgischer Papyrus: Gebet und Ode 8. P. Mich. inv. 6427.” ZPE 14 (1974). 193–200. Hamm, W. Der Septuaginta-Text des Buches Daniel Kap. 1–2 nach dem Kölner Teil des Papyrus 967. Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen 10. Bonn, 1969. ——. Der Septuaginta-Text des Buches Daniel Kap. 3–4 nach dem Kölner Teil des Papyrus 967. Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen 21. Bonn, 1977. Høgenhaven, J. “Den graeske Daniel.” Tradition og Nybrud. Jødedommen i hellenistisk tid. Edd. T. Engberg-Petersen and N.P. Lemche. København, 1990. 141–151. Jahn, G. Das Buch Daniel nach dem Septuaginta hergestellt. Leipzig, 1904. Koch, K. “Die Herkunft der Proto-Theodotion-Übersetzung des Danielbuches.” VT 23 (1973). 362–365. ——. Deuterokanonische Zusätze zum Danielbuch. Entstehung und Textgeschichte. I: Forschungsstand, Programm, Polyglottensynopse. II: Exegetische Erläuterungen. AOAT 38.1–2. NeukirchenVluyn, 1987. van der Kooij, A. “A Case of Reinterpretation in the Old Greek of Daniel 11.” Tradition and Interpretation in Jewish and Early Christian Literature: Essays in Honour of Jürgen C. Lebram. Edd. J.W. van Henten, et al. Leiden, 1986. 72–80. Lebram, J.C.H. Lijden en Redding in het Antieke Jodendom. Kanttekeningen bij de interpolaties in de Griekse tekst van Daniel 3 Leiden, 1978. Lee, J.A.L. “More Light on the Greek Text of Daniel.” New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity. Ed. G.H.R. Horsley. North Ryde, NSW, 1982. 2.123–124. Lust, J. “Daniel 7,13 and the Septuagint.” ETL 54 (1978). 62–69. ——. “The Septuagint Version of Daniel 4–5.” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings. Ed. A.S. van der Woude. BETL 106. Leuven, 1993. 39–53. McCrystall, A.P.J. “Studies in the Old Greek Translation of Daniel.” Diss: Oxford, 1980. McLay, T. The OG and Th Versions of Daniel. SBLSCS 43. Atlanta, 1996. ——. “It’s a Question of Inﬂuence: The Theodotion and Old Greek Texts of Daniel.” Origen’s Hexapla and Fragments: Papers Presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla, Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, 25th July–3rd August 1994. TSAJ 58. Tübingen, 1998. 231–254. Meadowcroft, T.M. Aramaic Daniel and Greek Daniel: A Literary Comparison. JSOTSup 198. Sheﬃeld, 1995. Montgomery, J.A. “The Hexaplaric Strata in the Greek Texts of Daniel.” JBL 44 (1925). 289–302. Munnich, O. “Les versions grecques de Daniel et leurs substrats sémitiques.” VIII Congress of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies, Paris 1992. Edd. L. Greenspoon and O. Munnich. SBLSCS 41. Atlanta, 1995. 291–308. Pace Jeansonne, S. “The Stratigraphy of the Text of Daniel and the Question of Theological Tendenz in the Old Greek.” BIOSCS 17 (1984). 15–35. ——. The Old Greek Translation of Daniel 7–12. CBQMS 19; Washington, 1988. Roca-Puig, R. “Daniele: due semifogli del codice 967: P. Barc. inv. nn. 42 e 43.” Aegyptus 56 (1976). 3–16. Schmitt, A. Stammt der sogenannte “ yÄ”-Text bei Daniel wirklich von Theodotion? NAWGött, phil.-hist. Klasse 8. Göttingen, 1966. ——. “Die griechischen Danieltexte (‘yÄ 1’ und ‘oÄ 1’) und das Theodotions-problem.” BZ 36 (1992). 1–29.

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Schüpphaus, J. “Das Verhältnis von LXX- und Theodotion-Text in den apokryphen Zusätzen zum Danielbuch.” ZAW 83 (1971). 49–72. Schwartz, J. “Le Septante de Daniel (1,2–10).” ZPE 81 (1990). 275–277. Stauﬀer, E. “Eine Bemerkung zum griechischen Danieltext.” Donum gentilicium. New Testament Studies in Honour of David Daube. Edd. E. Bammel, et al. Oxford, 1978. 27–39. Tov, E. “The Relation between the Greek Versions of Baruch and Daniel.” Armenian and Biblical Studies. Ed. M.E. Stone. Jerusalem, 1976. 27–34. Wenthe, D.O. “The Old Greek Translation of Daniel 1–6.” Diss: Notre Dame, 1991. Wikgren, A.P. “A Comparative Study of the Theodotionic and Septuagint Translations of Daniel.” Diss: Chicago, 1932. Ziegler, J. Septuaginta. Vetus Testamentum graecum 16.2: Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco. Göttingen, 1954.

I. The Prayer of Azariah and The Song of the Three Young Men Manuscripts: On the manuscript tradition of the Greek additions to Daniel, see the note under “The Greek Additions to the MT Book of Daniel.” Description of the Text: See Chapter Two, §1.

1. Texts, Translations, and Commentaries Including only the discrete texts, translations, and commentaries, and not those that are part of Greek Bibles (see supra) or the commentaries on the Book of Daniel.

Bennett, W.H. “The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Children.” The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Ed. R.H. Charles. 1.625–637. 2. Secondary Sources Cowe, S.P. “The Caucasian Versions of the Song of the Three (Dan 3,51–90).” VII. Congress of the IOSCS, Leuven 1989. Ed. C.E. Cox. SCS 31. Atlanta, 1991. 309–333. Fischer, B. “Daniel und seine drei Gefährten in Talmud und Midrasch. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Legenden über die Personen des Alten Testaments in der haggadischen Literatur.” Diss: Bern, 1906. Forderer, M. “Der Schild des Achilleus und der Lobgesang im Feuerofen.” StGen 8 (1955). 294–301. Gilbert, M. “La Prière d’Azarias. Dn 3,26–45 Theodotion.” NRT 96 (1974). 561–582. Kuhl, C. Die drei Männer im Feuer (Daniel Kapitel 3 und seine Zusätze). Ein Beitrag zur israelitisch-jüdischen Literaturgeschichte. BZAW 55. Gießen, 1930.

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Rose, A. “La Prière d’Azarias (Dan 3,26–45) et le cantique de Manassé dans la tradition chrétienne et dans la liturgie.” Liturgie, conversion et vie monastique. Conférences Saint-Serge. XXXV e Semaine d’Études liturgiques. Paris, 1988. Edd. A.M. Triacca and A. Pistoia. Roma, 1989. 293–305. II. Bel and the Serpent Manuscripts: On the manuscript tradition of the Greek additions to Daniel, see the note under “The Greek Additions to the MT Book of Daniel.” Description of the Text: See Chapter Two, §1.

Landersdorfer, S. “Der Drache von Babylon.” BZ 11 (1913). 1–4. Wysny, A. Die Erzaehlungen von Bel and und dem Drachen: Untersuchung zu Dan 14. SBB 33. Stuttgart, 1996. 2. Secondary Sources Collins, J.J. “The King Has Become a Jew: The Perspective on the Gentile World in Bel and the Snake.” Diaspora Jews and Judaism: Essays in Honour of and in Dialogue with A. Thomas Kraabel. Edd. J.A. Overman and R.S. McLennan. USFSHJ 41. Atlanta, 1992. 335–345. Fenz, A.K. “Ein Drache in Babel. Exegetische Skizze über Daniel 14, 23–42.” SEÅ 35 (1970). 5–16. Zimmermann, F. “Bel and the Dragon.” VT 8 (1958). 438–440. III. Susanna Manuscripts: On the manuscript tradition of the Greek additions to Daniel, see the note under “The Greek Additions to the MT Book of Daniel.” Description of the Text: See Chapter Two, §1.

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On the ﬁgure of Susanna in late mediaeval literature, see the relevant sections, infra. On Susanna and mediaeval illustration, see Chapter Two, note 152.

Engel, H. Die Susanna-Erzählung. Einleitung, Übersetzung und Kommentar zum Septuaginta-Text und zu Theodotion-Bearbeitung. OBO 61. Freiburg (Schweiz)/Göttingen, 1985. Kay, D.M. “Susanna.” The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Ed. R.H. Charles. 1.638–651. Scholz, A. Commentar über das Buch “Esther” mit seinem Zusätzen und über “Susanna.” Würzburg/Wien, 1892. 2. Secondary Sources Bal, M. “The Elders and Susanna.” Biblical Interpretation 1 (1993). 1–19. Baumgartner, W. “Susanna: Die Geschichte einer Legende.” ARW 24 (1926). 259–280. [= Zum Alten Testament und seiner Umwelt: Ausgewählte Aufsätze. Leiden, 1959. 42–66] ———. “Der weise Knabe und die des Ehebruchs beschuldigte Frau.” ARW 27 (1929). 187–188. [= Zum Alten Testament und seiner Umwelt: Ausgewählte Aufsätze. Leiden, 1959. 66–67] Boitani, P. “Susanna in Excelsis.” The Judgement of Susanna. Authority and Witness. Ed. J. Spolsky. SBLEJL 11. Atlanta, 1996. 7–20. Brooke, G.J. “Susanna and Paradise Regained.” Women in the Biblical Tradition. Ed. G.J. Brooke. SWR 31. Leuven, 1992. 92–111. Brüll, N. “Das apokryphische Susanna-Buch.” Jahrbücher für jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur 3 (1877). 1–69. ———. “Die epistolarischen Apokryphen und die apokryphischen Zusätze zum Buche Daniel.” Jahrbücher für jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur 8 (1887). 1–40 at 22–40. Busto Saiz, J.R. “La interpretación del relato de Susana.” EstEcl 57 (1982). 421–428. Carroll, M.P. “Myth, Methodology, and Transformation in the Old Testament: The Stories of Esther, Judith, and Susanna.” SR 12 (1983). 301–312. Cazzinga, E., ed. De Lapsu Susanna. CSL. Torino, 1948. Clanton, D.W., Jr. “(Re)dating the Story of Susanna: A Proposal.” JSJ 34 (2003). 121–140. Cohen, S.J.D. “Ioudaios: ‘Judean’ and ‘Jew’ in Susanna, First Maccabees, and Second Maccabees.” Geschichte—Tradition—Reﬂexion. Festschrift für M. Hengel zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. P. Schäfer. Tübingen, 1996. 211–220.

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Dunn, R. “Discriminations in the Comic Spirit in the Story of Susanna.” cl*t 31 (1982). 19–31. Fisch, H. “Susanna as a Parable. A Response to Piero Boitani.” The Judgement of Susanna. Authority and Witness. Ed. J. Spolsky. SBLEJL 11. Atlanta, 1996. 35–42. Gaster, T. “The Story of the Daughter of Amram: The Samaritan Parallel to the Apocryphal Story of Susanna.” Studies and Texts in Folklore, Magic, Mediaeval Romance, Hebrew Apocrypha and Samaritan Archaeology. New York, 1928. 1.199–210. Glancy, J. “The Accused. Susanna and Her Readers.” JSOT 58 (1993). 103–116. [= A Feminist Companion to Esther, Judith, and Susanna. Ed. A. Brenner. The Feminist Companion to the Bible 7. Sheﬃeld, 1995. 288–302] Halpern-Amaru, B. “The Journey of Susanna among the Church Fathers.” The Judgement of Susanna. Authority and Witness. Ed. J. Spolsky. SBLEJL 11. Atlanta, 1996. 21–34. Heller, B. “Encore un mot sur l’histoire de Suzanne dans la littérature juive.” RÉJ 98 (1934). 85–88. ———. “Die Susanna-Erzählung: Ein Märchen.” ZAW 54 (1936). 281–287. Heltzer, M. “The Story of Susanna and the Self-Government of the Jewish Community in Achaemenid Babylonia.” AIONap 41 (1981). 35–39. van Henten, J.W. “Het verhaal over Susanna als een prerabbijnse midrasj bij Dan. 1:1–2.” NTT 43 (1989). 278–293. [= “The Story of Susanna as a Pre-Rabbinic Midrash to Dan. 1:1–2.” Variety of Forms: Dutch Studies in Midrash (Papers Read at the Workshop “Midrash”). Edd. A. Kuyt, et al. Amsterdam, 1990. 1–14] Huet, G. “Daniel et Susanne: note de littérature comparée.” RHR 65 (1912). 277–284. ———. “Daniel et Suzanne.” RHR 76 (1917). 129–130. Ilan, T. “‘And Who Knows Whether You Have Not Come to Dominion for a Time Like This?’ (Esther 4:14): Esther, Judith and Susanna as Propaganda for Shelamzion’s Queenship.” Integrating Women into Second Temple History. TSAJ 76. Tübingen, 1999. 127–153. Koenen, K. “Von der todesmutigen Susanna zum begabten Daniel: Zur Überlieferungsgeschichte der Susanna-Erzählung.” TZ 54 (1998). 1–13. Lachs, S.T. “A Note on the Original Language of Susanna.” JQR 69 (1978–1979). 52–54.

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Ladegaillerie, F. “Histoire de Suzanne. Daniel ch. 13.” Sémiotique et Bible 27 (1982). 12–30. Levy, I. “L’Histoire ‘De Suzanne et les deux vieillards’ dans la littérature juive.” RÉJ 95 (1933). 157–171. MacKenzie, R.A.F. “The Meaning of the Susanna Story.” CJT 3 (1957). 211–218. Milik, J.T. “Daniel et Susanne à Qumrân.” De la Tôrah au Messie: études d’exégèse et d’herméneutique bibliques oﬀertes à Henri Cazelles. Ed. M. Carrez, et al. Paris, 1981. 337–359. But see now G.W.E. Nickelsburg, “4Q551: A Vorlage to Susanna or a Text Related to Judges 19?” JJS 48 (1997). 349–351.

Schlosser, H. “Die Daniel-Susanna-Erzählung in Bild und Literatur der christlichen Frühzeit.” Tortulae. Ed. W.N. Schumacher. RQSupp 30. Roma, 1966. 243–249. Wesselius, J.W. “The Literary Genre of the Story of Susanna and Its Original Language.” Variety of Forms: Dutch Studies in Midrash (Papers Read at the Workshop “Midrash”). Edd. A. Kuyt, et al. Amsterdam, 1990. 15–25. van Wiederholt, T. “Die Geschichte der Susanna.” TQ 51 (1869). 287–321, 377–399. Wurmbrand, M. “A Falasha Variant of the Story of Susanna.” Bib 44 (1963). 29–37. Zimmermann, F. “The Story of Susanna and Its Original Language.” JQR 48 (1957–1958). 236–241. Excursus: Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel In his Antiquities of the Jews (10.186–281, 11.337), Flavius Josephus devotes much eﬀort to the story of Daniel. His retelling is important in that it provides a record of a ﬁrst-century Jewish attempt to address the perceived gaps in and diﬃculties with the biblical life of Daniel. Secondary Sources on Josephus’ retelling of the story of Daniel (but not including material on this topic in commentaries on Daniel): Begg, C.T. “Daniel and Josephus: Tracing Connections.” The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings. Ed. A.S. van der Woude. BETL 106. Leuven, 1993. 539–545. Bruce, F.F. “Josephus and Daniel.” ASTI 4 (1965). 148–162. Feldman, L.H. “Josephus’ Portrait of Daniel.” Henoch 14 (1992). 37–94. Paul, A. “Le concept de prophétie biblique. Flavius Josèphe et Daniel.” RSR 63 (1975). 367–384. Rappaport, S. Agada und Exegese bei Flavius Josephus. Wien, 1930. 66–68. Vermes, G. “Josephus’ Treatment of the Book of Daniel.” JJS 42 (1991). 149–166.

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IV. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets [Greek, Latin, Syriac, Ethiopic, Hebrew, Arabic, and Armenian] Manuscripts: The manuscript evidence for the Vita Danielis is particularly rich and diverse. Because of this, and also because of the fact that the Vita never appears independently, but, in its present form at least, must be considered an integral part of the larger work known as the Lives of the Prophets, no attempt is made here to detail the full range of the manuscript evidence (although key manuscript copies will be noted) or to provide full reference to those auxiliary studies that identify and catalogue it. Manuscript lists and catalogues that refer to unedited texts are included, however. Description of the Text: The Lives of the Prophets (Vitae prophetarum) was probably in its original form a Jewish text of the late Second Temple period, although it appears that diﬀerent Vitae were composed and/or redacted later. The Lives of the Prophets is preserved in many languages and in diﬀerent versions. In their fullest form, they detail, as states the Codex Marchalianus, “the names of the prophets and from whence they come, and where they died, and how and where they are buried.” The order of the Vitae in the Lives of the Prophets varies. The ﬁnal form of the Life of Daniel, or the Vita Danielis, as it is termed here, dates from the Byzantine era and concentrates mostly on the episode of Nebuchadnezzar’s madness (Daniel 4). It ends with a note about the death and burial of Daniel, which is followed by another note concerning a prediction by Daniel regarding the mountain of the north, the mountain of the south, and the end-time. For more on this text, see Chapter Two.

1. Texts and Textual Issues In the editions or translations of the Lives of the Prophets cited infra, speciﬁc pagination cites refers to the pages where the Vita Danielis is presented. Editions, translations, or studies that present or discuss vitae other than the Vita Danielis are not included. Excellent summaries of the range of the textual evidence for the Lives of the Prophets may be found in Schermann, Propheten- und Apostellegenden, 2–43; idem, Prophetarum vitae fabulosae, ix–xxxiii; Denis, Introduction aux pseudépigraphes d’Ancien Testament, 85–90; and Satran, Biblical Prophets, 9–16 (infra).

Schwemer, A.M. Studien zu den frühjüdischen Prophetenlegenden. Vitae Prophetarum I: Die Viten der großen Propheten Jesaja, Jeremia, Ezechiel und Daniel. Einleitung, Übersetzung und Kommentar. TSAJ 49. Tübingen, 1995. a. Greek The Greek manuscripts of the Lives of the Prophets may be classiﬁed into six recensions: i. Epiphanius Prior [Ep1]: Paris, BNF cod. gr. 1115 [1276], which is the longer one of the two recensions that is attributed to Epiphanius of Cyprus. ii. Epiphanius Alter [Ep2]: This recension is preserved in many MSS (some of which are unpublished), and is the shorter one of the two recensions that is attributed to Epiphanius of Cyprus.

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iii. Dorotheus [Dor]: Wien, ÖNB cod. theol. gr. 40 [olim 77] [xiii], which is attributed to Dorotheus of Tyre, and is represents the version of the Lives that was incorporated into the Chronicon paschale. iv. Recensio anonyma [An]: Codex Marchalianus (BAV cod. Vat. gr. 2125 [traditional siglum = “Q”], pp. 11–24 [vi, but fols. 1–12 perhaps vii/viii]) and other MSS, some of which are unpublished. Paris, BNF cod. Coislin 224 [x], is a member of this family of MSS, and it is defective in the Vita Danielis. v. An abbreviated recension preserved in the writing of Theophylact and in the scholia to Theodoret of Cyr. vi. A recension found in the menologia and synaxaria of the Greek Orthodox tradition.

Denis, A.-M. Introduction aux pseudépigraphes d’Ancien Testament. SVTP 1. Leiden, 1970. 85–90. Includes MS evidence (and notices of unpublished MSS).

———. “Vitae prophetarum.” Concordance grecque des pseudépigraphes d’Ancien Testament. Concordance, corpus des textes, indices. Louvain-laNeuve, 1987. 868–871. Reproduces text apud Schermann, Prophetarum vitae fabulosae (infra).

Halkin, F. “Le prophète ‘saint’ Jérémie dans le ménologe impérial byzantin.” Bib 65 (1984). 111–116. Re excerpts preserved in an eleventh-century menologion.

Hall, I.H. “A Hagiologic Manuscript in the Philadelphia Library.” JBL 6 (1886). 3–39. ———. “Notes on ‘The Lives of the Prophets’.” JBL 6 (1886). 97–102. Migne, J.-P. Patrologia graeca. 92.360–397. Negoiﬂâ, A. “La vie des prophètes selon le synaxaire de l’église grecque.” Studia semitica philologica necnon philosophica Ioanni Bakos dicata. Ed. S. Segert. Bratislava, 1965. 173–192 at 177, 184–185. Nestle, E. “Die dem Epiphanius zugeschriebenen Vitae Prophetarum in doppelter griechischer Rezension.” Marginalien und Materialen. Tübingen, 1893. 2.1–64. Synoptic presentation of the versions of the Lives from MSS Q and E1, with variants from 3 Syriac MSS.

Petavius. Epiphanii opera. 1622. Text, Paris, BNF cod. gr. 1115. Details unknown.

Schermann, T. Propheten und Apostellegenden nebst Jüngerkatalogen des Dorotheus und verwandter Texte. TU 31.3. Leipzig, 1907. ———. Prophetarum vitae fabulosae, Indices apostolorum discipulorumque Domini Dorotheo, Epiphanio, Hippolyto aliisque vindicata inter quae nonnulla primum edidit recensuit schedis vir. cl. Henr. Gelzer usus prolegomenis indicibus testimoniis apparatu critico instruxit. Teubner. Leipzig, 1907. Critical text of all the important Greek recensions, with extensive apparatus noting variants from these.

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von Tischendorf, K. Anecdota sacra et profana. Leipzig, 1855. 21861. 110–119. Torinus, A. Epiphanii episcopi Cypri De prophetarum vita & interitu commentarius graecus. Basel, 1529. Text, Paris, BNF cod. gr. 1115.

Torrey, C.C. The Lives of the Prophets. Greek Text and Translation. SBLMS 1. Philadelphia, 1946. Zehner, J. Divi Epiphanii (ut vulgò nominatur) Liber de vitis prophetarum graece. Schleusinger, 1612. Introduction, Greek text (Paris, BNF cod. gr. 1115; a corrected version of the text edited by Torinus (supra)), Latin translation, and extensive annotations.

b. Latin Latin forms of the Lives of the Prophets exist in portions of Isidore of Seville’s De ortu et obitu patrum and Peter Comestor’s Historia scholastica. On Comestor’s work and the Hebrew version of the Vita Danielis, see infra. Dolbeau (“Deux opuscles,” infra) suggests that two forms of the Latin Lives precede and inﬂuence Isidore’s account of the Lives, which would thus date them to as early as the sixth century.

Brooks, E.W. Chronica minora II. CSCO 3, SSyr 3. Paris, 1903–1905. 160–165. [rep. Louvain, 1965] Chaparro Gomez, C. Isidoro de Sevilla. De ortu et obitu patrum. Auteurs latins de moyen âge. Paris, 1985. Dolbeau, F. “Deux opuscules latins relatifs aux personnages de la Bible et antérieurs à Isidore de Séville.” RHT 16 (1986). 83–139. ———. “Une liste ancienne d’apôtres et de disciples, traduite du grec par Moïse de Bergame.” AnBoll 104 (1986). 299–314. ———. “‘De vita et obitu prophetarum.’ Une traduction médiolatine des vies grecques des prophètes.” RevB 100 (1990). 507–539. ———. “Nouvelles recherches sur le De ortu et obitu prophetarum et apostolorum.” Augustin 34 (1994). 91–107. Migne, J.-P. Patrologia latina. 83.129–156 and 198.1053–1722. Text, Isidore of Seville’s De ortu et obitu patrum (83.129–156) and Peter Comestor’s Historia scholastica (198.1053–1722).

Vaccari, A. “Una fonte del ‘De ortu et obitu patrum’ di S. Isidoro.” Scritti di erudizione e di ﬁlologia 2. Roma, 1958. 271–281. c. Syriac The Syriac exemplars of the Lives of the Prophets are multiform and, as Satran (Biblical Prophets, 10) notes, the full range of the evidence has yet to be assessed:

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i. The Ambrosian Codex of the Syro-Hexapla, which preserves the vitae of the ﬁrst nine Minor Prophets (but not the Vita Danielis). ii. London, BL codd. Add. 12178, Add. 14536, and Add. 17193, which are attributed to Epiphanius. iii. A recension represented by Berlin, cod. Sachau 131, fols. 68r–78r, New York, Union Theological Seminary MS syr. 16, fols. 1–23 (verso only) [xix], Birmingham, Mingana cod. 567, fols. 1v–19r (so Ebied, “Some Syriac Manuscripts,” infra), and Leeds, MS syr. 4, fols. 194vﬀ. [1890]. iv. A recension represented by a MS from the Monastery of St. Catherine [x], which preserves concise vitae of the prophets. v. The vitae preserved in Michael the Syrian’s Chronicle. vi. The vitae preserved in chapter 32 of Solomon of Basrah’s Book of the Bee.

Baethgen, F. “Beschreibung der syrischen Handschrift ‘Sachau 131’ aus der königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin.” ZAW 6 (1886). 193–211 at 197–199. Budge, E.A.W. The Book of the Bee. The Syriac Text Edited from the Manuscripts in London, Oxford, and Munich, with an English Translation. AnOx (SS) 1.2. Oxford, 1886. 69–79. Translation (69–73) and text (74–79).

Ceriani, A.M. Monumenta sacra et profana. Milano, 1874. Vol. 7. Details unknown.

Chabot, J.-B. Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d’Antioch (1166–1199). Éditée pour la première fois et traduite en français. Paris, 1899. 1.63–102. Paris, 1910. 4.37–64. [rep. Louvain, 1963] Text (1.63–101) and translation (94.38–63).

———. Chronicon ad annum Christi 1234 pertinens. CSCO 81, SSyr 36. Paris, 1920. 87–101. [rep. Louvain, 1953] Ebied, R.Y. “Some Syriac Manuscripts from the Collection of Sir E.A. Wallis Budge.” Symposium syriacum 1972, célebré dans les jours 26–31 octobre 1972 à l’Institut Pontiﬁcal Oriental de Rome. Rapports et communications. OCA 197. Roma, 1974. 509–539 at 523–524. Notes unpublished Leeds MS syr. 4.

van den Eynde, C. Commentaire d’Isho'dad de Merv sur l’Ancien Testament. III. Livre des Sessions. CSCO 229, SSyr 96. Louvain, 1962. 113, 119. CSCO 230, SSyr 97. Louvain, 1963. 133, 144. ———. Commentaire d’Isho'dad de Merv sur l’Ancien Testament. IV. Isaïe et les Douze. CSCO 303, SSyr 128. Louvain, 1969. 1, 83, 93 + 98, 114, 141. CSCO 304, SSyr 129. Louvain, 1969. 1, 106, 119–120 + 126, 145–146, 180. ———. Commentaire d’Isho'dad de Merv sur l’Ancien Testament. V Jéremie, Ézéchiel, Daniel. CSCO 328, SSyr 146. Louvain, 1972. 1, 43–44, 135. CSCO 329, SSyr 147. Louvain, 1972. 1, 149, 155.

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Hall, I.H. “A Hagiologic Manuscript in the Philadelphia Library.” JBL 6 (1886). 3–39. New York, Union Theological Seminary MS syr. 16. See also M. GoshenGottstein, Syriac Manuscripts in the Harvard College Library (HSS 23; Missoula, 1979), 125.

———. “Notes on ‘The Lives of the Prophets’.” JBL 6 (1886). 97–102. Nestle, E. Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar. 2. vermehrte und verbesserte Auﬂage der Brevis linguae syriaque grammatica. PLO 5. Berlin, 1881, 1888. 86–107. [= Syriac Grammar with Bibliography, Chrestomathy, and Glossary. Second Enlarged and Improved Edition of the Brevis linguae syriaque grammatica. Trans. R.S. Kennedy. New York, 1889] The ﬁrst edition includes an eclectic edition of the vitae of the four Major Prophets on the basis of the 3 BL Add. codd. attributed to Epiphanius; the second edition contains a complete text.

———. “Die dem Epiphanius zugeschriebenen Vitae Prophetarum in doppelter griechischer Rezension.” Marginalien und Materialen. Tübingen, 1893. 2.1–64 at 36–43. Synoptic presentation of Greek MSS Q and E1, with variants from the 3 BL Add. codd. attributed to Epiphanius.

Schermann, T. Propheten und Apostellegenden nebst Jüngerkatalogen des Dorotheus und verwandter Texte. TU 31.3. Leipzig, 1907. Discussion of the MS evidence.

———. Prophetarum vitae fabulosae, Indices apostolorum discipulorumque Domini Dorotheo, Epiphanio, Hippolyto aliisque vindicata inter quae nonnulla primum edidit recensuit schedis vir. cl. Henr. Gelzer usus prolegomenis indicibus testimoniis apparatu critico instruxit. Teubner. Leipzig, 1907. 105–106. Latin translation of St. Catherine cod.

Smith Lewis, A. Catalogue of the Syriac Mss. in the Convent of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai. Studia Sinaitica 1. London, 1894. 10.4–8. MS evidence. See also W. Wright, Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired Since the Year 1838 (London, 1870): Add. 14614, fols. 80–127: “2. The Lives of the Prophets, ascribed to Epiphanius . . . Fol. 27 a. See Epiphanii Opera, ed. 1622, t. ii., p. 235; Migne, Patrol. Gr., t. xliii., col. 393. The names occur in the following order: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel (imperf.), Hosea (imperf.), Amos . . . [at] fol. 35 b we have the subscription . . . Then follows a short section on the prophets whose prophecies were not written down, fol. 35 b; and an extract from Severus on the deaths of Jeremiah and Daniel, fol. 36 a” (No. DCCLXXI, p. 743).

d. Ethiopic The Lives of the Prophets exists in several forms. In 1893 J. Bachmann published a version of the Vita of Jeremiah (Aethiopische Lesestücke. Inedita Aethiopica für den Gebrauch

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in Universitäts-Vorlesungen (Leipzig, 1893), 10–13). Since that time, however, more manuscript evidence has been uncovered on the Lives as a whole.

Knibb, M.A. “The Ethiopic Version of the Lives of the Prophets: Ezekiel and Daniel.” BSOAS 43 (1980). 197–206. Knibb presented the rest of the Ethiopic vitae in his “The Ethiopic Version of the Lives of the Prophets, 2: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Elijah, Elisha, Nathan, Ahijah, and Joel,” BSOAS 48 (1985), 16–41.

e. Hebrew The Lives of the Prophets is not preserved in Hebrew as an independent text. Abbreviated versions in Hebrew of the Vitae of Isaiah and Ezekiel, however, are to be found in Paris, BNF cod. héb. 326, fols. 157v–158r. More importantly, a mediaeval Hebrew version of the Vita Danielis exists embedded in an Bodleian manuscript codex of the Chronicle of Jerahmeel (Oxford, Bod. cod. 2797, 76r–76v). As Satran (Biblical Prophets, 16, note 34) observes, “The [Bodleian] version of Yerahmeel is clearly a Hebrew translation of a Latin form of the text virtually identical with that found in the Historia Scholastica of Peter Comestor.” On Comestor and the Latin version of the Vita Danielis, see supra.

f. Arabic The Arabic version of the Lives of the Prophets, which exhibits aﬃnities with the Greek recensio anonyma and the Syriac recensions, is preserved in Milano, BA cod. X.201 sup., fols. 61–69 [x/xi].

Graf, A. Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur. I. S&T 118. Città del Vaticano, 1944. 212. Notes that the Greek and Syriac vitae serve as sources of the Arabic Misbàh az-zulma wa-ìdàh al-hidma, the encyclopaedia of Abù l-Barakàt ibn Kabar.

Löfgren, O. “An Arabic Version of the ‘Vitae Prophetarum’.” OrS 25–26 (1976–1977). 77–105. Text [transcription and photographs] and translation.

g. Armenian As with the Greek and Syriac evidence, the Armenian textual witnesses the Lives of the Prophets are multiform: biblical manuscripts, the Collection of Homilies, the Menologium, and work related to but distinct from the Lives of the Prophets, the Names, Works, and Deaths of the Holy Prophets (on the last, see “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Armenian,” §III). The Vita Danielis does not appear in the Armenian version of the Lives of the Prophets, although for the sake of completeness the editions are listed below.

Josepheanz [Yovsèp‘ianc‘], S. Ankanon girk‘ Hin Ktakaranac‘. Venezia, 1896. 207–227. [trans. = Issaverdens, J. The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament Found in the Armenian Manuscripts of the Library of

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St. Lazarus. Venezia, 1901. 21934. 141–156, 171–184, 185–191 [rep. 1967]] Eclectic text of the Lives of the Prophets fashioned from a variety of biblical MSS.

Stone, M.E. “The Apocryphal Traditions in the Armenian Literature.” PIASH 4 (1969–1970). Jerusalem, 1971. 59–77 at 72–77. ———. Armenian Apocrypha relating to Patriarchs and Prophets, Edited with an Introduction and Commentary. Jerusalem, 1982. 129–157. 2. Translations (of the Vita Danielis only) Hare, D.R.A. “The Lives of the Prophets.” The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Ed. J.H. Charlesworth. New York, 1983–1985. 2.379–399 at 389–391. See review by S.P. Brock, JJS 38 (1987), 107–114 at 109.

Satran, D. “Appendix. The Lives of the Prophets (according to the text of Codex Marchalianus).” Biblical Prophets in Byzantine Palestine: Reassessing the Lives of the Prophets. SVTP 11. Leiden/New York/ Köln, 1995. 121–128. 3. Secondary Studies (of the Vita Danielis only) Knibb, M.A. “The Ethiopic Version of the Lives of the Prophets: Ezekiel and Daniel.” BSOAS 43 (1980). 197–206. Satran, D. “Daniel: Seer, Philosopher, Holy Man.” Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Proﬁles and Paradigms. Edd. J.J. Collins and G.W.E. Nickelsburg. SCS 12. Ann Arbor, 1980. 33–48 at 39–43. ———. “The Vita of Daniel: An Early Byzantine Legend.” Biblical Prophets in Byzantine Palestine: Reassessing the Lives of the Prophets. SVTP 11. Leiden/New York/Köln, 1995. 79–96. The Vita Danielis is also discussed brieﬂy in other places throughout this work.

V. Praedictiones Danielis Manuscripts: The manuscript evidence for this text remains unclear and the list below is extremely provisional. For an initial description and analysis of this text, see Chapter Four, §4. It is my preliminary conclusion that this text is related to or, in one of its forms, represents the Greek Vorlage of the Middle Eastern prognosticon, the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl. It must be stressed, however, that this conclusion awaits evaluation by means of a detailed study of the relevant texts, and for this reason the Praedictiones and the Mal˙amat are listed as discrete texts.

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– Athínai, Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 1350, fols. 25v–28r [xvii] inscr.: ÉEnyãde per¤exei ırãseiw tinåw toË profÆtou DaniØl ìw épekãlucen aÈt“ ı YeÒw

–

– –

–

– – –

–

– –

Reference: Delatte, A. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. X: Codices Athenienses. Bruxelles, 1924. 28, 153–155 [partial text]. Berlin, SBPK cod. gr. 170 [olim Phillipps 1574], fols. 137v–184r incip.: P¤naj sÁn ye“ èg¤ƒ t∞sde t∞w b¤blou . . . Reference: Boll, F. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. VII: Codices Germanicos. Bruxelles, 1908. 47, 171–172 [partial text (fol. 145v)]: “Ex libri ‘Persicae inventionis’ sive Danielis prophetae apocalypsibus”; Gundel, W., and Gundel, H.G. Astrologumena. Die astrologische Literatur in der Antike und ihre Geschichte. Sudhoﬀs Archiv 6. Wiesbaden, 1966. 259 note 13. Berlin, SBPK cod. gr. 173 [olim Phillipps 1577], fols. 69r–72v Reference: Boll (supra), 51–52, 173 [partial text (fol. 71r)]: “ÉEk t«n épokalÊcevn toË profÆtou DaniÆl.” Cambridge, UL cod. Ll.4.12, fols. 89r–99r [xv] inscr.: Per‹ katarx«n §k t«n DvdekatrÒpou ÉOrf°vw katå z–dion Reference: A Catalogue of the Manuscripts Preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge, 1858. 4.61; Weinstock, S. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. IX: Codices Britannicos. Pars II: Codices Londinenses, Cantabrigienses, Bibliothecarum minorum. Bruxelles, 1953. 42. Note: This text appears to be attributed to Orpheus, not Daniel. London, BL cod. Royal 16.C.ii, fols. 46r [xv] Reference: Weinstock, Catalogus IX.II (supra), 124–125. Note: It is unclear whether this cod. preserves a copy of the Lunationes Danielis (see infra) plus additional but unconnected prognostica (i.e., not a copy of the Praedictiones), or whether all the prognostica (including the lunation) is meant to function as the ﬁrst section of a full-blown copy of the Praedictiones Danielis. Milano, BA cod. D.137 sup., fols. 3r–12r [xvi] Reference: Pasini, C. Codici e frammenti greci dell’Ambrosiana. Testi e studi Bizantinoneoellenici 9. Roma, 1997. 153. Milano, BA cod. E.11 sup. Reference: Martini, A., and Bassi, D. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. III: Codices Mediolanenses. Bruxelles, 1901. 12. Oxford, Bod. cod. Auct. T.V.8 [SC 28092] fols. 18r ﬀ. [xv] incip.: P¤naj sÁn ye“ t∞sde t∞w b¤blou . . . Reference: Coxe, H.O. Bodleian Library, Quarto Catalogues. I: Greek Manuscripts. Oxford, 1853. Reprinted with corrections, 1969. Col. 813; Weinstock, S. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. IX: Codices Britannicos. Pars I: Codices Oxonienses. Bruxelles, 1951. 79. Paris, BNF cod. gr. 2316, fols. 380v–418r incip.: P¤naj sÁn ye“ t∞sde t∞w b¤blou . . . Reference: Boudreaux, P. “Danielis prophetae apocalypsis.” Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. VIII: Codicum Parisinorum. Pars III. Bruxelles, 1912. 40, 171–179 [partial text (fols. 380v–386r)]; Gundel and Gundel (supra). Note: On the long prologue to this text, see Chapter Four, §4. Paris, BNF cod. gr. 2494, fols. 204r–229r Reference: Boudreaux (supra), 71. Paris, BNF cod. supp. gr. 1148, fols. 30r–36r Reference: Astruc, C., and Concasty, M.-L. Bibliothèque nationale. Département des manuscrits. Catalogue des manuscrits grecs. III: Le Supplément grec, III: Nos. 901–1371. Paris, 1955. 297–298: “Apocalypse du Pseudo-Daniel . . . Le chap. 13, soit ici contenu des ﬀ. 33v, l. 9–34, l. 5 ab imo, a été publié dans op. cit.,

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VII [= Boll (supra)], p. 173, d’après le Berolin. 173—Le texte du présent ms. est assez diﬀérent de celui que donne Cat. codd. astr. gr., VIII [= Boudreaux (supra)], pp. 172,29—177,26, d’après Paris gr. 2316.” – Sankt Petersburg, cod. Academicus Musaei Palaeographici, fols. 8v–40v [1684/1685] Reference: ”angin, M.A. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. XII: Codices Rossicos. Bruxelles, 1936. 10–17. – Sankt Petersburg, cod. Bibl. Publicae 575, fols. 46r–64v [xvii] Reference: ”angin (supra), 32, 153–154 [partial text (fol. 48r–v), presented in parallel columns with text from Paris cod. 41]: “Apocalypsis Danielis”; Gundel and Gundel (supra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. gr. 363, fols. 146r–164v [xv] incip.:

¤naj sÁn ye“ t∞sde t∞w b¤blou . . . Reference: Stevenson, H. Sr. Codices manuscripti Palatini graeci Bibliothecae Vaticanae. Roma, 1885. 218: “(De Eclipsium signiﬁcatione per singulos menses: Meteoroscopica alia, et de Terrae motibus). Praeit index in capp. XXV primi mensis, i.e. Octobris”; Weinstock, S. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. V: Codicum Romanorum. Pars IV. Bruxelles, 1940. 100–101: “Danielis prophetae apocalypsis.”

V bis. Somniale Danielis and Lunationes Danielis See below, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.” Both these texts were probably composed originally in Greek in late antiquity or in the early mediaeval period, although the earliest manuscripts, which are in Latin, are from the ninth century. For a description and analysis of these texts, see Chapter Four, §§2–3.

B. Greek Daniel Apocalyptica of the Byzantine Period Preliminary Note: Much work is still required on the topic of the Greek apocalyptica attributed to Daniel, a category which also includes texts which were composed originally in Greek but survive only in another language. Of course, the outstanding work of nineteenth century scholars such as V.M. Istrin, E. Klostermann, and A.A. Vassiliev and twentieth-century scholars such as P. Alexander, K. Berger, H. Schmoldt, L. Pertusi, and V. Tupkova-Zaimova and A. Miltenova cannot be underestimated. At the same time, far too many questions persist, even at the fundamental level of the identiﬁcation of text and manuscript. Some texts have received more attention than others; the Diegesis Danielis and the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel surely may be cited here. But these are the exceptions rather than the rule, and the situation is compounded by recent discoveries (or re-discoveries, in some cases) of manuscripts of apocalypses attributed to Daniel. One need only consult the lists of the manuscripts for each text in the sections below to ﬁnd examples of copies not included in previous studies. Similarly, the Excursus, “Notes on and Manuscripts of Unidentiﬁed Greek Daniel Apocalypses” (infra), lists many Daniel apocalyptica unnoticed outside their appearance in catalogue. In addition, there are many examples where variant copies of any given text contain material which in the roster below also appears in manuscript copies recorded for diﬀerent texts. Accordingly, because the textual situation for most of these texts has yet to be completely resolved, I have decided against assigning distinctive sigla to the manuscripts.

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It should not be forgotten, too, that there is a wealth of unedited Byzantine oracles, prophecies, and “world-chronicles,” some but not all of which are attributed to Methodius. Given that a number of the known Byzantine Daniel apocalyptica contain material lifted from the various versions of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius or have some of their manuscript copies attributed to Methodius (or to other ﬁgures besides Daniel), any serious study of the full corpus of the Byzantine apocalyptic tradition must at one point examine these unedited texts. Further compounding the problem is the fact that discrete oracles tended to be used and reused (sometimes verbatim, sometimes not) in various venues, including, for example, in copies of the Oracles of Leo the Wise. The relationship between the origins and transmission history of the discrete oracles and the apocalyptic texts in which they appear must be isolated and evaluated. It is hoped that the information in the following sections, coupled with the presentation and analysis of all the Daniel apocalypses and apocalyptic oracles in Chapter Three, will clarify the situation somewhat. Although it is beyond the scope of the present work, what is ultimately required is a complete and critical examination by autopsy of all the manuscripts of all the relevant apocalyptic texts. From there one should be better able to move beyond the basic requirement of the correct identiﬁcation of the texts, and towards a more complete understanding of the extant Daniel apocalyptica and the textual and literary relationships among them and between them and the wider Byzantine apocalyptic tradition.

VI. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus Manuscripts: – Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fols. 31–32 [xv/xvi] Text: Istrin 184 (infra). Note: Bousset, “Beiträge,” (infra) identiﬁes this text as a copy of The Last Vision of the Prophet Vision of Daniel. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fol. 85 [xv/xvi] Text and Translation: Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra). Reference: Coxe, H.O. Bodleian Library, Quarto Catalogues. I: Greek Manuscripts. Oxford, 1853. Reprinted with corrections, 1969. Col. 248: “Leonis, Oracula versibus iambicus expressa, cum ﬁguris pictis. fol. 81 [to 94v]”; Rigo, A. Oracula Leonis. Tre manoscritti greco-veneziani degli oracoli attribuiti all’imperatore bizantino Leone il Saggio (Bodl. Baroc. 190, Marc. gr. VII.22, Marc. gr. VII.3). Venezia, 1988. 32. Note: This text is embedded in a copy of the Oracles of Leo the Wise. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 170, fol. 10r incip.: OÈa¤ soi tl∞mon ka‹ kekaum°nh KÊprow . . . Text and Translation: Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra). Reference: Rigo (supra), 32. Note: This text is embedded in a copy of the Oracles of Leo the Wise. – Palermo, Biblioteca nazionale cod. I.E.8, fol. 9v [xvi] inscr.: XhrsmÚw danÛØl monaxoË per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou . . . Reference: Lattanzi, A.D. I manoscritti ed incunaboli miniati della Sicilia. I: Biblioteca nazionale di Palermo. Roma, 1965. 16. Note: From the information contained in Lattanzi’s catalogue, this text—which Mioni (infra, note re BM cod. gr. VII.3) identiﬁes as a copy of an oracle concerning the island of Cyprus—appears to follow rather than be embedded in a copy of the Oracles of Leo the Wise. Note: I have not had occasion to examine this manuscript by autopsy. The title of this text, however, suggests that it might be a copy of the Vision of

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Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City (infra), and it is only due to Mioni’s assertion that I include it here. Paris, BNF cod. gr. 947, fol. 275r Reference: Mioni (infra, note re BM cod. gr. IV.38). Note: Not speciﬁcally listed in F. Halkin, Manuscrits grecs de Paris. Inventaire hagiographique (SubH 44; Bruxelles, 1968), 93, who, though, cites fols. 276v–280v: “Ioannes, apocalypsis a. Chrysostomo.” Venezia, BM cod. gr. IV.38 [olim Nanianus 260], fols. 18v–19r [xvi] incip.: OÈa¤ soi plhmmelhmãtvn kekaum°nh KÊpre tãlaina Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. I: Codices in classes a prima usque ad quintam inclusi. Pars Altera: Classis II, codd. 121–198—Classes III, IV, V. Roma, 1972. 227: “Interpretatio similitudinum Leonis (ﬀ. 16v–20v) . . . Includitur (ﬀ. 18v–19) vaticinium de Cypro insula . . . (sub nomine Ioachim Abbatis in cod. Par. gr. 947 f. 275; e cod. Marc. gr. VII 3 f. 8v, ubi Danieli prophetae vaticinium ascribitur, ed. E. Klostermann . . . pp. 122–123; BHG 2036 f ).” Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.3, fol. 8v [xv/xvi] inscr.: Per‹ t∞w nÆsou KÊprou toË aÈtoË DaniÆl incip.: A‡ a‡ soi, plhmmelhmãtvn kekaum°nh ka‹ beborborvm°nh zof≈dhw [Rigo: . . . kekaum°nh kÊprow tãlaina] expl.: yeoË går m∞nin §kfuge›n oÈ dunÆs˙. Text: Klostermann (infra). Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. II: Codices qui in sextam, septimam atque octavam classem includuntur continens. Roma, 1960. 20: “Daniel propheta [ps.—] Vaticinium de Cypro insula . . . ut in cod. Panorm I, E.8, f. 9; sub nomine Johachim abbatis in cod. Par. graec. 947, f. 275, a Georgio Corﬁate a. 1574 exarato (ed. e nostro codice E. Klostermann . . . pp. 122–123)”; Rigo (supra), 95. Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.22 [olim Nanianus 244], fols 131r–133v [1590] Reference: Rigo (supra), 60. Note: This text is embedded in a copy of the Oracles of Leo the Wise. Private, cod. Bute, fol. 9r [1575–1577] incip.: OÈa¤ soi tl∞mon ka‹ kekaum°nh KÊprow . . . Text and Translation: Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra). Note: This text is embedded in a copy of the Oracles of Leo the Wise. Note: The relationship among various oracles attributed in some texts to Daniel (or Daniel and others) and in other texts to Leo the Wise has yet to be completely resolved. It is certainly possible that the Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus is extant embedded in other manuscript copies of the Oracles of Leo the Wise, on which see Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra), 51 note 66.

Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.1.

1. Texts and Translations Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 184 (1898.1). Moskva, 1898.

135–162 at 140–142. Klostermann, E. Analecta zur Septuaginta, Hexapla und Patristik. Leipzig, 1895. 122–123.

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Vereecken, J., and Hadermann-Misguich, L. Les Oracles de Léon le Sage illustrés par Georges Klontzas. La version Barozzi dans le Codex Bute. Oriens graecolatinus 7. Venezia, 2000. 100–103. Base text the Oracles of Leo the Wise apud Oxford Bod. cod. Barocci 170 and Private cod. Bute, but employing in apparatus Oxford Bod. codd. Barocci 145 fols. 80v–92v.

2. Auxiliary Studies DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 324. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. 208. Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. No. 1874c. 2.314. ———. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. No. 1874c. 213. 3. Secondary Studies Bousset, W. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie.” ZKG 20 (1900). 103–131, 261–290 at 289. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 287–294. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 156. Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 242. Vereecken, J., and Hadermann-Misguich, L. Les Oracles de Léon le Sage illustrés par Georges Klontzas. La version Barozzi dans le Codex Bute. Oriens graecolatinus 7. Venezia, 2000. 175–176.

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VII. The Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race Manuscripts: – Mount Athos, Monastery of Koutloumousion cod. 220 [Lambros no. 3293], fols. 201v–208r [xv/xvii] Reference: Lambros, S.P. Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos. Cambridge, 1895–1900. 1.301: ˜rasiw DaniÆl toË profÆtou; Schmoldt (infra), 315 note 343. – Mount Athos, Monastery of Vatopedion cod. 754, fol. 182 [xvii] Reference: Istrin 182 (infra), 321; Schmoldt (infra), 315 note 344. – München, BSB cod. gr. 154, fol. 343v inscr.: ÜEterow xrhsmÚw Yeof¤lou presbut°rou ÑRvma¤vn . . . incip.: ÉAnastÆsetai sx¤sma §n tª §kklhs¤& toË yeoË . . . Text: Istrin 182 (infra). Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 242 [but he does not identify the MS]. – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Ottob. gr. 260, fol. 12r [xvi] Reference: Istrin 182 (infra), 319. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.2.

1. Texts and Translations Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 319–320. 2. Secondary Studies García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 156. Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 242–243 and notes. VIII. The Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men Manuscripts: – Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fols. 70r–79r [xv/xvi] inscr.: ÉEk t«n ırãsevn toË èg¤ou profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ §k diafÒrvn èg¤vn èndr«n incip.: ÉAnastÆsetai meirãkion §j `ÙsfÊow k≈nvpow . . . Text: Istrin 182 (infra) [partial]; Pertusi (infra) [critical edition]; Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra) [in apparatus]. Reference: Coxe, H.O. Bodleian Library, Quarto Catalogues. I: Greek Manuscripts. Oxford, 1853. Reprinted with corrections, 1969. Col. 248. Note: Istrin 182 (infra) lists a copy at fols. 43–52, but this is contraindicated by the presence of a copy of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled

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City at fols. 47v–50r and (apud Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra)) the presence of the ﬁrst of three copies of the Oracles of Leo the Wise at fols. 50r–58r. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Laudianus gr. 27 [olim 722], fols. 25v–46v [Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich: fols. 28r–49v] [xv/xvi] inscr.: ParekbÒlaion sÁn Ye“ ég¤ƒ §k t«n ırãsevn toË èg¤ou profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ §k diafÒrvn èg¤vn éndr«n œn ı basileÁw filosof≈tatow L°vn sun∞je ¶ktise † svyoulent¤kv † ka‹ §jistÒrhsen. incip.: Eﬁw tÒnde tÚn ﬂerof≈nthn tÚn §n ⁄ tetrapleÊrƒ •st«ta marmãrƒ . . .

Text: Pertusi (infra) [critical edition]; Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra) [in apparatus]. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Laudianus gr. 27 [olim 722], fols. 60r–65v [Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich: fols. 63v–68v] [xv/xvi] Text: Pertusi (infra) [critical edition]; Vereecken and Hadermann-Misguich (infra) [in apparatus]. Note: This copy is incomplete. Note: The relationship among various oracles attributed in some texts to Daniel (or Daniel and others) and in other texts to Leo the Wise has yet to be completely resolved. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.6.

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 318–319. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 169–201. Vereecken, J., and Hadermann-Misguich, L. Les Oracles de Léon le Sage illustrés par Georges Klontzas. La version Barozzi dans le Codex Bute. Oriens graecolatinus 7. Venezia, 2000. 85–155. Base text of the Oracles of Leo the Wise apud Oxford Bod. cod. Barocci 170 and Private cod. Bute, but employing in apparatus Oxford Bod. codd. Barocci 145 fols. 80v–92v and Oxford Bod. cod. Laudianus gr. 27, fols. 28r–49v and 63r–68v.

2. Secondary Studies García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 156. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 47, 53.

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Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 243 and note. IX. The Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium Manuscripts: – Wien, ÖNB cod. suppl. gr. 172, fols. 38v–39r [xvi] inscr.: XrhsmÚw DaniØl toË profÆtou per‹ t∞w Buzant¤dow, ka‹ shme¤vsai prÚ toË ktisy∞nai ÍpÚ Kvnstant¤nou mçllon eﬁpe›n ka‹ toË Buza

Translation: Pertusi (infra) [partial]. Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 243 and 315 note 346; Hunger, H., and Hannick, C. Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 4: Supplementum graecum. Museon (neue Folge) 4.4. Wien, 1994. 293: “(Ed. V.M. Istrin 143–144; ed. H. Schmoldt . . . 190–198).” Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.7.

1. Secondary Studies García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 156. Halkin, F. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. No. 1875a. 213. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 53. Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 243 and notes. X. The Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel Manuscripts: – Venezia, BM cod. gr. IV.38 [olim Nanianus 260], fols. 34r–35v [xvi] inscr.: KÆrujiw toË profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ ˜rasiw per‹ t«n xrhsm«n m°llontow kairoË t«n •ptå aﬁ≈nvn

incip.: ÉEgΔ kl¤nv grãfv tå m°llonta gen°syai. Pollã trag¤a eﬁw tÚ Salon¤kh . . . Text: Lambros (infra). Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. I: Codices in classes a prima usque ad quintam inclusi. Pars Altera: Classis II, codd. 121–198—Classes III, IV, V. Roma, 1972. 228: “Visio Danielis prophetae [ps.—] . . . (ed. Sp. Lambros, op. laud. pp. 100–107 et 110, 3–5).” Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.8.

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Lambros, S.P. “TÚ ÍpÉ ériymÚn LYÄ katãloipon.” NEOSELLHNOMNHMVN 19 (1925). 77–125 at 100–107. XI. The Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City Manuscripts: – Dresden, Öﬀentliche Bibliothek cod. Da 53, fol. 6 Reference: Schnorr von Carolsfeld, F. Katalog der Handschriften der königl. öﬀentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden. 1: Enthaltend die Abtheilungen A–D und F–H. Leipzig, 1882: “b) Daniel, per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ tåw nÆsouw.” – Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fols. 47v–50r [xv/xvi] inscr.: DaniØl monaxoË per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t«n nÆsvn t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon aÈt«n

incip.: oÈa¤ soi, pÒliw •ptãlofe, m°llei soi ka‹ tå …ra›a te¤xh pese›n . . . Text: Istrin 184 (infra); Schmoldt (infra) [critical edition]. Reference: Coxe, H.O. Bodleian Library, Quarto Catalogues. I: Greek Manuscripts. Oxford, 1853. Reprinted with corrections, 1969. Col. 248: “Leonis, Theophili Romani et Danielis monachi, Oracula varia. fol. 46 [to 61v].” – Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fols. 94v–96r [xv/xvi] inscr.: DaniØl monaxoË per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t«n nÆsvn t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon aÈt«n

incip.: oÈa¤ soi, •ptãlofe, m°llei soi ka‹ tå …ra›a te¤xh pese›n Reference: Coxe (supra), col. 248. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Laudianus gr. 27 [olim 722], fols. 68v–71v [xv/xvi] inscr.: DaniØl monaxoË per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t«n nÆsvn t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon aÈt«n

incip.: oÈa¤ soi, pÒliw •ptãlofe, m°llei soi ka‹ tå …ra›a te¤xh pese›n . . . Reference: Coxe (supra), col. 509. – Paris, BNF cod. supp. gr. 82, fols. 9v–12v [1617] Reference: Halkin, F. Manuscrits grecs de Paris. Inventaire hagiographique. SubH 44. Bruxelles, 1968. 282. Note: Halkin notes that this text is the same as the one preserved at fols. 55v–57v, infra, and that it is ‘ex codice Vaticano’”; but which Vatican codex is a mystery still to be solved. – Paris, BNF cod. supp. gr. 82, fols. 55v–57v [1617] Reference: Halkin, Manuscrits grecs (supra), 282. – Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.3, fol. 8v [xv/xvi] inscr.: XrhsmÚw DaniØl aÄ per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t∞w nÆsou KrÆthw ka‹ •t°rvn ka‹ t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon aÈt«n

incip.: OÈa¤ soi, oÈa¤ soi, pÒliw •ptãlofe, m°llei soi ka‹ tå …ra›a te¤xh pesoËntai expl.: proseleÊsetai ·na svyª. ka‹ tå •j∞w. Text: Klostermann, Analecta (infra); Schmoldt (infra) [critical edition]. Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. II: Codices qui in sextam, septimam atque octavam classem includuntur continens. Roma, 1960. 20: “Daniel propheta [ps.—] Vaticinium de insula Creta . . . (ed. V. Istrin . . . pp. 143–144 et E. Klostermann . . . p. 121; BHG 1875)”; Rigo, A. Oracula Leonis. Tre manoscritti greco-veneziani degli oracoli attribuiti all’imperatore bizantino Leone il Saggio (Bodl. Baroc. 190, Marc. gr. VII.22, Marc. gr. VII.3). Venezia, 1988. 95.

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– Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.22 [olim Nanianus 244], fol. 87r–v [1590] inscr.: ÑO xrhsmÚw t∞w •ptalÒfou incip.: oÈa¤ soi pÒliw •ptãlofe . . . Reference: Mioni, vol. 2 (supra), 36–37: “Methodius Patarensis [ps. —], De regnis gentium et alia vaticinia, i.e. Orakelweltchronik . . . de Daniele visione in urbem CP (ed. ex cod. Baroc. 145, f. 47v, V. Istrin . . . 143–144 nonnullis mutatis; BHG 1875)”; Rigo (supra), 52. and probably (see the discussion in Chapter Three, §2.9): – Mount Athos, Monastery of Iveron cod. 181 [Lambros no. 4301], fols. 60r–63r [xvi] inscr.: DaniØl monaxoË per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t«n nÆsvn t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon aÈt«n

incip.: oÈa¤ soi pÒliw •ptãlofe . . . Reference: Lambros, S.P. Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos. Cambridge, 1895–1900. 2.48. – Mount Athos, Monastery of Xiropotamos cod. 248 [Lambros no. 2581], fols. 530r–532v [xvii] inscr.: DaniØl monaxoË per‹ t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ per‹ t«n nÆsvn t¤ §sti tÚ m°llon aÈt«n

incip.: oÈa¤ soi pÒliw •ptãlofe . . . expl.: . . . ka‹ eﬁw •t°rouw tÒpouw gennÆsetai ıdÊnh pollØ ka‹ stenagmÚw ka‹ oÈa¤ t“ kair“ §ke¤nƒ. Reference: Lambros (supra), 1.218. and possibly (see the discussion in Greek VI, supra): – Palermo, Biblioteca nazionale cod. I.E.8, fol. 9v [xvi] Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.9.

135–162 at 143–144. Klostermann, E. Analecta zur Septuaginta, Hexapla und Patristik. Leipzig, 1895. 121. Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 188–201. 2. Auxiliary Studies DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 323–324. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. 207.

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Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. No. 1875. 2.315. ———. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. No. 1875. 213. 3. Secondary Studies Berger, K. “Daniel. II. Danielapokalypsen.” Lexicon für Theologie und Kirche. Freiburg/Basel/Roma/Wien, 31995. 12. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 154. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 287–294, 318. Vasiliev, A. The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860. Mediaeval Academy of America Publication 46. Cambridge, MA, 1946. 161. XII. Diegesis Danielis Manuscripts: – Montpellier, Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine cod. 405, fols. 105r–115 [xv/xvi] inscr.: DiÆghsiw per‹ t«n ≤mer«n toË ÄAntixr¤stou tÚ p«w m°llei gen°syai ka‹ per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now

incip.: Katå tØn yeÒlekton fvnØn toË eÈagg°liou Text: Berger (infra), 12–23 [synthetic edition, with translation and commentary, based on the Bodleian and Montpellier MSS]. Translation: Zervos (infra) [based on the Bodleian and Montpellier MSS]; Macler (infra) [partial]. Reference: Catalogue géneral des manuscripts des bibliothèques publiques des Départements, tome I (Paris, 1849), 445. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Canonici gr. 19 [SC 18472], fols. 145–152 [xv] inscr.: ToË §n `èg¤oiw incip.: Katå tØn yeÒlekton fvnØn tØn l°gousan Text: Istrin 184 (infra); Berger (infra), 12–23 [synthetic edition, with translation and commentary, based on the Bodleian and Montpellier MSS]. Translation: Zervos (infra) [based on the Bodleian and Montpellier MSS]. Reference: Coxe, H.O., Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars tertia: Codices graecos et latinos Canonicianos complectens. Oxford, 1854. 22. Note: Both Berger and Zervos identify the text preserved at Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.22, fols. 14–16, as a copy of the Diegesis. But see §2.11, infra. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.10.

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1. Texts and Translations Berger, K. Die griechische Daniel-Diegese. Eine altkirchliche Apokalypse. Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar. SPB 27. Leiden, 1976. This is the standard edition, with critical text and apparatus, translation, and commentary. Berger argues that the review of history was composed shortly after Charlemagne’s coronation (800 CE) but that the eschatological section may go back to as early as the third century CE. See the review of this book by M.E. Stone, JBL 98 (1979), 609–610.

Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 184 (1898.1). Moskva, 1898.

135–162 at 145–150. The quality of this edition has been criticised by later scholarship.

Macler, F. Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. Paris, 1895. 108–110. Zervos, G.T. “Apocalypse of Daniel.” The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Ed. J.H. Charlesworth. New York, 1983–1985. 1.755–770. With detailed introductory sections and textual apparatus. Chapter and verse numbers diﬀer from those of Berger. Zervos argues ( pace Berger) that the historical review may be dated to a time shortly after the coronation of Charlemagne, but that certain elements of the apocalyptic section “could ﬁt into the apocalyptic environment that produced such works as the Sibylline oracles, 2 Baruch, 4 Ezra, and the Revelation of John.” (757) See the review of this translation by S.P. Brock, JJS 35 (1984), 200–209 at 207.

2. Auxiliary Studies Bousset, W. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie.” ZKG 20 (1900). 103–131, 261–290 at 289. Notes publication of Istrin (supra) and lists MS evidence and contents.

Charlesworth, J.H. The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research. SCS 7. Missoula, 1976. With a Supplement. SCS 7. Ann Arbor, 1981. 180–182, 276–277. Cloward, R.A. The Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Selected Bibliography of Text Editions and English Translations. Provo, 1988. 29. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 320–321. Dowd, S.E. “Apocalypse of Daniel.” Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Edd. W.E. Mills, et al. Macon, GA, 1990. 196. Evans, C.A. Noncanonical Writings and New Testament Interpretation. Peabody, MA, 1992. 28. Geerard, M. Clavis apocryphorum Novi Testamenti. Turnhout, 1992. No. 343. 216.

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Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. 203. Haelewyck understands some of the texts cited by Kozak, JbPT 18 (see the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, §2.X) to be a Slavonic version of the Diegesis.

Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. No. 2036d. 3.10. ———. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. No. 2036d. 220. 3. Speciﬁc Studies Berger, K. “Daniel. II. Danielapokalypsen.” Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche. Freiburg/Basel/Roma/Wien, 31995. 12. Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte der frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 317–318. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 155. Hoyland, R. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 13. Princeton, 1997. 296–299, 302, 306–307. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 294–304. Mango, C. “The Life of St. Andrew the Fool. Appendix: A Daniel Apocalypse of 716/17 ad” RSBS 2 (1981). 297–313 at 310–313. [= Byzantium and Its Image. History and Culture of the Byzantine Empire and Its Heritage (London, 1984)] Argues (contra Berger) that the review of history does not extend past Theodosius III ( pace Bousset) and thus the work could not have been composed later than 716–717 CE.

McGinn, B. Antichrist. Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil. San Francisco, 1994. 95–96, 98. On the description of the Antichrist in this text.

Olster, D. “Byzantine Apocalypses.” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture. Ed. B. McGinn. New York, 1996. 48–73 at 64–67.

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Vasiliev, A. The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860. Mediaeval Academy of America Publication 46. Cambridge, MA, 1946. 161. Vereecken, J., and Hadermann-Misguich, L. Les Oracles de Léon le Sage illustrés par Georges Klontzas. La version Barozzi dans le Codex Bute. Oriens graecolatinus 7. Venezia, 2000. 186–187. Zervos, G.T. “Daniel, Apocalypse of.” The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Ed. D.N. Freedman. New York, 1992. 2.28–29. Article essentially summarizes Zervos’ introduction to his translation in J.H. Charlesworth’s Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (supra).

XIII. The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel Manuscripts: Greek – Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.22 [olim Nanianus 244], fols. 14–16 [1590] inscr.: DaniØl ˜rasiw pr≈th. ˜rasiw ka‹ épokãluciw DaniØl toË profÆtou incip.: ka‹ kline› ı yeÚw ı pantokrãtvr tÚn yumÚn aÈtoË Text: Berger (infra). Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. II: Codices qui in sextam, septimam atque octavam classem includuntur continens. Roma, 1960. 36: “Methodius Patarensis [ps.—], De regnis gentium et alia vaticinia, i.e. Orakelweltchronik . . . Danielis prophetae oracula” Slavonic – Moskva (?), Graf Tolstoy Library I.56, fols. 150–154 inscr.: BË‰©Ìie Ë wÍpo‚eÌie ÑaÌiËÎa ÔpopoÍa incip.: B˙ Î©Úo ÚpeÚie KËpy . . . èepcoÏ˙ . . . Text: Istrin 184 (infra). Translation: Folco (infra). Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.11.

1. Texts and Translations Berger, K. Die griechische Daniel-Diegese. Eine altkirchliche Apokalypse. Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar. SPB 27. Leiden, 1976. 24–26. Folco, E. “Visione e rivelazione del profeta Daniele.” In L. Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 81–89. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 184 (1898.1). Moskva, 1898.

135–162 at 159–162.

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Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 50, 80–95 passim, 111–127 passim. XIV. The Word of Daniel on the End of the World Manuscripts: – Athínai, Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 2187, fols. 228v–233r [xv] Reference: Politès, M.L. Katalogos cheirographòn tès Ethniès Bibliothèkès tès Hellados, ap. 1857–2500. Pragmateiai tès Akadèmias Athènòn 54. Athínai, 1991. 218; Halkin, F. Catalogue des manuscrits hagiographiques de la Bibliothèque nationale d’Athènes. SubH 66. Bruxelles, 1983. 122–123. Note: Although Halkin, Catalogue, believes this copy and the following copy in the same MS (i.e., fols. 236v–238r) to be copies of the same text, this supposition is not related by Politès. See Chapter Three, note 220. – Athínai, Bibliothèkos tès Hellados cod. 2187, fols. 236r–238r [xv] incip.: En ta›w ±m°raiw §ke¤naiw §lyÒntew oﬂ épÒstoloi Text and Commentary: Maisano (infra) [critical edition]. Reference: Politès, Katalogos (supra), 217; Halkin, Catalogue (supra), 122–123. Note: Halkin, BHGN (infra), no. 1871, identiﬁes this MS as a copy of the Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel – Andros Hagia MS 9, fols. 117v–132v [xvi] Text and Commentary: Maisano (infra) [critical edition]. – Cambridge, TC cod. O.8.33 [olim C.26], fols. 71v–81v [xvi] Text and Commentary: Maisano (infra) [critical edition]. incip.: En ta›w ±m°raiw §ke¤naiw §lyÒntew oﬂ épÒstoloi toË kur¤ou l°gontew. eﬁp¢ ≤m›n pÒte taËta ¶stai k. t‹ tÚ shme›on t∞w s∞w parous¤aw k. t. suntele¤aw t. aﬁ«non toÊtou. l°gei aÈto›w ı ÉIhsoËw ±koÊsate toË profÆtou DaniØl l°gontow •≈raka tÚn palaiÚn t«n ≤mer«n

Reference: James, M.R. The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. Cambridge, 1900. 1.430: “After a few lines Christ quotes a vision of Daniel which continues to the end. Much of it is occupied by a contest between an Abbot Stephanus mesokl¤j and a wicked king.” Note: Halkin, BHG (infra), no. 1871a, identiﬁes this MS as a copy of the Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel – Jerusalem, Patriarchikè Bibliothèkè cod. Sabaitikos gr. 128 [xvi] Text and Commentary: Maisano (infra) [critical edition]. Reference: Papadopoulos-Kerameòs, A. ÑIerosolumitikØ BiblioyÆkh II. SanktPetersburg, 1894. 209–210 at 210. Note: Halkin, BHGN (infra), no. 1871, identiﬁes this MS as a copy of the Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel. Note: L. Pertusi, Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente (Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3; Roma, 1988) 39 note 130, but in the context of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City: “Pure di origine cretese l’altra versione della Visio Leonis che si legge nei codd. Athen. gr. 2187, s. XV, e Sabait. gr. 128, s. XV–XVIII, ed. Maisano, pp. 117–125.”

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– Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. gr. 1865 [xiv] inscr.: lÒgow DaniØl toË profÆtou per‹ t∞w sfrag∞w t«n ébbãdvn ka‹ per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now

Text and Commentary: Maisano (infra) [critical edition]. Reference: Canart, P. Bibliothecae apostolicae Vaticanae codices manu scripti recensiti: codices 1745–1962. Città del Vaticano, 1970. 391–395. – Venezia, BM cod. gr. II.101 [olim Nanianus 123], fols. 4v–20v [xvi] Text and Commentary: Maisano (infra) [critical edition]. inscr.: L°ontow patriãrxou kvnstantinoupÒlevw lÒgow per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw toË ∑w proe›den DaniØl ı profÆthw . . . incip.: ÉEn ta›w ≤m°raiw §ke¤naiw proselyÒntew oﬂ épÒstoloi §per≈tvn tÚn ÉIhsoËn expl.: ka‹ §k t∞w èg¤aw yeotÒkou sarkvy°nta œ pr°tei . . . émÆn. Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. I: Codices in classes a prima usque ad quintam inclusi. Pars Prior: Classis I–Classis II, codd. 1–120. Roma, 1972. 299: “Leo. patr. Constantinopolitanus, Sermo de ﬁne mundi . . . (cfr. A. Vassiliev, Anecdota greco-byzantina, Mosquae 1893, pp. 33–38, quocum tamen noster rarius congruit; vide etiam K. Krumbacher, Gesch. d. byz. Lit.2, p. 173 et BHG 1871 a).” Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.12.

1. Texts and Translations Maisano, R. L’Apocalisse apocrifa di Leone di Costantinopoli. Napoli, 1975. Text, commentary, and translation.

2. Auxiliary Studies Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. No. 1871a. 2.314. ———. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. No. 1871a. 213. 3. Secondary Studies Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte der frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 318–320. Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 243 and notes.

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XV. Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel Manuscripts: – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Barb. gr. 284 [olim gr. III.3], fols. 130v–141v [1497] inscr.: ToË §n èg¤oiw patrÚw ≤m«n ÉIvãnnou toË XrusostÒmou lÒgow §k tØn ˜rasin toË DaniÆl

incip.: ÖAkouson, Ùuran°, metå ékribçw, p«w oﬂ t°ssarew basile›w metÉ éllÆlvn sunÆxyhsan. Aﬁy¤vpew, MakedÒnew, ÜEllhnew ka‹ ÉRvma›oi. . . . Text: Vassiliev (infra) [likely an eclectic edition with Ottob. gr. 418]; Schmoldt (infra) [with translation]. Reference: Vassiliev (infra), xxiv. – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Ottob. gr. 418, fol. 301 [xv/xvi] Text: Vassiliev (infra) [likely an eclectic edition with Barb. gr. 284]; Schmoldt (infra) [with translation]. Reference: Vassiliev (infra), xxiv. and very probably (see the discussion in Chapter Three, §2.15): – Athínai, Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 2605 [olim Serrensis II 25], fols. 257r–258v [xiv/xv] incip.: T°toke d¢ Buzant¤a tre›w uﬂoÊw. tÚn pr«ton »nÒmase katå tØn proshgor¤an toË patrÚw ÑErmÒlaon, tÚn d¢ deÊteron ÑErbãnon

Reference: Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. No. 1874m, 2.315; idem, Catalogue des manuscrits hagiographiques de la Bibliothèque nationale d’Athènes. SubH 66. Bruxelles, 1983. 147–148 [n.b. his reference to “Ehrhard, III, 831–832” is incorrect, since on these pages Ehrhard is discussing cod. supp. 605, not 2605]. – Venezia, BM cod. gr. XI.25 [olim Nanianus 300], fols. 160r–165v Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum. Codices graeci manuscripti. III: Codices in classes nonam decimam undecimam inclusos et supplemento duo continens. Roma, 1972. 139 –140: “Methodius ep. Patarensis [ ps.—], Visiones Danielis . . . Inc. mut. . . . expl. mut. . . . sed pauca desunt (cfr. cod. Athen. 2605, ﬀ. 257–268v; vide etiam A. Vassiliev . . . pp. 34, 27–38 et BHG 1874m)”; Halkin, Novum auctarium BHG (infra). 213: “[ed.] Schmoldt 224–234, §213–612.” Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.15.

1. Texts and Translations Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 220–241. Vassiliev, A. “E revelationibus Methodii Patarensis.” Anecdota graecobyzantina. Moskva, 1893. 1.xx–xxv, 33–38. On proposed emendations to Vassiliev’s text, see N.G. Politis, “Dioryvtikã tina eﬁw tå Anecdota graeco-byzantina toË Vassiliev,” VV 4 (1897), 94–99 at 97.

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2. Auxiliary Studies de Aldama, J.A. Repertorium Pseudochrysostomicum. Documents, études, et répertoires publiés par l’Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes 10. Paris, 1965. No. 14. 5. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 324–325. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 258. 208. Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. Nos. 1871, 1874m. 2.314–315. ———. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. Nos. 1871, 1874m. 213. Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. No. 117.1. 3. Secondary Studies Alexander, P.J. “Medieval Apocalypses as Historical Sources.” AHR 73 (1968). 997–1018. [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire. London, 1978] ———. The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. Ed., with intro. by D. de F. Abrahamse. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 1985. 72–77. Bousset, W. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie.” ZKG 20 (1900). 103–131, 261–290. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 155. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 256–259. Kampers, F. Alexander der Große und die Idee des Weltimperiums in Prophetie und Sage. Studien und Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte I.2, no. 3. Freiburg i. Br., 1901. 146–152. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 41–42, 111–127 passim.

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XVI. The Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World Manuscripts: – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Barb. gr. 284 [olim gr. III.3], fols. 141v–152v [1497] inscr.: ÜOrasiw toË DaniØl per‹ toË §sxãtou kairoË ka‹ per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now

incip.: Ka‹ ßstai §n ta›w §sxãtaiw ≤m°raiw, énastÆsetai meirãkion §k t«n uﬂ«n ÉIsmaØl ka‹ §jeleÊsetai §p‹ tåw x≈raw . . . Text: Vassiliev (infra) [but citing fols. 142ﬀ.]; Schmoldt (infra). Reference: Vassiliev (infra), xxiv; Haelewyck (infra). Note: Vassiliev (infra), xxv, and Haelewyck (infra) assert that the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World is preserved in Wien, ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 58 [olim 211], fols. 44–50. But see Chapter Three, notes 299 and 300. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.16.

1. Texts and Translations Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 202–219. Vassiliev, A. “Visiones Danielis. b) Visio Danielis.” Anecdota graecobyzantina. Moskva, 1893. 1.xx–xxv, 38–43. On the emendations to Vassiliev’s text, see N.G. Politis, “Dioryvtikã tina eﬁw tå Anecdota graeco-byzantina toË Vassiliev,” VV 4 (1897), 94–99 at 97.

2. Auxiliary Studies DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 325–326. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 257. 207–208. Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. No. 1872. 2.314. ———. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. No. 1872. 213. Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. No. 117.2. 3. Secondary Studies Alexander, P.J. “Medieval Apocalypses as Historical Sources.” AHR 73 (1968). 997–1018. [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire. London, 1978]

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———. The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. Ed., with intro. by D. de F. Abrahamse. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 1985. 77–95. Bousset, W. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie.” ZKG 20 (1900). 103–131, 261–290 at 289. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 154–155. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 260–268. Kampers, F. Alexander der Große und die Idee des Weltimperiums in Prophetie und Sage. Studien und Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte I.2, no. 3. Freiburg i. Br., 1901. 146–152. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 41, 111–127 passim. Rydén, L. “The Andreas Salos Apocalypse. Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28 (1974). 199–261 at 232–234 and 225–260, passim. XVII. The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete Manuscripts: – Crete, Brontisi Monastery Reference: Bées, N.A. “Katalogos tòn cheirographòn kòdikòn tès en Aroaneia monès tòn Hagiòn Theodòròn.” ÉEpethr¤w Filol. Sull. ParnassoË 9 (1906). 56–57; Morgan (infra), 293: “there are two prophecies . . . One prophecy is ascribed to Daniel the monk . . .” – Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.22 [olim Nanianus 244], fol. 59r [1590] Reference: Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. II: Codices qui in sextam, septimam atque octavam classem includuntur continens. Roma, 1960. 36: “Methodius Patarensis [ps.—], De regnis gentium et alia vaticinia, i.e. Orakelweltchronik . . . de Danielis vaticinio in Cretam insulam”; Morgan (infra) [he does not distinguish between the two BM cod. gr. VII.22 copies]: “both these prophecies are combined and ascribed to the prophet Daniel.” – Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.22 [olim Nanianus 244], fols. 84r–86r [1590] inscr.: ÑEt°ra ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniØl per‹ t∞w nÆsou krÆthw incip.: OÈa¤ oÈa¤ soi krÆthw poliorkoum°nhw [Rigo: poluorkoum°nh] Reference: Mioni (supra), 36–37: “Methodius atarensis [ps.—], De regnis gentium et alia vaticinia, i.e. Orakelweltchronik . . . de Danielis visionibus in insulam Cretam”; Morgan (infra) [he does not distinguish between the two BM cod. gr. VII.22 copies]: “both these prophecies are combined and ascribed to the prophet Daniel”; Rigo, A. Oracula Leonis. Tre manoscritti greco-veneziani

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degli oracoli attribuiti all’imperatore bizantino Leone il Saggio (Bodl. Baroc. 190, Marc. gr. VII.22, Marc. gr. VII.3). Venezia, 1988. 50–52. Note: Rigo also records a preliminary incipit: Pollo‹ fÒnoi §n tª nÆsƒ krÆthw. – Venezia, BM cod. gr. XI.19, fol. 338 bis r [xvi] Text: Morgan (infra). Reference: Laourdas (infra). Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.20.

1. Secondary Studies Laourdas, B. “Ho Markianos kòdix tou Geòrgiou Klontza kai oi peri Krètès chrèsmoi.” Krhtikå Xronikã 5 (1951). 231–245 at 232. Morgan, G. “A Byzantine Satirical Song?” ByzZ 47 (1954). 292–297. Rigo, A. Oracula Leonis. Tre manoscritti greco-veneziani degli oracoli attribuiti all’imperatore bizantino Leone il Saggio (Bodl. Baroc. 190, Marc. gr. VII.22, Marc. gr. VII.3). Venezia, 1988. 50–52. XVIII. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel Manuscripts: Greek – London, BL cod. Add. 25881, fols. 238–241 [xvi] inscr.: ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 115–116; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library. Cambridge, 1984. 3.203. Note: Halkin, BHG (infra), no. 1874c, correctly identiﬁes this text this as a copy of the Last Vision but incorrectly identiﬁes it with the text published by Istrin (infra), 140–142 (i.e., The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus). – London, BL cod. Harley 5632, fols. 494r–496v [1574] Reference: A Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum. 4 vols. London, 1808. 2.283: “De ultima Visione prophete Daniel, graecè” [but citing fol. 497]; Summary Catalogue of Greek Manuscripts. Volume 1. London, 1999. 142–143: “Ps.-Methodius, Last Vision of Daniel. BHG 3 1874d.” – London, BL cod. Harley 5734, fols. 42–45 [xvi] Text: Istrin, no. 184 (infra) [variants in apparatus, but listing fols. 42–46]. Reference: Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. – Mount Athos, Monastery of Iveron cod. 207 [Lambros no. 4327], fols. 191v–197r [xvi] inscr.: ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl incip.: Tãde l°gei kÊriow pantokrãtvr. OÈa¤ soi, g∞, . . . Reference: Lambros, S.P. Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos. Cambridge, 1895–1900. 2.59. – Mount Athos, Monastery of Koutloumousion cod. 217 [Lambros no. 3290], fols. 181r–183v [xvii] Text: Istrin, no. 184 (infra); Kampers (infra), 147 [partial text apud Istrin]. Reference: Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Lambros (supra), 1.298: “˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl”; Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Schmoldt (infra), 115–116.

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– Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fols. 61v–63v [xv/xvi] inscr.: ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl épo t∞w petekaidekãthw ≤m°raw t∞w aﬁxmalvs¤aw ßvw t∞w XristoË katabãsevw ßvw t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now

incip.: ka‹ ≤ n∞sow KrÆthw t∞n =ãxhn aÈt∞w Reference: Coxe, H.O. Bodleian Library, Quarto Catalogues. I: Greek Manuscripts. Oxford, 1853. Reprinted with corrections, 1969. Col. 248; Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Note: Halkin, Novum auctarium BHG (infra), no. 1874c, correctly identiﬁes this text this as a copy of the Last Vision but incorrectly identiﬁes it with the text published by Istrin (infra), 140–142 (i.e., The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus). – Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], fols. 96v–97v [xv/xvi] inscr.: ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl épo t∞w petekaidekãthw ≤m°raw t∞w aﬁxmalvs¤aw ßvw t∞w XristoË katabãsevw, ka‹ épÚ t∞w XristoË katabãsevw ßvw t∞w suntele¤aw toË aﬁ«now incip.: Tãde l°gei kÊriow, oÈa¤ soi g∞ ıpÒtan t«n égg°lvn

– –

–

– –

Reference: Coxe (supra), col. 248. Note: Halkin, BHG (infra), no. 1874c, correctly identiﬁes this text this as a copy of the Last Vision but incorrectly identiﬁes it with the text published by Istrin (infra), 140–142 (i.e., The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus). Oxford, Bod. cod. Holkham gr. 26, fols. 237–239 [xiv/xv] Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Paris, BNF cod. gr. 947, fols. 199v–201r [1574] inscr.: §sxãth ˜rasiw toË DaniÆl Text: Tischendorf (infra) [eclectic text with BNF cod. gr. 2180 and BM cod. gr. II.125]; Klostermann, Analecta (infra) [eclectic text with BNF cod. gr. 2180 and BM codd. gr. II.125 and gr. VII.38]. Reference: Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Halkin, F. Manuscrits grecs de Paris. Inventaire hagiographique. SubH 44. Bruxelles, 1968. 92–93: “Visiones Danielis”; Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Note: Vassiliev (infra), xxiv, and Stegmüller (infra) identify this text as a copy of the Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World. Paris, BNF cod. gr. 2180, fol. 104r–v [xv] inscr.: §k t«n §sxãtvn ırãsevn toË profÆtou DaniÆ Text: Tischendorf (infra) [eclectic text with BNF cod. gr. 947 and BM cod. gr. II.125]; Klostermann, Analecta (infra) [eclectic text with BNF cod. gr. 947 and BM codd. gr. II.125 and gr. VII.38]. Reference: Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Halkin, Manuscrits grecs (supra), 232: “Visiones Danielis”; Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Note: Vassiliev (infra), xxiv, and Stegmüller (infra) identify this text as a copy of the Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World. Paris, BNF cod. supp. gr. 467, fols. 223r–225r [xvi] Reference: Halkin, Manuscrits grecs (supra), 290: “Visio Danielis mon.” Patmos, Monastery of St. John cod. 529, fols. 13–21 [early xix] Text: Istrin, no. 182 (infra), 285–287 [partial, parallel with Beograd Narodna Biblioteka Srbije cod. 651 (infra)]; Istrin, no. 184 (infra) [as variants in apparatus]. Reference: Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Ottob. gr. 415, fols. 123–125 [xiv/xv] inscr.: ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Ottob. gr. 418, fols. 298v–300v [xv/xvi] Text: Vassiliev (infra) [likely an eclectic text with ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 162]. Reference: Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Stegmüller (infra); Schmoldt (infra), 115–116.

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– Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. gr. 363, fols. 47–49 [xv] inscr.: ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl incip.: Tãde l°gei kÊriow pantokrãtvr . . . Reference: Stevenson, H. Sr. Codices manuscripti Palatini graeci Bibliothecae Vaticanae. Roma, 1885. 216: “De Danielis prophetae extrema Visione”; Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. gr. 695, fols. 261ﬀ. [xiv/xv] inscr.: ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl épÚ t∞w petekaidekãthw Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. gr. 1700, fols. 100–105 [1332/1333] inscr.: ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. – Venezia, BM cod. gr. II.125 [olim Nanianus 181], fols. 6r–10r [xv] inscr.: épokãluciw toË profÆtou DaniØl per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw toË kÒsmou incip.: Tãde l°gei kÊriow pantokrãtvr. OÈa¤ soi, g∞, . . . expl.: oﬂ d¢ èmartvlo‹ klhronom¤sousai ka‹ aÈto‹ tØn aﬁvnion kÒloasin. ∏w g°noito =us∞nai ≤mçw . . . émÆn Text: Tischendorf (infra) [eclectic text with BNF codd. gr. 947 and gr. 2180]; Klostermann, Analecta (infra) [eclectic text with BNF codd. gr. 947 and 2180 and BM cod. gr. VII.38]. Reference: Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. I: Codices in classes a prima usque ad quintam inclusi. Pars Altera: Classis II, codd. 121–198—Classes III, IV, V. Roma, 1972. 14: “Visio Danielis prophetae . . . (ed. E. Klostermann . . . 115–120; BHG 1874)”; Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Note: Vassiliev (infra), xxiv, Stegmüller (infra), and Haelewyck (infra) identify this text as a copy of The Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World. – Venezia, BM cod. gr. III.12 [olim Nanianus 236], fols. 484r–487v [xv] incip.: Tãde l°gei kÊriow pantokrãtvr. expl.: ka‹ épod≈sei •kãstƒ ı kÊriow katå tå ¶rga aÈt«n Reference: Mioni, E., vol. I, pars II (supra), 189: “Visio Danielis prophetae . . . (ed. V. Istrin . . . 135–139 et 140–142; cfr. cod. Barocc. 145 f. 96v et BHG 1874c).” – Venezia, BM cod. gr. VII.38 [olim Nanianus 154], fols. 350v–352r [xvi/xv] inscr.: ≤ §sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniØl ka‹ per‹ t∞w KvnstantinoupÒlevw ka‹ per‹ toË eﬁrhnikoË basil°vw ka‹ per‹ t∞w suntele¤aw

incip.: Tãde l°gei kÊriow pantokrãtvr. OÈa¤ soi ≤, g∞ . . . expl.: épÚ én°mou strob¤lou §n tª yalãtt˙ Text: Klostermann, Analecta (infra) [eclectic text with BNF codd. gr. 947 and 2180 and BM cod. gr. II.125]. Reference: Istrin, no. 182 (infra) [but identifying cod. gr. III.38]; Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Mioni, E. Bibliothecae Divi Marci Venetiarum codices graeci manuscripti. II: Codices qui in sextam, septimam atque octavam classem includuntur continens. Roma, 1960. 80: “brevior editis in ﬁne (ed. V. Istrin . . . pp. 135–139 et etiam e nostro codice E. Klostermann . . . pp. 115–119, ll. 1–99; BHG 1874)”; Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Note: Vassiliev (infra), xxiv, Stegmüller (infra), and Haelewyck (infra) identify this text as a copy of The Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World. – Wien, ÖNB cod. hist. gr. 110, fols. 1r–3v [xvi] inscr.: ÑH §sxãth ˜rasiw toË DaniÆl Reference: Hunger, H. Katalog der griechischen Handschriften des Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 1: Codices historici. Codices philosophici et philologici. Museon

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(neue Folge) 4.1. Wien, 1961. 114: “(ed. A. Vassiliev, in: Anecdota GraecoByzantina 1, Moskau 1893, S. 43–46)”; Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. – Wien, ÖNB cod. iur. gr. 6, fols. 201v–202v [xv] inscr.: ≤ teleuta¤a ˜rasiw toË megãlou profÆtou DaniÆl, ≥tiw diå toË §n èg¤oiw patrÚw ≤m«n Meyod¤ou Patãrvn §faner≈yh ≤m›n

Text: Klostermann, “Zur Apokalypse Daniels” (infra) [listing textual variations from the edition in his Analecta (infra)] Reference: Fabricius, J.A. Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti. Hamburg, 21722–1723. 1140; Vassiliev (infra), xxv; Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Stegmüller (infra); Hunger, H., and Kresten, O. Katalog der griechischen Handschriften des Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 2: Codices juridici. Codices medici. Museon (neue Folge) 4.2. Wien, 1969. 12: “Methodios von Patara . . . (ed. A. Vassiliev . . . 43–47; vgl. BHG3 1874).” – Wien, ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 162, fols. 163v–167v [xv] Text: Vassiliev (infra) Reference: Istrin, no. 182 (infra); Bousset, “Beiträge” (infra); Stegmüller (infra); Hunger, Teil 1: Codices historici. Codices philosophici et philologici (infra), 265: “(ohne Titel, im Text unmittelbar fortfahrend Cod.) (Ed. A. Vassiliev, a.a.O., S. 43–47)”; Schmoldt (infra), 115–116. Note: On the foliation of this copy, see Chapter Three note 411. – Wien, ÖNB cod. suppl. gr. 172, fols. 19v–24r [xvi] inscr.: ÑH ¶sxãth ˜rasiw toË profÆtou DaniÆl, ¥tiw diå toË §n èg¤oiw ≤m«n Meyod¤ou §piskÒpou Patãrvn §faner≈yh ≤m›n

Reference: Schmoldt (infra), 115–116; Hunger, H., and Hannick, C. Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 4: Supplementum graecum. Museon (neue Folge) 4.4. Wien, 1994. 292: “(ed. Vassiliev . . . S. 43–47; ed. H. Schmoldt . . . 122–144; vgl. V.M. Istrin . . . 135–155. BHG 1873).” – Wien, ÖNB cod. sup. gr. 1601, fols. 133r–135r [xvii] Note: Istrin, no. 182 (infra) and Bousset, “Beiträge,” (infra) assert that the Vision of Daniel on the Last Times and the End of the World is preserved in Wien, ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 58 [olim 211], fols. 44–50. But see Chapter Three, notes 299, 300, and 417. Slavonic – Beograd, Narodna Biblioteka Srbije cod. 312, fols. 68r–73v [xvi/xvii] inscr.: ÔpopoÍa ÑaÌËÎa ÔocÎΩ‰eπ ÁpπÌ¥π Text: Makushev (infra); Istrin, no. 182 (infra), 284–285 [portions of Slavonic text paralleling Greek text]. Reference: Kozak (infra); Bonwetsch (infra), 916; StojanoviÆ, L. KaÚaÎoÚ Hapo‰Ìe ·Ë·ÎËoÚeÍe y öeo„pa‰y. IV. PyÍoÔËcË Ë cÚape ¯ÚaÏÔaÌe ÍøË„e. Beograd, 1903. 309–312 at 310–311; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 41; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 209. – Beograd, Narodna Biblioteka Srbije cod. 313, fols. 78r–83r [xvii] Reference: StojanoviÆ (supra), 312–315 at 314; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 41; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 209. – Beograd, Narodna Biblioteka Srbije cod. 651, fols. 249v–251r [xiii] Text: SreÆkovic (infra); Istrin, no. 182 (infra), 285–287 [partial, parallel with Patmos, Monastery of St. John cod. 529]; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra) [with translation and commentary]. Reference: StojanoviÆ, 290–294 at 293.

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Note: This is a partial text, only part of what in the Greek is a longer composition. Lvov, Narodna Biblioteka cod. A.C. Petrushevich, fols. 203–204 [xvi] inscr.: èocÎ©‰Ìee ‚Ë‰©ÌÌie cÚo„o ÔpopoÍa ÑaÌËÎa Text: Franko (infra). Reference: Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 41; TupkovaZaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 210. Moskva, Chudov Monastery cod. 62, fols. 721–725 [xvi] Text: Speranskiî (infra), 58–64; Istrin, no. 182 (infra), 280–283 [portions of Slavonic text paralleling Greek text]. Reference: Kozak (infra); Bonwetsch (infra), 916–917; Stegmüller (infra); TupkovaZaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 210. Moskva, Gosudarstvennyì istoricheskiì muzeì cod. Khludov 241, fols. 132v–134v [c. 1451] Reference: A.N. Popov, OÔËcaÌËe pyÍoÔËceÈ Ë ÍaÚaÎo„ ÍÌË„ ˆepÍo‚ÌoÈ Ôe˜aÚÌ ·Ì·ÎËoÚeÍa. A.à. XÎy‰o‚a. Moskva, 1872. 486–488; Tupkova-Zaimova/ Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 41; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍoaÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 210. Moskva, Rossiìskaìà Gosudarstvennaìà biblioteka [olim Gosudarstvennaìà biblioteka im. Lenina] cod. Undolskiì 1, fol. 422a [xv] Text: Speranskiì (infra), 95–98; Istrin, no. 182 (infra), 277–280 [portions of Slavonic text paralleling Greek text]. Reference: Kozak (infra): “eine Besondere Redaktion” [re cod. Chudov Monastery cod. 62, supra]; Bonwetsch (infra), 917; Stegmüller (infra); TupkovaZaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 41; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 210. Mount Athos, Monastery of Panteleimon cod. 97, fol. 18r [xviii] Reference: Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 41; TupkovaZaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 209. Praha, Národního Musea cod. IX.A.44, fols. 258r–v [xiv] inscr.: CÎo‚o cÚ„o ÔpopoÍa ‰aÌªË¯Îa Reference: Va“ica, J., and Vajs, J. Soupis staroslovanskÿch rokopisu Národního Musea v Praze. Praha, 1957. 28. Sankt Petersburg, Biblioteka Akademiì Nauk cod. 13.3.19, fols. 220v–224v [1448] Text: Ìàtsimirskiì (infra), 133–136; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 41; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo - aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 214–218 [with translation and commentary]. Sreznevskiì MS [xvii] Text: Sreznevskiì (infra). Reference: Kozak (infra); Bonwetsch (infra), 917; Stegmüller (infra). Note: The identiﬁcation and details of the Slavonic MS copies of this text remain quite preliminary and it is quite possible that further copies exist but have yet to be identiﬁed. What is more, some manuscript copies appear to preserve only discrete portions of the text, although whether such copies could be called “incomplete” (i.e., suggesting a ﬁxed text against which these copies could be measured) is very uncertain given the pericope-like nature of the parts of this and other apocalyptic texts attributed to Daniel.

Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.23.

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1. Texts and Translations Franko, I. AÔoÍpiÙË i Îe„eÌ‰Ë Á ìÍpaªÌc¸ÍËı PyÍoÌËci‚ IV. L’vov, 1906. 255–258. Ìàtsimirskiì, I.A. àÁ ËcÚopËË cÎa‚ﬂÌcÍoÈ ÔËc¸ÏeÌÌocÚË ‚ MoÎ‰a‚ËË Ë BaÎaıËË XV–XVII ‚‚. èaÏﬂÚÌËÍË ‰pe‚ÌeÈ ÔËc¸ÏeÌÌocÚË Ë ËccÍycÚ‚a 162. Sankt Petersburg, 1906. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 184 (1898.1). Moskva, 1898.

135–162 at 135–139. Klostermann, E. Analecta zur Septuaginta, Hexapla und Patristik. Leipzig, 1895. 113–120. ———. “Zur Apokalypse Daniels.” ZAW 15 (1895). 147–150. Macler, F. “L’Apocalypse grecque de Daniel” and “Apocalypse du prophète Daniel au sujet de la ﬁn du monde.” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. Paris, 1895. 89–92, 93–99. [= “Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel.” RHR 33 (1896). 288–319 at 309–316] Essentially a translation of Klostermann’s edition, infra. Makushev, V. “O Ì©ÍoÚop˚ı˙ pyÍoÔËcﬂı˙ ·Ë·ÎioÚeÍÌ ‚˙ ö©Î„pa‰©. II. PyÍoÔËcË cep·cÍa„o ÔËc¸Ïa.” RPhV 7 (1882). 1–29 at 23–26. Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 114–187, 245–273. The only true critical edition of the text. Parallel text and translation with detailed commentary and analysis (at 114–187), plus a section, “Zur Herkunft der ‘letzten Vision Daniels’” (at 245–273).

Speranskiì, M. “ ÅË·Îio„paÙË˜ecÍie ÏaÚepiaÎ˚ A.H. èpÔo‚˚Ï .” COIDRMoskva (1889.3). SreÆkoviÆ, P.S. á·opÌËÍ ÔoÔa ‰pa„oΩa. Spomenik 5. Beograd, 1890. 12. Sreznevskiì, I. U‘enyìa zapiski Imperatorskoì Akademiìi nauk 1. Sankt Petersburg, 1854. 1.135–136. von Tischendorf, C. Apocalypses apocryphae Mosis, Esdrae, Pauli, Iohannis, item Mariae dormitio, additis evangeliorum et actuum apocryphorum supplementis. Leipzig, 1866. xxx–xxxiii. [rep. Hildesheim, 1966] Tupkova-Zaimova, V., and Miltenova, A. “BË‰eÌËﬂÚa Ìa èpopoÍ ÑaÌËËÎ ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ Ë ‚ cpe‰Ìo‚eÍo‚Ìa Å˙Î„apËﬂ.” Palaeobulgarica 14.4 (1990). 39–46. ———. àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ Ë ‚ cpe‰Ìo‚eÍo‚Ìa Å˙Î„apËﬂ. Soﬁa, 1996. 207–218.

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Vassiliev, A. “Visiones Danielis. b) Visio Danielis.” Anecdota graecobyzantina. Moskva, 1893. 1.xx–xxv, 43–47. Noted in M.R. James, Apocrypha Anecdota II (T&S 5.1; Cambridge, 1897), 155.

2. Auxiliary Studies Bonwetsch, N. “Die christliche vornicänische Litteratur (mit Einschluss der jüdisch-hellenistischen und apokalyptischen) in altslavischen Handschriften.” In A. Harnack, Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur bei Eusebius. I. Der Überlieferung und der Bestand. Berlin, 21913. 886–917 at 916–917. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 321–323. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. 206–207. Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. SubH 8a. Bruxelles, 31957. Nos. 1873, 1874, 1874d. 2.314–315. ———. Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae. SubH 65. Bruxelles, 1984. Nos. 1873, 1874. 213. Kozak, E. “Bibliographische Uebersicht der biblisch-apokryphen Literatur bei den Slaven.” JbPT 18 (1892). 127–158 at 139. Krumbacher, K. Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur von Justinian bis zum Ende des oströmischen Reiches (527–1453). Second edition, edd. A. Ehrhard and H. Gelzer. HAW 9.1. München, 1897. 628. Notes the publication of Tischendorf, Apocalypses apocryphae, Klostermann, Analecta zur LXX and “Zur Apokalypse Daniels,” (supra), and Kalemkiar, “Die siebente Visions Daniels” (see the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel, supra).

Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. Nos. 117.3, 117,13, 117,14, and 117,15. 3. Secondary Studies Bousset, W. Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche. Göttingen, 1895. 41–45 at 41–43. [rep. Hildesheim, 1983] [= The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore. Trans. A.H. Keane. London, 1896. 66–72 at 66–69. [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter. AART&T 24. Atlanta, 1999] ———. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie.” ZKG 20 (1900). 103–131, 261–290 at 287–290. Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkel-

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mann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 318. Denis, A.-M. Introduction aux pseudépigraphiques grecs d’Ancien Testament. SVTP 1. Leiden, 1970. 309–314 at 309. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 153–154. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 268–287. Kampers, F. Alexander der Große und die Idee des Weltimperiums in Prophetie und Sage. Studien und Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte I.2, no. 3. Freiburg i. Br., 1901. 146–152. Macler, F. “L’Apocalypse grecque de Daniel.” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. Paris, 1895. 89–92. [= Thesis: Paris, 1895] Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130 n. 95, 131–133. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 77–81, 111–127 passim. Rydén, L. “Zum Aufbau der Andreas Salos-Apokalypse.” Eranos 66 (1968). 101–117 at 113–116. ———. “The Andreas Salos Apocalypse. Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28 (1974). 199–261 at 234–237, also 225–260 passim. Vasiliev, A. The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860. Mediaeval Academy of America Publication 46. Cambridge, MA, 1946. 161. Vereecken, J., and Hadermann-Misguich, L. Les Oracles de Léon le Sage illustrés par Georges Klontzas. La version Barozzi dans le Codex Bute. Oriens graecolatinus 7. Venezia, 2000. 194. Weinel, H. “Die spätere christliche Apokalyptik.” EUXARISTHRION. Studien zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Hermann Gunkel zum 60. Geburtstag, dem 23. Mai 1922 dargebracht von seinen Schülern und Freunden. Ed. H. Schmidt. FRLANT 36. Göttingen, 1923. 141–173 at 160–161. Discussed in conjunction with the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel, which Weinel understands to be a version of the same work.

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Wortley, J. “The Literature of Catastrophe.” Byzantine Studies/Études byzantines 4 (1977). 1–15 at 8–10. Zahn, T. “Paralipomena. 4. Über einige armenische Verzeichnisse kanonischer und apokrypher Bücher.” Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons und der altkirchlichen Literatur V. Ed. T. Zahn. Erlangen/Leipzig, 1893. 109–157 at 118–120. Discussed in conjunction with the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel.

Excursus: Notes on and Manuscripts of Unidentiﬁed Greek Daniel Apocalypses The following comments and notes are included for the sake of completeness, on the theory that partial information is better than no information at all. Of course, an examination by autopsy of these MS will no doubt further add to our understanding of the texts of the Daniel apocalyptica and their MS evidence. i. Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 148 J.-P. Migne notes that “Un manuscrit grec, conservé à Oxford à la bibliothèque Bodléyenne (Codices Barocciani, n° 148), est intitulé Les Visions de Daniel” (“Daniel,” Dictionnaire des Apocryphes, ou Collection de tous les livres apocryphes relatifs a l’Ancien et au Nouveau Testament (Paris, 1858), cols. 185–192 at 185). Migne’s note is copied by Stegmüller, Repertorium, no. 117. But the Summary Catalogue does not conﬁrm this information. Rather, I think it possible that this is a mistaken reference to Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 145 [SC 145], a codex which preserves several apocryphal Daniel apocalypses; see Chapter Three, note 407. It is also possible that Migne was referring to the portion of the Greek Book of Daniel preserved in Oxford, Bod. cod. Barocci 148, fols. 1–30, to which F. Halkin, Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca (SubH 8a; Bruxelles, 31957), 2.313, lists under the heading “Visio(nes) Danielis” at no. 1870y. ii. Paris, BNF cod. gr. 1295 In his editions and literary analysis of the Greek recensions of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius and the texts of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses (“OÚÍpo‚eÌie

MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa,” COIDRMoskva 184

(1898.1) (Moskva, 1898), 135–162 at 151–155), V.M. Istrin includes a text that A. Vasiliev calls “the last Greek version” of a Greek Vision of Daniel (The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860 (Mediaeval Academy of America Publication 46; Cambridge, MA, 1946), 161). Note that Istrin includes in the apparatus to the edition variants from what appears to be a second copy at Patmos cod. 548. The question of whether Vasiliev and other authorities are correct in postulating a single Greek Vision of Daniel of which all the extant Daniel apocalypses are either versions or copies is addressed in Chapter Three, §5. The issue pertinent here is whether this text, as Vasiliev suggests (and as Istrin implies), is a Daniel apocalypse. Although the text contains several topoi and themes common to other Daniel apocalypses, the text is not attributed to Daniel, nor does it appear to be an unattributed copy of an extant Daniel apocalypse. See, further, W. Bousset, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie,” ZKG 20 (1900), 103–131, 261–290 at 289. Note that F. Halkin lists the text under “Apocalypsis Methodii” (Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca (SubH 8a; Bruxelles, 31957), No. 2036e, 3.10; Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae (SubH 65; Bruxelles, 1984), No. 2036e, 220).

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iii. Jerusalem, Patriarchikè Bibliothèkè cod. S. Sepulcri 121, fols. 13r–33r In the ﬁrst volume of his catalogue of Greek MS codices, A. PapadopoulosKerameòs lists a text by the title “ÜOrasiw ka‹ épokãluciw DaniØl toË profÆtou” (ÑIerosolumitikØ BiblioyÆkh I (Sankt-Petersburg, 1891), 201–202 at 202). From what I can gather, the text begins “ÖEtouw tr¤tou toË KÊrou,” to which PapadopoulosKerameòs adds “ Prot°taktai Ùktãstixow xrhsmÒw, o ∏ érxØ ‘ §n ¶tei tr¤tƒ basileÊontow’.” I know nothing more on this text. iv. Jerusalem, Patriarchikè Bibliothèkè cod. Sabaitikos gr. 697, fols. 117–189 In the second volume of his catalogue of Greek MS codices, A. PapadopoulosKerameòs lists a text by the title “Orãseiw DaniØl toË profÆtou” (ÑIerosolumitikØ BiblioyÆkh II (Sankt-Petersburg, 1894), 651–653 at 653). But nothing more is said of this text or its contents. v. Jerusalem, Patriarchikè Bibliothèkè (?) cod. 244, fols. 218–225 In the fourth volume of his catalogue of Greek MS codices, A. PapadopoulosKerameòs lists a text by the title “Orãseiw DaniØl toË profÆtou” (ÑIerosolumitikØ BiblioyÆkh IV (Sankt-Petersburg, 1899), 207–210 at 210). Most interestingly, the text begins: “ÖOrasiw pr≈th toË profÆtou DaniØl. Ka‹ ∑n énØr oﬁk«n §n Babul«ni.” vi. London, BL cod. Harley 5734, fols. 57v–60r [xvi] inscr.: ProÒrasiw toË DaniØl per‹ t«n mellÒntvn gen°syai eﬁw tå t°lht«n aﬁ≈nvn, ka‹ t∞w t«n =vma¤vn basile¤aw, ka‹ per‹ toË t°louw toË kÒsmou, ka‹ per‹ toË éntixr¤stou. incip.: ÉO ptvxÚw ı ptvxol°vn tÚ ˆnoma mou ÉIvãnnhw. t«n èpãntvn ı dragãthw. ka‹ ∑lyon §nyãde bl°pvn. tåw triãkonta ßjh ≤m°raw pãsaw. p°nhw basileÁw eﬁm‹. §k yeoË tÚ krãtow ¶xv ka‹ §jÊlhya eﬁw tÚn kÒsmou. eﬁw xristian«n presbe¤an.

Reference: Catalogue . . . Harleian Manuscripts, 2.292: “Leonis Imperatoris prophetia”; Summary Catalogue of Greek Manuscripts 1 (supra), 183: “Visio Danielis . . . Diﬀerent from the various versions in V.M. Istrin, Otkrovenie Mefodia Patarskago, Moscow 1897. cf. Harley 5632.” vii. Mount Athos, Monastery of Dionysos cod. 159 [xiv] [Lambros no. 3693] Listed by S.P. Lambros as “˜rãsiw DaniØl toË profÆtou” (Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos (Cambridge, 1895–1900), 1.348). Foliation, incipit, and details unknown. viii. Mount Athos, Monastery of Dionysos cod. 167 [xv] [Lambros no. 3701] Listed, most intriguingly, by S.P. Lambros as “DaniØl ırãseiw aÄ—ibÄ” (Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos (Cambridge, 1895–1900), 1.353). Foliation, incipit, and details unknown. There is a text in the University Library of Messina that is described by its cataloguer as “˜rãsiw DaniØl toË profÆtou . . . ˜rasiw pr≈th per‹ Sousãnnhw—Fol. 98v: ˜rasiw igÄ. Per‹ toË drãkontow,” which presumably is a copy of the LXX Book of Daniel (see H. Delehaye, Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum graecorum Monasterii S. Salvatoris, nunc Bibliothecae Universitatis Messanensis (AnBoll 23 reprint; Bruxelles, 1904), 60). The description of the second MS might shed light on the nature of the contents of the ﬁrst. ix. Mount Athos, Monastery of Iveron cod. 686 [xvii] [Lambros no. 4806] Listed by S.P. Lambros as “˜rãsiw toË profÆtou DaniØl” (Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos (Cambridge, 1895–1900), 2.203). Foliation, incipit, and details unknown.

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x. Mount Athos, Monastery of Iveron cod. 751 [xvii] [Lambros no. 4871] Listed by S.P. Lambros as “Per‹ t«n ırãsevn toË DaniØl” (Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos (Cambridge, 1895–1900), 2.220). Foliation, incipit, and details unknown, although the text would appear to be quite short (ﬁfty-seven separate tracts are included between fols. 31r and 49r). My search of the index of Lambros’ catalogue reveals no less than nine texts that are almost certainly apocryphal Daniel apocalypses. To put this ﬁgure into perspective, only two of these apocalypses had been listed in the previous research: Koutloumousiou Monastery cod. 217 [Lambros no. 3290] (the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel ) and Koutloumousiou Monastery cod. 220 [Lambros no. 3293] (the Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race). As for cod. Vatopedi 754 (the Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race), I have not been able to associate the reference to this copy with the information contained in Lambros’ catalogue. On the basis of the catalogue title and incipit, I have tentatively identiﬁed Ibèròn Monastery cod. 207 [Lambros no. 4327] as a copy of the Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel, and Ibèròn Monastery cod. 181 [Lambros no. 4301] and Xiropotamos Monastery cod. 248 [Lambros no. 2581] as copies of the Vision of Daniel on the Future of the Seven-Hilled City. xi. Wien, ÖNB cod. suppl. gr. 89, fols. 14v–15v/Wien, ÖNB cod. suppl. gr. 172, fols. 31r–33r: F. Halkin lists these two MSS as a separate apocalypse (No. 1875b) in his Novum auctarium bibliothecae hagiographicae graecae (SubH 65; Bruxelles, 1984), 214. The information in Hunger and Hannick’s catalogue seems to conﬁrm this: i) Wien, ÖNB cod. suppl. gr. 89: “(14v–15v) <METHODIOS> VON PATARA* (?), Weissagung über die Türken und den Fall von Konstantinopel (XrhsmÚw ı parΔn ¶oike toË Patãrvn . . . Inc. G°now d¢ toË ÑIsmaØl kt¤sei ênv ka‹ kãtv plhs¤on t∞w •ptalÒfou ka‹ oÈa¤ soi •ptãlofe . . . Vgl. Cod. Suppl. gr. 172, f. 31r . . .”; Wien, ÖNB cod. suppl. gr. 172: “(31r–33r) LASKARIS, Erklärung des vorangehenden Orakels (ÑErmhne¤a toË Laskãrevw Cod.). Inc. G°now toË ÑIsmaØl kt¤sei ênv ka‹ kãtv plhs¤on t∞w •ptalÒfou . . .” (Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 4: Supplementum graecum (Museon (neue Folge) 4.4. Wien, 1994), 150, 293). I have not read the text of this apocalypse, nor does it appear to be attributed to Daniel. At the same time, Halkin’s assertion that it belongs with the visions of Daniel cannot be ignored. More work is required here.

Excursus: Sundry Greek Daniel Apocrypha i. Daniel in the Menologia and Synaxaria A menologion is a liturgical book which is arranged by the months of the ecclesiastical year of the Eastern Church and in which are contained the lives of saints and other ﬁgures. The term synaxarion is frequently used interchangeably, although it more properly refers to a speciﬁc type of collection of brief accounts of saints or feasts. The ﬁgure of Daniel is commonly associated with 17 December, the Sunday preceding Christmas. See F. Halkin, “Un inédit de Nicétas le Paphlagonien: l’éloge du prophète Daniel BHG 488b,” KAYHGHTRIA. Essays Presented to Joan Hussey for Her 80th Birthday (ed. J. Chrysostomides; Camberley, 1988), 287–302, re Paris, BNF cod. gr. 1180, fols. 124r–132r. ii. Wien, ÖNB cod. phil. gr. 220, fols. 198r–203v See H. Hunger, Katalog der griechischen Handschriften des Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Teil 1: Codices historici. Codices philosophici et philologici (Museon (neue Folge) 4.1); Wien,

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1961), 331: “Anonym. Fgt. über Daniel (vgl. Josephus Flavius, Antiquitates Judaicae, B.10, 195ﬀ.) inc. Strateusãmenow oÔn NabouxodonÒsor ı basileÁw katå tØn ÑIerousalØm ka‹ polemÆsaw aÈtØn ºxmal≈teuse pãnta tÚn laÚn ktl. . . .” iii. Mount Athos, Monastery of Iveron cod. 383 [xvii] [Lambros no. 4503] There are two texts of note here. The ﬁrst is listed by S.P. Lambros as “Per‹ toË profÊtou ÉIerem¤ou ka‹ toË prof¤tou DaniØl,” the second (which immediately follows) as “ÉEt°ran forån toË DanhÆl toË profÆtou” (Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos (Cambridge, 1895–1900), 2.118). Speciﬁc foliation, incipit, and additional details unknown. iv. Mount Athos, Monastery of Iveron cod. 604 [xviii] [Lambros no. 4724] Listed, interestingly, by S.P. Lambros as “Prognvstikå per‹ ÄAntixr¤stou ka‹ t∞w basile¤aw t«n Mvameyan«n, •rmhneutikå t∞w ÉApokalÊcevw ka‹ t«n tessãrvn basilei«n toË DaniØl ka‹ katå t∞w aﬂr°sevw t«n Lat¤nvn (Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts on Mount Athos (Cambridge, 1895–1900), 2.183). Speciﬁc foliation, incipit, and additional details unknown.

Excursus: Daniel Legenda Preserved in the Palaea historica The ﬁrst introduction to the Palaea historica from the perspective of someone interested in biblical apocrypha was provided by M.R. James, who writes that this text is “a history of the Old Testament from Adam to Daniel. The Slavonic Version of this is one of the most important monuments of Slavonic literature . . . The lives of the Judges are full of extraordinary blunders . . . The kings after David are almost wholly omitted. Then follow the stories of Bir (i.e. Tobit) and Daniel. The whole book is a kind of Greek Historia scholastica, but is much more full of legendary matter than that compilation” (Apocrypha Anecdota II (T&S 5.1; Cambridge, 1897 [rep. Nendeln, 1967]), 156–157). Despite James’ statement, however, the material on Daniel is actually limited to a retelling of the episode of Lions’ Den (Daniel 6). The Greek text of the Palaea was printed by A. Vassiliev in his Anecdota graecobyzantina (Moskva, 1893), 188–292, but Vassiliev mentions (lxviii) that a Slavonic version was edited by A. Poporus in 1881. The Palaea historica must be distinguished from the Palaea interpretata, which is preserved only in the Slavonic. The essential survey study of the Greek Palaea historica (with an invaluable overview of its contents) remains that of D. Flusser, “Palaea historica. An Unknown Source of Biblical Legends,” Studies in Aggadah and Folk-Literature (Scripta Hierosolymitana 22; edd. J. Heinemann and D. Noy; Jerusalem, 1971), 48–79.

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chapter six DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED PRIMARILY IN LATIN

I. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

II. Somniale Danielis Manuscripts: The following list of manuscripts in which the Somniale Danielis is preserved is still probably incomplete. That being said, it represents the fullest list compiled to date, especially with respect to the Latin manuscripts. Some of the manuscripts were ﬁrst identiﬁed in a series of seminal articles written by M. Förster in the early decades of the twentieth century, others were listed by later scholars such as L. Thorndike, L.T. Martin, J. Grub, A. Epe, M.E. Wittmer-Butsch, or M. de Wit. Several dozen manuscript copies of the Somniale, however, are highlighted here for the ﬁrst time outside of their initial citation in a catalogue or other source. Because of the large number of manuscripts, no attempt has been made to provide the title or the incipit or explicit for each; on these, see the incomplete but still valuable list in Thorndike and P. Kibre’s Catalogue of Incipits (infra). In addition, because the textual situation must now be considered unresolved on account of the addition of so many hitherto unnoticed copies, I have decided against assigning distinctive sigla to the manuscripts. On the various Prologues to the Somniale Danielis, see Chapter Four, §2. Abbreviations Employed in the List of the Manuscripts: Epe: Epe, A. Wissensliteratur im angelsächsischen England: Das Fachschrifttum der vergessenen artes mechanicae und artes magicae. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Somniale Danielis: Edition der (lateinisch-)altenglischen Fassungen. Münster, 1995. Förster, “Beiträge III.3”: Förster, M. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 3. Ein neues Traumbuch.” ASSL 120 (1908). 296–305. Förster, “Beiträge III.4”: ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 4. Inhaltsangabe des volkskundlichen Sammelkodex Tiberius A.III.” ASSL 121 (1908). 30–46. Förster, “Beiträge IV.5”: ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde IV. 5. Das lateinisch-altenglische Pseudo-Danielsche Traumbuch in Tiberius A.III.” ASSL 125 (1910). 39–70. Förster, “Beiträge V.6”: ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde V. 6. Ein mittelenglisches Vers-Traumbuch des 13. Jahrhunderts.” ASSL 127 (1911). 31–48. Förster, “Beiträge V.7”: ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde V. 7. Ein mittelenglisches Prosa-Traumbuch des 14. Jahrhunderts.” ASSL 127 (1911). 48–84. Förster, “Beiträge IX.19”: ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde IX. 19. Das zweite altenglische Traumbuch.” ASSL 134 (1916). 264–293.

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Martin: Martin, L.T. Somniale Danielis. An Edition of a Medieval Latin Dream Interpretation Handbook. EHS 375. Frankfurt a.M./Bern, 1981. Thorndike: Thorndike, L. A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era. Volume 1. New York/London, 1923. Thorndike/Kibre: Thorndike, L., and Kibre, P. A Catalogue of Incipits of Mediaeval Scientiﬁc Writings in Latin. Revised and Augmented Edition. Cambridge, MA, 1963. de Wit: de Wit, M. “Codices legere bonum signiﬁcat. De Somniale Danielis (een middeleeuws droomboek) in handschriften en maatschappij der Middeleeuwen (met handschriftenbijlage, speciaalstudie en edities van Vaticaanse Somnialia).” M.A. Thesis: Utrecht/Dutch Institute in Rome, 2002. Wittmer-Butsch: Wittmer-Butsch, M.E. Zur Bedeutung von Schlaf und Traum im Mittelalter. Medium Aevum Quotidianum 1. 1990. 172–181. {*} MS siglum [e.g., Martin {A}] Greek – Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 1479, fols. 4v–10v (314 dreams, incomplete) [xv] Text: de Stoop (infra). Reference: Studemund, W., and Cohen, L. Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. XI. Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften. Berlin, 1890. 1.28; Krumbacher, K. Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur von Justinian bis zum Ende des oströmischen Reiches (527–1453). Second edition, edd. A. Ehrhard and H. Gelzer. HAW 9.1. München, 1897. 628; Boll, F. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. VII: Codices Germanicos. Bruxelles, 1908. 33 [not 171–172, as it reported elsewhere (which is part of the text of the Praedictiones Danielis)]. – Paris, BNF cod. gr. 2511, fols. 27r–36v [xiv] Text: Drexl, “Das anonyme Traumbuch” (infra), 290. Note: This dream-book, although anonymous, is very similar in content to Vatican cod. Pal. gr. 319 (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. gr. 319, fols. 31r–48r [xv] Text: Drexl, “Das Traumbuch des Propheten Daniel” (infra). Reference: Fabricius, J.A. Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti. Hamburg, 21722–1723. 1131 [citing the earlier catalogue of Greek Palatine MSS of F. Sylburg [Sylburgius]]; Weinstock, S. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. V: Codicum Romanorum. Pars IV. Bruxelles, 1940. 99–100; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Note: For a synthetic translation of and brief commentary on all three of these Greek MSS, see Oberhelman (infra), 79–124. Latin – Berlin, SBPK cod. theol. 4° 10, fols. 63r–64r [xv] Reference: Rose, V. Die Handschriften Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. 13: Verzeichniss der lateinischen Handschriften. Berlin, 1905. 1162; WittmerButsch; Martin, 60; de Wit. – Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 4° 70, fols. 226ra–229rb [xiv] Reference: Rose (supra), 1219: “Dies ist das Sompniale Danielis propheta im cod. Ox. Digb. 81 (Macray’s Cat. p. 87)”; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 60; de Wit.

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– Bern, Stadtbibliothek Bongarsiana (Burgerbibliothek) cod. 556, fols. 129v–133v [xv] Reference: Thorndike, L., and Kibre, P. A Catalogue of Incipits of Mediaeval Scientiﬁc Writings in Latin. Revised and Augmented Edition. Cambridge, MA, 1963. Col. 127; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 60; Epe {GO}; de Wit. – Boston, Public Library, cod. G.401.12, fols. 88r–90r [1448] Reference: de Ricci, S., and Wilson, W.J. Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. New York, 1935. 1.919. – Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale des Ducs de Bourgogne cod. 2367, 71r–80v [xv] Reference: Catalogue des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Royale des Ducs de Bourgogne. 3 vols. Bruxelles, 1842. 1.48, 2.162; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 671; WittmerButsch; Martin, 60; de Wit. – Budapest, Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum cod. 59, fols. 40r–43v [xiii/xiv] Reference: Bartoniek, E. Codices manu scripti latini. I: Codices latini medii aevi. Budapest, 1940. 51–52; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 124; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Budapest, Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum cod. 405, fols. 119v–122v [xiv] Reference: Bartoniek, Codices manu scripti (supra), 367; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 671; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 301, pp. 198–202 [xiv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; Epe {GD}; de Wit. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 466 [olim MS Misc. L], pp. 131 (incipit), 228–231 [xiv] Reference: James, M.R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 7 vols. Cambridge, 1909–1913. No. 466; Thorndike/ Kibre, cols. 170, 735; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 481, pp. 404–418 [xiii/xiv] Reference: James, Descriptive Catalogue . . . CCC (supra), No. 481; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 141; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; Epe {GA} [but citing pp. 405–419]; de Wit. – Cambridge, PC cod. 103, fols. 75r–77v (144 dreams) [x] Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7.” Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {C} de Wit. Note: In his list of the MS books at the former library of S. Edmund at Bury, M.R. James identiﬁes a codex (his no. 207) containing a copy of the “Sompniarum Danielis” which is now part of the holdings at Pembroke College, Cambridge. But James dates this codex to the xii/xiii centuries. See M.R. James, On the Abbey of S. Edmund at Bury. I. The Library. II. The Church (Cambridge Antiquarian Society, Octavo Publications 28; Cambridge, 1895), 77. – Cambridge, Peterhouse MS 222, fols. 1r–8v [xiv] Reference: Steinschneider (infra), 200; Epe {GE}; de Wit. – Cambridge, TC cod. O.1.57 [olim C.1] fols. 119r–124r (324 dreams) [xv] Reference: James, M.R. The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. Cambridge, 1900. 1.57; Thorndike/Kibre, cols. 621, 735; WittmerButsch; Martin {Y}; Epe {EY}; de Wit. – Cambridge, TC cod. O.8.21 [olim C.15.46] [xv–xvi] Reference: James, Western Manuscripts . . . TC (supra), 1.409; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Cambridge, UL cod. Gg.i.1, fols. 394v–397r (215 dreams) [xiv] Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7.” Reference: A Catalogue of the Manuscripts Preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge, 1858. 3.5 [but citing fols. 394v–397v]; Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 141; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {G}; de Wit.

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– Cambridge, UL cod. Ii.vi.17, fols. 112r–117v [xv] Reference: A Catalogue . . . University of Cambridge (supra), 3.516; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 141; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; Epe {GV}; de Wit. – Donaueschingen, Hofbibliothek cod. 793 [xvi] Reference: de Wit. – Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 4° 21, fols. 136r–139v [xiv] Reference: Schum, W. Beschreibendes Verzeichniss der Amplonianischen HandschriftenSammlung zu Erfurt. Berlin, 1887. 303; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 4° 186, fols. 125v–127v [xiv] Reference: Schum (supra), 445; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 7; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; Epe {GG}; de Wit. – Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek cod. 90, fol. 91r [xiii] Reference: Fischer, H. Katalog der Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen. I: Die lateinischen Pergamenthandschriften. Erlangen, 1928. 98–99; Epe {AE}; de Wit. – Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek cod. 673, fols. 85r–86v [xv] Reference: Fischer, H. Katalog der Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen. II: Die lateinischen Papierhandschriften. Erlangen, 1936. 422. – Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 1724 [olim 1648], fols. 110r–118r (494 dreams) [xv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {F}; de Wit. – Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana cod. 859, fols. 52r–54r (315 dreams) [xv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Ee}; de Wit. – Gottweig, Stiftsbibliothek cod. 429 (207), fols. 123v–126v [xv] Reference: On-line manuscript catalogue of the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. – Kassel, Landesbibliothek cod. 2° iurid. 25, fols. 176r–177v [xiv] Reference: Kremer, M. Die Handschriften der Murhardschen Bibliothek der Stadt Kassel und Landesbibliothek. Band 2: Manuscripta iuridica. Wiesbaden, 1969. 36ﬀ.; Wittmer-Butsch; de Wit. – Kassel, Landesbibliothek cod. 4° iurid. 36 [xiv] Reference: de Wit. Note: The status of this text is unclear (so de Wit, in private correspondence). – Kassel, Landesbibliothek cod. 4° iurid. 37, fols. 159r–163v [xiv] Reference: Kremer, Handschriften (supra), 138ﬀ.; Wittmer-Butsch; de Wit. – Krakow, Biblioteka Jagiello[ska, cod. 813, fols. 124r–v [1364/1368] Reference: Kowalczyk, M., et al. Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum medii aevii latinorum qui in Bibliotheca Jagellonica Cracoviae asservantur. Volumen VI: Numeros continens inde a 772 usque ad 1190. Krakow, 1996. 215; de Wit. – Leicester, Old Town Hall Library, cod. 4, pp. 33–34 [xiii–xiv] Reference: Ker, N.R. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. III: Lampeter-Oxford. Oxford, 1983. 77. – Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek cod. Vossiani lat. O.52, fols. 101r–109v [xvii] Reference: de Meyier, K.A. Codices Vossiani latini. Pars III: Codices in octavo. Codices manuscripti 15. Leiden, 1977. 97: “excerpta ex [Oxford Bod.] cod. Digby 86”; de Wit. – Leipzig, U-B cod. 936, fols. 152v–153v [xv] Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Helssig, R. Die lateinischen und deutschen Handschriften der Universitäts-Bibliothek Leipzig. Band 3: Die juristischen Handschriften. Katalog der Handschriften der Universitäts-Bibliothek Leipzig 6.3. Unveränderter Nachdruck der Auﬂage 1905. Wiesbaden, 1996. 64–65; WittmerButsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – London, BL cod. Add. 15236, fols. 161v–168v (235 dreams) [late xiii/early xiv]

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chapter six Reference: Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum in the Years MDCCCXLI–MDCCCXVL. London, 1850. 117; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library. Cambridge, 1984. 3.203; Thorndike/Kibre, cols. 141, 734; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {B}; Epe {FB}; de Wit. Note: The Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra) notes “Liber somniorum Danielis, Prophetae, f. 161b.”; “Rules for the interpretation of dreams, Fr., f. 169”; “‘Tractatus de futurorum prescienciis,’ f. 169b.” I am uncertain as to the nature of this French text. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 27v–31v (249 dreams) [xi] Text: de Gray Birch (infra), 481–483 [partial, but citing fol. 25v]; Förster, “Beiträge IV.5” [edition of all the dreams at fols. 27v–32v]; Epe {AA}, 109–169; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Ker, N.R. Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford, 1957. 242 [but noting only one copy at fols. 27v–32v]; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {T} [but noting only one copy at fols. 27v–32v]; Liuzza, R.M. “Anglo-Saxon Prognostics in Context: A Survey and Handlist of Manuscripts.” Anglo-Saxon England 30 (2001). 181–230 at 216: “Somniale Danielis, Latin with Old English Gloss” [but noting only one copy at fols. 27v–32v]. Note: On the foliation problems that plague Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note in the section on the MS in the Latin section of the Lunationes Danielis, infra. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 31v–32r (21 dreams) [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge IV.5” [edition of all the dreams at fols. 27v–32v]; Epe {AB}, 172–177. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note at fols. 27v–31v, supra. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but falls under the compass of fols. 27v–31v, which is. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A. iii, fol. 32r–v (32 dreams) [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge IV.5” [edition of all the dreams at fols. 27v–32v]; Epe {EA}, 180–189. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note at fols. 27v–31v, supra. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but falls under the compass of fols. 27v–31v, which is. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 38r–39v (97 dreams) [xi] Text: Epe {EB}, 192–211. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 35. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note at fols. 27v–31v, supra. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but is edited by Epe in his edition of the Somniale Danielis. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 42r–v (26 dreams) [xi] Text: Epe {EC}, 214–217. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 36–37. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note at fols. 27v–31v, supra. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but is edited by Epe in his edition of the Somniale Danielis. London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fols. 11v–16r (151 dreams) [c. 1040] inscr.: Alphabetum somniale excerptum ex Danielis libro [on which, de Gray Birch notes: “This heading is in a sixteenth or seventeenth century hand”]

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Text: de Gray Birch (infra), 481–483 [partial]; Förster, “Beiträge III.3,” 303 [partially quoted in footnotes]; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra); Günzel, B. Ælfwine’s Prayerbook (London, British Library, Cotton Titus D.xxvi + xxvii.) Henry Bradshaw Society 108. Woodbridge, 1993. 151–156. Reference: Liber Vitae: Register and Martyrology of New Minster and Hyde Abbey. London, 1892. 258; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin { J}; Epe {AJ}; de Wit. London, BL cod. Egerton 82 [olim Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.36 [olim K.4]], fols. 12r–14v [xii/xiii] Reference: James, Western Manuscripts . . . TC (supra), 1.373: “Entered in the Manuscript Catalogue as (K.4. No. 374) . . . Somniarum Danielis. Quod uidet et disposuit in babilonia in diebus nabugodon(os)or rex quando uidit somnium ut ei a principibus ciuitatis uir inquirendus ut sompnia quod uiderat eis tradere. Tunc daniel prophete hec sompnia scripsit et eris (eis) ad agendum tradidit dicens ego sum daniel propheta unus de ﬁliabus israel qui captiui ducti fuerunt de Iherusalem ciuitate sancta hec omnia a deo facta sunt nichil tamen per memed ipsum addit uel sustulit sed etiam a domino accepi quicunque legerint danielem inteligunt. [Somniale begins:] Aues in sompnis contra se pugnari uidere iracundiam signiﬁcat etc.’ Ends: ‘Zizanus seminare etc’”; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 1256; de Wit. London, BL cod. Egerton 847 [olim Cambridge, TC cod. O.8.16], fols. 21v–26v (314 dreams) [xv] Reference: List of Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum in the Years MDCCCXXXVI–MDCCCXL. London, 1848. 19; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {E}; Epe {EE}; de Wit. London, BL cod. Harley 2558, fol. 191ra–vb [xiv] Reference: A Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum. 4 vols. London, 1808. 1.699: “Prognostica a die nativ. Dom. a Luna et Somniis petita”; Jones, P.M. “Harley MS 2558: A Fifteenth-Century Medical Commonplace Book.” Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine. A Book of Essays. Ed. M.R. Schleissner. New York/London, 1995. 35–54 at 39. Note: A fragmentary Somniale, covering the letters A to C. London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 1ra–1vb (76 dreams, but not arranged alphabetically) [ix] Text: Martin, “Earliest Versions” (infra), 140–141; Martin, 169–172; De Wit. Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {H}; Epe {CH}; Liuzza (supra), 223. London, BL cod. Royal 8.E.x., fols. 114v–117r (399 dreams) [c. 1315] Reference: Warner, G.F., and Gilson, J.P. A Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and King’s Collections. London, 1921. 1.254: “A dictionary of dreams”; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {R}; de Wit. London, BL cod. Royal 12.C.xii, fols. 81v–86v (217 dreams) [xiii/xiv] Reference: Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.28: “Lunationes et Somnia, a pair of treatises on prognostication which appear together in a variety of shapes, both in Latin and in other languages”; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 125; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Q}; de Wit. London, BL cod. Royal 13.D.i, fols. 247v–248r (135 dreams) [c. 1385] Reference: Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.108: “‘Exposicio Danielis prophete super sompnia’ (so colophon): a brief interpretation of various kinds of dreams, roughly arranged in alphabetical order”; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 170; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {U}; de Wit. Note: See the Middle English copy at London, BL cod. Royal 12.E.xvi, fols. 1r–2v (infra). London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 217v–218r (29 dreams) [xi/xii] Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 170; WittmerButsch; Martin {S}; Epe {AS}; Liuzza (supra), 227; de Wit.

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– London, BL cod. Sloane 1009 Reference: Bühler (infra), 270. – London, BL cod. Sloane 2561, fol. 55 [xvii] Reference: Scott, E.J.L. Index to the Sloane Manuscripts in the British Museum. London, 1904. 203; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; de Wit. – London, BL cod. Sloane 3281, fols. 39r–47r (300 dreams) [late xiii/early xiv] Reference: Scott (supra), 203 [but listing both Latin and French at fols. 35–46]; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; Thorndike/Kibre, cols. 125, 986; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {K}; Epe {GK}; de Wit. – London, BL cod. Sloane 3542, fols. 41v–44v (55 + 87 dreams) [xvi] Reference: Scott (supra), 203 [but listing fol. 43]; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Gg}; de Wit. – London, Royal College of Physicians cod. 229, fols. 123v–133r [xv] Reference: Ker, N.R. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. I: London. Oxford, 1969. 203; Epe {GQ} [but citing fols. 124r–133r]; de Wit. – London, Royal Society of Antiquaries cod. 306, fols. 64r–71v [xv] Reference: Ker, vol. I (supra), 310; Epe {GT}; de Wit. – London, Wellcome Medical Library cod. 508, fols. 61v–63v (158 dreams) [middle xv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Cc}; de Wit. – London, Wellcome Medical Library cod. 517, fols. 112r–114v (184 dreams) [late xv] Reference: Moorat, S.A.J. Catalogue of Western Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library. I: MSS. Written before 1650 A.D. London, 1962. 360; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Dd}; de Wit. – Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional cod. 10063, fols. 25v–26ra [xiii] Reference: Thorndike/Kibre, col. 170 [but citing fols. 24v–25ra]; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. Note: See section on the MSS of the Lunaria Danielis, infra. – Manchester, Chetham’s Library cod. 11380 [olim Mun. A.4.91], fol. 35r–v [xiii/xiv] Reference: Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. III (supra), 369; Epe {AC}; de Wit. Note: It is unclear whether this text is actually attributed to Daniel. – Melk, Benediktinerstift cod. 728, fols. 57va–58vb [xiv/xv] Reference: Glassner, C. Inventar der Handschriften des Benediktinerstiftes Melk. Teil 1: Von den Anfängen bis ca. 1400. Veröﬀentlichungen der Kommission für Schrift- und Buchwesen des Mittelalters II.8. DAWWien, philos.-histor. Klasse 285. Wien, 2000. 307. – Milano, BA cod. T.81 sup., pp. 147–151 (145 dreams) [xiv] Reference: Thorndike/Kibre, col. 492; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {A}; de Wit. – Modena, Biblioteca Estense cod. lat. 697, fols. 24v–27r [xv] Reference: McGurk, P. Catalogue of Astrological and Mythological Illuminated Manuscripts of the Latin Middle Ages. IV: Astrological Manuscripts in Italian Libraries (Other than Rome). London, 1966. 50. Note: From the description of the incipit, it appears that a lunary precedes the Somniale. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 666, fol. 377r Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 5005, fols. 108r–119r [1473/1480] Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi I, Pars II: Codices 2501–5250 complectens. München, 1894. 261. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 5032, fols. 176r–182r [1513] Reference: Catalogus clm I.II (supra), 264.

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– München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 5125, fols. 242r–244r (211 dreams) [xiv] Text: Förster, “Beiträge III.3,” 302–305 [partially quoted in footnotes]; Förster, “Beiträge V.7”; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Catalogus clm I.II (supra), 268; Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; WittmerButsch; Martin {M}; de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 7520, fols. 68r–70v [1430] Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi I, Pars III: Codices 5251–8100 complectens. München, 1873. 167; Epe {GU}; de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 7746 [xv] Reference: Onnerfors, “Über die alphabetischen Traumbücher” (infra); de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 7806, fols. 140v–152r [xiv] Reference: Catalogus clm I.III (supra), 200; Epe {GJ}; de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 14377, fols. 105v–106v [x] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; Epe, {AM}; de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 15613, fol. 195v [xv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 18921, fols. 138r–139r [xiv–xv] Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi II, Pars III: Codices 15121–21313 complectens. München, 1878. 220; Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Epe {GN}; de Wit. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 25005 [xv] Reference: Onnerfors, “Über die alphabetischen Traumbücher” (infra); de Wit. – München, UB cod. 4° 649, fols. 186ra–190va [1472/1478] Reference: Reuter, M. Die lateinischen mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek München. Die Handschriften aus der Quartreihe. Wiesbaden, 2000. 178; de Wit. – Oxford, All Souls College cod. 81, fols. 166r–172r (355 dreams) [xv] Reference: Watson, A.G. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Medieval Manuscripts of All Souls College Oxford. Oxford, 1997. 168; Thorndike/Kibre, cols. 69 [but citing fols. 193–(202)], 524; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Ff} [but citing fols. 193r–199r]; Epe {HF} [but citing fols. 193r–199r]. – Oxford, All Souls College cod. 81, fols. 205r–211v [xvi] Reference: Watson (supra), 169; Wittmer-Butsch; de Wit. – Oxford, All Souls College cod. 81, fols. 232r–238v (716 dreams) [xv] Text: Martin, 173–212. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre, col. 113 [but citing fols. 232–240]; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {O}; Epe {O}; de Wit. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Bodley 177 [SC 2072], fol. 64r (69 dreams) [late xiv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Hh}; de Wit. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Bodley 581 [SC 2191], fols. 6r–8v (389 dreams) [xiv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Aa}; Epe {HA} [but citing fols. 7r–8v]; de Wit. Note: According to the Summary Catalogue, 2.1.252, the preface to this Somniale begins “Philosophantes antiquos siue Iudeos.” – Oxford, Bod. cod. Digby 81 [SC 1682], fols. 99v–101v [xiii] Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7” [but citing fols. 98r–99r] Reference: Macray, W.D. Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars nona: codices a viro clarissimo Kenelm Digby, Eq. Aur., anno 1634 donatos, complectens. Oxford, 1883. Col. 87; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {D}; de Wit. Note: Two copies of the Somniale? – Oxford, Bod. cod. Digby 86 [SC 1687], fols. 34v–40r (514 dreams) [xiii] Text: Förster, “Beiträge III.3,” 303 [partially quoted in footnotes]; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra); Tschann and Parkes (infra) [facsimile edition]. Reference: Macray (supra), col. 91; Stengel, E. Codicem manu scriptum Digby 86 in Bibliotheca Bodleiana. Halle, 1871; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {N}[but citing fols. 34v–48r]; Epe {DN}; de Wit.

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– Oxford, Bod. cod. Lyell 35, fols. 19r–23v+5r+25v (272 dreams) [xv] Reference: de la Mare, A. Catalogue of the Collection of Medieval Manuscripts Bequeathed to the Bodleian Library by James P.R. Lyell. Oxford, 1971. 89; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Bb}; Epe { JB}; de Wit. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Selden Supra 74, fol. 14ra [SC 3462] [xiii] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; Epe {AO}; de Wit. Note: It is unclear as to the extent of this text; according to the Summary Catalogue, 2.1.643 at fol. 14: “After a few concluding sentences of a Latin treatise on omens from dreams, comes . . .” – Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal cod. 873, fols. 181r–194v [xv] Reference: Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France. Paris: Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal. Paris, 1885–1889. 2.146: “Liber de interpretationibus sompniorum”; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 141; Berriot (infra), 50; WittmerButsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine cod. lat. 3599, fols. 69va–d [xiii–xiv] Reference: Molinier, A. Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Mazarine. Paris, 1890. 3.139; Thorndike/Kibre, cols. 170, 492 [but citing fol. 69va–c]; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine cod. lat. 3642, fol. 118r [xiii] [Wittmer-Butsch: script. incertus] Reference: Molinier (supra), 3.152; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. Note: The brevity of this text and the fact that its incipit is recorded in the catalogue as “Oves circa se videre pugnantes” (rather than one from the usual range of incipits) suggests that this MS is incomplete. – Paris, BNF cod. a.f. lat. 1007, nr. 4 Reference: de Wit. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 1845, fols. 1r–2r [x] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. Note: There is some confusion as to the shelf number of this MS. See BNF cod. lat. 18415, infra. Note that P. Lauer, Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue général des manuscrits, tome II (nos. 1439–2692) (Paris, 1940), 194–195, notes that codd. 1842–1849 (sic: 1847, but this an error) preserve 8 copies of Hieronymus’ Commentary on Matthew, with no mention of a Somniale at 1845. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 7349, fols. 45v–48r [xv] Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7.” Reference: Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Regiae. Paris, 1734–1744. xxxviii [index]: “Daniel. Experimenta”; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 814 [citing fols. 45v–51r]: “divination by the Psalter and from dreams”; WittmerButsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 14068, fols. 40r–45v [xv] Reference: Thorndike, L. “Notes on Some Astronomical, Astrological, and Mathematical Manuscripts of the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris.” JWCI 20 (1957). 147; de Wit. Note: It is unclear, however, whether the text cited is actually attributed to Daniel. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 15173, fols. 205–206 Note: The text of this Somniale Danielis no longer survives. This MS was originally part of the collection of the Abbey of St.-Victor (cod. F F F 8). Although much of the cod. is now preserved as Paris, BNF cod. lat 15173, certain portions of it, including the Somniale, have been lost. See V. Gerzvon Buren, et al., Le catalogue de la bibliothèque de l’abbaye de Saint-Victor de Paris de Claude de Grandrue 1514 (Paris, 1983), 326 and 543.

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– Paris, BNF cod. lat. 18415, fols. 1r–2r [xii] Reference: There is some confusion as to the shelf number of this MS. Grub (infra), lii, records a MS with the shelf number “lat. 18415,” citing L. Delisle, Inventaire des manuscrits latins de Notre Dame et d’autres fonds conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale sous les nos. 16719–18613 du fonds latin (Paris, 1871), 97. “18415a” is also recorded by Berriot (infra), 50. “18415” is similar to “1845” (as de Wit also notes [private correspondence]),and all the more since the foliation for both MSS is recorded as fols. 1r–2r, and so one might conclude there is only one MS, viz. BNF lat. 18415. But the diﬀerence in dates suggests otherwise, as does the fact that “1845” is cited by other authorities, even though a Somniale is not included in Lauer’s Catalogue (infra). Unfortunately, I have not had the opportunity to examine either MS. My feeling is that there is Somniale at cod. 18415, but probably not one at cod. 1845. – Praha, Archivium Capituli Metropolotani cod. 503, fol. 72r Reference: Thorndike/Kibre, cols. 124, 728; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Praha, ’eském Krumlovî, cod. A 17, fols. 58v–61r [1477] Reference: Weber, J., T®í“ka, J., and Spunar, P. Soupis Rukopisu v T®eboni a v ’eském Krumlovî. Praha, 1958. 162. – Roma, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele cod. 1511 [xiv] Text: Semeraro (infra). Reference: de Wit. – Salamanca, Biblioteca Universitaria cod. 2262, fols. 276–277 (incomplete) [xv] Reference: Beaujouan, G. Manuscrits scientiﬁques médiévaux de l’Université de Salamanque et ses “colegios Mayores”. Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études hispaniques 32. Paris, 1962. 138; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – St. Gallen, SB cod. 304, pp. 5–31 [xv] Reference: Scherrer, G. Verzeichniss der Handschriften der Stiftsbibliothek von St. Gallen. Halle, 1875. 110; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – St. Gallen, SB cod. 1050, pp. 78–85 [xiv/xv] Reference: Scherrer (supra), 394; Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 61; de Wit. – Stockholm, Kungliga Biblioteket MS D4, fols. 207v–211r (364 dreams) Text and Translation: Gejrot (infra). Reference: de Wit. – Toledo, Librería del Cabildo cod. 378, fols. 5r–30v Reference: Octavio de Toledo, J.M. Catálogo de la Librería del Cabildo Toledano. I.A parte—Manuscritos. Biblioteca de la revista de archivos, bibliotecas y museos 3. Madrid, 1903. 185. Note: The text is titled “Vera Somniorum Interpraetratio [sic] ex Danielo et Iosepho.” – Uppsala, Kon. Universitetsbiblioteket cod. B.48, fols. 13va–14rb [xv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; de Wit. – Uppsala, Kon. Universitetsbibliotek cod. C.664, pp. 101–111 (312 dreams) [ix] Text and Commentary: Grub (infra). Reference: Andersson-Schmitt, M., et al. Mittelalterliche Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Uppsala. Katalog über die C-Sammlung. Band 6: Handschriften C 551–935. Stockholm, 1993. 242; Wittmer-Butsch ; Epe {CU}; de Wit. – Uppsala, Kon. Universitetsbibliotek cod. C.679, fols. 64r–66v [1458] Reference: Andersson-Schmitt (supra), 268. – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fols. 39vc–40r (54 dreams) [x–xi] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {V}; de Wit; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra).

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– Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1030, fols. 131rb–132vb Reference: Walz, D. Die historischen und philosophischen Handschriften der Codices Palatini Latini in der Vatikanischen Bibliothek (Cod. Pal. Lat. 921–1078). Katalogue der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg 3. Wiesbaden, 1999. 179; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1321, fols. 160va–163ra Reference: Schuba, L. Die medizinischen Handschriften der Codices Palatini Latini in der Vatikanischen Bibliothek. Katalogue der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg 1. Wiesbaden, 1981. 427; Thorndike/Kibre, 150; Martin, 62; de Wit; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1880 (409 dreams) [1459] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {Z}; de Wit; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Reg. lat. 567, fols. 34r–37r [xi] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Reg. lat. 1420, fols. 33v–38r (188 dreams) [xv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {X}; Epe {GR}; de Wit; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 6297, fols. 152ra–156va (437 dreams) [xiv] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {L}; de Wit; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 12107, fols. 39r–45v (437 dreams) [xviii] Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Vendôme, cod. 245, fol. 210 [xv] Reference: Thorndike/Kibre, col. 839; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit. – Venezia, BM cod. lat. VIII.33, fols. 8–11 [xv] Reference: Valentinelli, J. Bibliotheca manuscripta ad S. Marci Venetiarum. Venezia, 1871. No. XI.106. 282; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 125; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit. Note: Valentinelli observes that “De scripto vide Fabricum in codice pseudoepigrapho vet. testam., t. I, p. 1130.” – Venezia, BM cod. lat. VIII.33, fols. 118ra–124vb [xv] Reference: Valentinelli (supra), No. XI.106. 283; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 143. – Venezia, BM cod. lat. XII.248 [xvi] Reference: de Wit. – Venezia, BM cod. lat. Z.478 [xiv] Reference: de Wit. – Vercelli, Biblioteca Capitolare cod. LXII, fols. 218rb–219vb [early xi] Reference: Neigebaur. Serapium 18 (1857), 185; Pastè, R. Inventari dei manoscritti delle biblioteche d’Italia. XXXI: Vercelli, Archivio Capitolare. Forli, 1925. 92–93; Wittmer-Butsch; de Wit. – Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 271 [olim Rec. 2133], fols. 76v–77v (158 dreams) [x] Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7”; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Endlicher, S. Catalogus codicum philologicorum latinorum Bibliothecae Palatinae Vindobonensis. Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Vindobonensis. Pars I: Codices philologici latini. Wien, 1836. 264; Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum. Wien, 1864–1870. 1.37; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 671; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin {W}; Epe {BW}; de Wit. – Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 545 [olim Rec. 528], fols. 119v–122v [xiv] Reference: Tabulae codicum . . . in Bibliotheca Palatina (supra), 1.92; de Wit.

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– Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 1878 [olim Theol. 550], fol. 162r [xii] [Wittmer-Butsch: xi] Reference: Tabulae codicum . . . in Bibliotheca Palatina (supra), 1.297; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; Epe {AV}; de Wit. Note: It is unclear whether this text is actually attributed to Daniel, despite references by Wittmer-Butsch and Martin. The Tabulae codicum notes merely that this is an “Oneirocriticon secundum ordinem alphabeti usque in litteram J.,” but the on-line manuscript catalogue of the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library does provide the familiar Somniale Danielis incipit, “Auem in somnis qui viderit. . . .” – Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 2245 [olim Univ. 633], fols. 69v–75r [xii] Reference: Tabulae codicum . . . in Bibliotheca Palatina (supra), 2.42; Thorndike, 678 note 1; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 492; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit. – Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 2723, fols 124v–130r [x] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; Epe {AW}; de Wit. Note: The list of contents of cod. 2723 [olim Rec. 2325] in the Tabulae codicum does not include reference to a Somniale Danielis. – Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 5154 [olim Univ. 377], fols. 25v–29r [xiv] Reference: Tabulae codicum . . . in Bibliotheca Palatina (supra), 3.42; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 113; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit. – Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 5239 [olim Philos. 418], fols. 114r–127r [xiv/xv] Reference: Tabulae codicum . . . in Bibliotheca Palatina (supra), 3.71; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 128; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit. – Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 14303, fol. 64v [xii/xiii] Reference: Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit. – Wolfenbüttel, Herzoglichen Bibliothek cod. 2715, fols. 84r–86v [1431] Reference: von Heinemann, O. Die Handschriften der Herzoglichen Bibliothek zu Wolfenbüttel. 2: Die Augusteischen Handschiften. III. Wolfenbüttel, 1898. 384; de Wit [citing cod. 75.3]. – Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. C. 101/467, fols. 158v–161r [xv] Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Mohlberg, L.C. Katalog der Handschriften der Zentralbibliothek Zürich. I: Mittelalterliche Handschriften. Zürich, 1932. 52 [description of cod., but without reference to the Somniale], 536 [index, q.v. “Daniel”]; Wittmer-Butsch; Martin, 62; de Wit [citing cod. 130]. – Private [xiv] Text: Cron (infra) [with translation]; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra), 14: “Unique copy . . . privately published in 100 copies by its owner [Cron] . . . in Latin with a modern English translation”; Wittmer-Butsch; de Wit. – Private (Prof. Aug. Conrady of Leipzig) [xv] Reference: de Wit. Old English – London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 27v–31v (249 dreams) [xi] Text: co*ckayne (infra), 198–215 [with translation]; Förster, “Beiträge IV.5” [edition of all the dreams at fols. 27v–32v]; Epe {AA}, 109–169; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32; Ker, N.R. Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford, 1957. 242 [but noting only one copy at fols. 27v–32v]; Wittmer-Butsch; Frank, R., and Cameron, A. “A List of Old English Texts.” A Plan for the Dictionary of Old English. Toronto, 1973. 25–306. C16.1; Liuzza (supra), 216: “Somniale Danielis, Latin with Old English Gloss” [but noting only one copy at fols. 27v–32v].

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chapter six Note: On the foliation problems that plague Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note in the section on the MS in the Latin section of the Lunationes Danielis, infra. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 31v–32r (21 dreams) [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge IV.5” [edition of all the dreams at fols. 27v–32v]; Epe {AB}, 172–177. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note in the Latin section (supra) at fols. 27v–31v. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but falls under the compass of fols. 27v–31v, which is. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 32r–v (32 dreams) [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge IV.5” [edition of all the dreams at fols. 27v–32v]; Epe {EA}, 180–189. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 32. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note in the Latin section (supra) at fols. 27v–31v. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but falls under the compass of fols. 27v–31v, which is. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 38r–39v (97 dreams) [xi] Text: Epe {EB}, 192–211. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 35. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note in the Latin section (supra) at fols. 27v–31v. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but is edited by Epe in his edition of the Somniale Danielis. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 42r–v (26 dreams) [xi] Text: Epe {EC}, 214–217. Reference: Förster, “Beiträge III.4,” 36–37. Note: On the foliation of Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see note in the Latin section (supra) at fols. 27v–31v. Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English. Note: This text is not attributed to Daniel, but is edited by Epe in his edition of the Somniale Danielis. Oxford, Bod. cod. Hatton 115 [olim Junius 23] [SC 5135], fols. 150v–152v [c. 1120] Text: co*ckayne (infra), 168–176 [with translation]; Förster, “Beiträge IX.19,” 270–293. Translation: Griﬃth (infra), 224–226 [apud co*ckayne]. Reference: Frank/Cameron (supra), B23.3.6.8; Liuzza (supra), 228. Note: Liuzza (supra), 227, notes that “prognostic material is in two quires (fols. 148–55) added in the twelfth century and not part of original MS.”

Middle English – Cambridge, TC cod. O.9.37 [olim G.20], fols. 26–32 [xv] inscr.: Here begynneþ þe Interpretacioun of Danyell þe prophete to hym schewed in Baboloyne by þe holy gooste of mannes dremes in slepynge . . . Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7”; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: James, Western Manuscripts . . . TC (supra), 1.494; Mooney, L. The Index of Middle English Prose. Handlist XI: Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. London, 1995. 145; Wittmer-Butsch.

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– London, BL cod. Harley 2253, fols. 119ra–121ra [c. 1310] Text: Wright, T. Reliqiae Antiquae. London, 1841. 1.261–268; Förster, “Beiträge V.6”; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra) [Prologue only]. Reference: Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum (4 vols.; London, 1808), 1.590: “An English Poem upon the Interpretation of Dreams, pretended to have been found by David a Prophete of grete pris, in a Cyte of Babyloyne.” Note: On this MS and its attribution to David, see Chapter Four note 47. – London, BL cod. Lansdowne 388, fol. 372v (35 dreams) [xiv] Text: Bühler (infra), 266–268; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: A Catalogue of the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum. London, 1819. 112: “‘Danyells dremys;’ being a foolish interpretation of dreams and other events” [but citing fol. 375v]; Wittmer-Butsch. – London, BL cod. Royal 12.E.xvi, fols. 1r–2v [c. 1500] Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7”; Bühler (infra), 271–273 [the portion of the text overlooked in Förster]; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.55: “. . . a translation of the dictionary of dreams contained in the work called Somnia Daniel, De lunationibus et somniis, or by other titles . . . the Latin form in [cod. Royal] 13 D.I . . . nearly corresponds with the present translation”; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; Wittmer-Butsch. – London, BL cod. Sloane 1609, fols. 29v–32r [xiv] Text: Förster, “Beiträge V.7”; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Scott (supra), 203; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; Wittmer-Butsch. – York, Minster cod. XVI.E.32, fols. 123v–125r Reference: Pickering, O.S., and Powell, S. The Index of Middle English Prose. Handlist VI: A Handlist of Manuscripts Containing Middle English Prose in Yorkshire Libraries and Archives. London, 1989. 46; Ker, N.R., and Piper, A.J. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. IV: Paisley-York. Oxford, 1992. 704. Middle Welsh – Aberystwyth, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru cod. Llanstephan 27, fols. 153v–156v (186 dreams) [c. 1400] Text: Förster, “Kymrische Traumbuch” (infra). Reference: Wittmer-Butsch. Middle Irish – Dublin, Trinity College cod. H.3.17, fols. 650 (bis) + 651 + 649 (194 dreams) [middle xiv] Text: Best (infra). Reference: McNamara, M. The Apocrypha in the Irish Church. Dublin, 1975. 32 [where Best is referred to as R. Flower]; Wittmer-Butsch. Old Icelandic – København, UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 764, fol. 33v (80 dreams) [c. 1500] Text: Turville-Petre, “Icelandic Version” (infra); with translation: Argüelles (infra), 328–331. Reference: Wittmer-Butsch. German – Berlin, SBPK cod. germ. 8° 101, fols. 87v–97v (87 dreams) [1441] Text: Graﬀunder (infra); Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Wittmer-Butsch (infra); Speckenbach (infra), 136–137.

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chapter six Note: There is in the same cod. at fols. 172v–176r another oneirokritikon, but this does not seem to be attributed to Daniel; see Speckenbach (infra), 134. Berlin, SBPK cod. germ. 2° 103, fols 59r–65r [xvi] Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 133. Coburg, Landesbibliothek cod. 5, fols. 112ra–116ra (185 dreams) [xv] Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 135. Note: This MS is the same as Heidelberg, UB cod. Pal. germ. 575 (infra). Heidelberg, UB cod. Pal. germ. 575, fols. 36r–38r (73 dreams) [xv] Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 131–132. Heidelberg, UB cod. Pal. germ. 832, fols. 110vb–116ra (185 dreams) [c. 1491] Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 135. Note: This MS is the same as Coburg, Landesbibliothek cod. 5 (supra). London, Wellcome Medical Library cod. 588, fols. 42v–46v (84 dreams) [c. 1500] Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 137. München, BSB cod. germ. mon. 270, fols. 215v–216r (11 dreams, incomplete) [c. 1460] Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 134–135. München, BSB cod. germ. mon. 597, fols. 245ra–246ra (87 dreams, incomplete) [c. 1485] Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 137. München, UB cod. 8° 179, fols. 142v–148v [1434, 1501] Reference: Kornrumpf, G., and Völker, P.-G. Die deutsche mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek München. Wiesbaden, 1968. 236; Speckenbach (infra), 134. Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum cod. 6284, fols. 5r–v (24 dreams, incomplete) [xv] Text: Fischer, “Fragment” (infra). Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 131. Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum cod. 6285, fols. 1r–6v (291 dreams) [xv] Text: Fischer, “Handschrift” (infra). Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 132. Wien, Mechitaristenkongregation cod. 345 (115), fols. 110r–128v [xvii/xviii] Reference: On-line manuscript catalogue of the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. Private, Petroneller ‘Circa-instans’-MS, fols. 145v–152r (270 dreams) [xv] Text: Palmer (infra). Reference: Speckenbach (infra), 132–133.

French – Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 4° 70, fols. 233r–281v [xiv] Reference: Fabricius (infra), 1132; Rose (supra), 1220. Note: According to Rose, the incipit of this text is “Ci commence lexposicionn des sonnges solom ceo qu Daniel le prophete le ﬁst et en escripture per Astronomie le mist de asseurer tute gent de sonnge warie lentendement ci peut homme lire apertement.” Note also Fabricius’ comments on a French MS preserved in the royal library in Berlin and that opens with almost (but not exactly) the same three-dozen words. But this text is not a classic Somniale—rather, it appears to be a French version of Leo Tuscus’ Latin translation of the popular Dream-book of the Achmet ben Sirin, now here attributed to Daniel. – Bruxelles, Bibliothèque Royale cod. 10574–85, fols. 115va–116ra (43 dreams) [xiv] Text: Suchier (infra), 153–156; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Wittmer-Butsch (infra).

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– Caen, Bibliothèque Municipale MS 589, fols. 9–23 [xvii] Text: Berriot (infra), 314–325. Note: It is unclear whether this MS is actually attributed to Daniel. – London, BL cod. Sloane 3281 [late xiii–early xiv] Reference: Scott (supra), 203 [listing both lat. and fr. at fols. 35–46] – Paris, BNF cod. fr. 1553, fols. 285vb–286vb (147 dreams) [xiii] Text: Suchier (infra), 140–146; Berriot (infra), 303–307; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Wittmer-Butsch (infra). – Paris, BNF cod. fr. 12786, fols. 83ra–84vb (158 dreams) [xiii/xiv] Text: Suchier (infra), 146–153; Berriot (infra), 307–312; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Wittmer-Butsch (infra). – Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève cod. fr. 2255, fols. 7r–8v (70 dreams) [xv/xvi] Text: Suchier (infra), 156–160; Berriot (infra), 312–314; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Berriot (infra), 50; Wittmer-Butsch (infra). – Torino, Biblioteca nazionale cod. M.IV.11, fols. 179v–197v [xv] Reference: Suchier (infra), 135–136, 160–161. – Wien, ÖNB cod. 3391 [olim Hist. prof. 576], fols. 16v–31v [xv] Reference: Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum. Wien, 1864–1870. 2.273. Italian – Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana cod. 859 [xv] – Firenze, Biblioteca Riccardiana cod. 1258 [xv] Western Manuscripts Incorrectly Attributed – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 26639, fols. 42r–v [xvi] Reference: Martin, 61. Note: This text is a copy of the Lunationes Danielis—see the list of MSS in that section, infra. – New Haven, Yale University Beineke cod. 163 (Wagstaﬀ Miscellany), fol. 28v [xiv/xv] Reference: Shailor, B. Catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Volume I: MSS 1–250. Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies 34. Binghamton, 1984. 217: “From the interpretation of dreams [sic] attributed to the prophet Daniel, cf. Lyell Cat., p. 89 [see the Somniale Danielis MSS, supra, at Oxford, Bod. cod. Lyell 35] and Thorndike and Kibre (under Daniel).” Note: This text is a copy of the Lunationes Danielis—see the list of MSS in that section, infra. – Wien, ÖNB cod. 2185 [olim Rec. 3010], fols. 197r–198v [xiv] Reference: Tabulae codicum . . . in Bibliotheca Palatina (supra), 2.24; Thorndike/Kibre, col. 400. Note: It is unlikely that this text is actually attributed to Daniel or even if it is a Somniale. There is no mention of Daniel in the Tabulae codicum and the incipit is unfamiliar (“Demonibus non tam scientia quam potestas data est . . .”). It is perhaps the case that Thorndike/Kibre are in error here. The Somniale Danielis in the Eastern Tradition It is extremely diﬃcult to assess the extent to which the Somniale is extant in Hebrew, Syriac, Armenian, Coptic, and Arabic manuscripts. What can be said is that there are perhaps a few copies of the Somniale in Hebrew, at least two in

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Armenian, and one in Coptic. For the shelf numbers of these manuscripts (certain and possible) and their references, see Chapter 4, notes 201 (Hebrew), 202 (Armenian), 203 (Coptic), 204 (Syriac), 205, and 252 (Arabic). On the Hebrew Somniale at Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. heb. 285, see DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). [Hoﬀmeister’s article (infra) could prove valuable, but this book went to press before I could examine it.] Incunabula: In the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, the editions of the Somniale are divided into four recensions: A (“Sammlung von 431 Traumdeutungen, alphabetisch (nach Buchstaben, innerhalb dieser jedoch beliebig) geordnet”); B (“beginnend mit Orakeln für einzelnen Tage des Monats; darauf Sammlung von 444 Traumdeutungen (alphabetisch geordnet wie die A), z.T. identisch mit den unter A behandelten”); C (“In einer grösseren Einleitung wird die Traumdeutung auf Grund von Bibel und Patristik verteidigt. Die Sammlung umfasst 419 Deutungen”); and D, the last titled the Somnia Danielis et Ioseph (“Zunächst Vorhersage über die Wahrheit von Träumen für jeden Tage des Monats; sodann Sammlung von 191 Traumdeutungen”); plus a French translation E (“verkürzt und anscheinend aus verschniedenen Rezensionen zusammengestellt, in nicht durchsichtiger Anordnung”). Abbreviations Employed in the Lists of the Incunabula: Cop: Copinger, W.A. Supplement to Hain’s Repertorium Bibliographicum, or Collections towards a New Edition of That Work. In Two Parts. The First Containing Nearly 7000 Corrections of and Additions to the Collations of Works Described or Mentioned by Hain: The Second, a List with Numerous Collations and Bibliographical Particulars of Nearly 6000 Volumes Printed in the Fifteenth Century, Not Referred to by Hain. London, 1895–1902. [rep. Milano, 1950] GKW: Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke. Band 7. Leipzig, 1938. 240–249. Hain: Hain, L. Repertorium bibliographicum in quo libri omnes ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1826–1838. Hélin: Hélin, M. La clef des songes. Fac-similés, notes et liste des éditions incunables. Documents scientiﬁques du XVe siècle 2. Paris, 1925. 91–99. [citations in “text” refer to pages, in “reference” to Hélin numbers] Klebs: Klebs, A.C. “Incunabula scientiﬁca et medica.” Osiris 4 (1938). 1–359 at 114–117. Recension A Latin – [Somnia Danielis]. [Padova: Albrecht von Stendal, c. 1475]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7904; Hélin 7; Klebs 319.3. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Trient: Albrecht Kunne, c. 1475]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7905; Hélin 8; Klebs 319.2. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Venezia: Christoph Arnold (?), c. 1476/1478]. 8°. Reference: GKW 7906; Klebs 319.4. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Padova: D.S., c. 1480]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7907; Klebs 319.9. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Strassburg: Heinrich Eggestein, c. 1487]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7908; Hain *5924, 5925; Hélin 2; Klebs 319.5. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Strassburg: Heinrich Eggestein, c. 1487]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7909; Hain *5923; Hélin 1; Klebs 319.6. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Leipzig: Moritz Brandis, c. 1486/1488]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7910; Hélin 20; Klebs 319.15. – Somnia Danielis. [Speyer: Johann und Konrad Hist, c. 1487]. 4°. Reference: Cop ii 1874; GKW 7911; Hélin 13; Klebs 319.16.

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– Danielis Somniorum expositoris veredici. [Memmingen: Albrecht Kunne, c. 1490]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7912; Hain *5927; Hélin 28; Klebs 319.23. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Speyer: Konrad Hist, c. 1495]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7913; Hain *5926; Hélin 14; Klebs 319.28. – Danielis somniorum expositoris veredici. Augsburg: Johann Schaur, 1497. 4°. Text: Hélin, 46–47 [title and colophon only], apud Paris, BNF, réserve A 17953. Reference: GKW 7914; Hain *5928; Hélin 25; Klebs 319.33. German – Dy auslegunge der Traüme Danielis des propheten. [Nürnberg: Hans Mair [Hélin: Peter Wagner], 14]88. 4°. Reference: GKW 7915; Hain *5929; Hélin 29; Klebs 319.21; Speckenbach (infra), 139–140. – Inhalt diss buchlins die auszlegung der treiim Danielis. Augsburg: Johann Schönsperger, c. 1495/1500. 4°. Text: Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: GKW 7916; Hélin 30; Klebs 319.32; Speckenbach (infra), 140–141. Note: See also Augsburg, SuStB, 9 an 4° cod. 180; for a photo-reproduction of this title page, see Speckenbach (infra), plate 17. – Dis biechlin halt yn die auszlegung der treim Danielis. Strassburg: [Matthias Hupfuﬀ], 1500. 4°. Text: Hélin, 48–63 [incorrectly listed as Hélin 21], apud København, Det kgl. Bibliotek cod. 902. Reference: GKW 7917; Hélin 31; Klebs 319.38; Speckenbach (infra), 141. Note: There exist many other copies of the Somniale Danielis in German but which were published in the sixteenth rather than the ﬁfteenth century; see Speckenbach (infra) for details. Italian – Esogni di Daniel Profeta. [Firenze: Laurentius de Morgianis et Johann Petri, c. 1495]. 4°. Reference: Cop ii 1878; GKW 7918; Hélin 35; Klebs 319.30. Recension B Latin – [Somnia Danielis]. [Roma: Bartholomäus Guldinbeck, c. 1475]. 4°. Text: Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: Cop ii 1873; GKW 7919; Hélin 5; Klebs 319.1. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Roma: Giovanni [ Johann] Bulle, c. 1478–1479]. 4°. Reference: Cop ii 1876; GKW 7920; Hélin 9; Klebs 319.7. Note: Cop ii 1876 lists the publisher as “Steph. Plannck,” which would suggest GKW 7925 (infra), but the incipit matches GKW 7920. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Roma: Bartholomäus Guldinbeck, c. 1480]. 4°. Text: Hélin, 45 [ﬁrst page (Lunaria) only], apud Washington, SGL. Reference: GKW 7921; Hélin 4; Klebs 319.8. – Somnia Danielis. [Wien: Eberhard Fromolt, c. 1481 [Hélin: c. 1482]]. 4°. Text: Hélin, 6–29 [Lunaria 9–12], apud Paris, BNF, réserve V 1351; Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: GKW 7922; Hélin 10; Klebs 319.11. – [Somnia Danielis]. [Roma: Bartholomäus Guldinbeck, c. 1482/1488]. 4°. Reference: Cop ii 1875; GKW 7923; Hélin 6; Klebs 319.12. – Somnia Danielis. [Lyon: Guillaume Le Roy, c. 1485]. 4°. Text: Hélin, 41–42 [second page (Lunaria) and last page only], apud Bibliothèque Ste.-Geneviève OE. xvs. 759.

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Reference: Cop i 5934 (but not another copy of Hain *5934); GKW 7924; Hélin 11; Klebs 319.13. [Somnia Danielis]. [Roma: Stephan Plannck, c. 1485]. 4°. Text: Hélin, 44 [ﬁrst page (Lunaria) only], apud Bibliothèque de Lyon, Inc. 707. Reference: GKW 7925; Hélin 24; Klebs 319.14. [Somnia Danielis]. [Lyon: Guillaume Balsarin, c. 1487/1488]. 4°. Text: Hélin, 43 [second page (Lunaria) only], apud Bibliothèque de Grenoble, I. 423. Reference: GKW 7926; Hélin 12; Klebs 319.18. Interpretationes seu somnia Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelis missus a deo & primo de diebus Lune. & cetera. [Alost: Thierry Martens, c. 1487/1490]. 4°. Reference: Cop ii 1877; GKW 7927; Hélin 19; Klebs 319.19. Interpretationes somniorum Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelo misso a deo et primo de diebus lune et cetera. Leipzig: Konrad Kachelofen, c. 1488 CE. Reference: Cop ii 1872 [see also GKW 7932, infra]; GKW 7928; Hélin 18; Klebs 319.20. Interpretationes somniorum Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelo misso a deo et primo de diebus lune. &ce. [Delft: Christiaen Snellaert, c. 1489/1490]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7929; Hélin 21; Klebs 319.22. Interpretationes somniorum Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelo misso a deo. Et primo de diebus lune. [Köln: Heinrich Quentell, c. 1490]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7930; Hain *5930; Hélin 17; Klebs 319.24. Danielis propheta. [Roma: Andreas Fritag, c. 1492/1493]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7931; Hain *5931; Hélin 23; Klebs 319.27. Interpretationes somniorum Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelo misso a deo & primo de diebus lune. et cetera. [Deventer: Richard Paﬀraet, c. 1490]. 4°. Reference: Cop ii 1872 [see also GKW 7928, supra]; GKW 7932; Hélin 22; Klebs 319.29. Interpretationes somniorum Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelo misso a deo. Et primo de diebus lune. [Leipzig: Wolfgang Stöckel, c. 1495/1500]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7933; Hélin 16; Klebs 319.31. Interpretationes somniorum Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelo misso a deo & primo de diebus lune & cetera. Leipzig: Melchior Lotter, [14]99. 4°. Reference: GKW 7934; Hain 5932; Hélin 26; Klebs 319.34. Interpretationes somniorum Danielis prophete reuelate ab angelo misso a deo & primo de diebus lune et cetera. Leipzig: Melchior Lotter, 1500. 4°. Reference: GKW 7935; Hain 5933; Hélin 27; Klebs 319.37.

Recension C Latin – [Somnia Danielis]. Brünn: Konrad Stahel, [c. 1490]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7936; Hélin 15; Klebs 319.25. – Somnia Danielis. [Wien: Johann Winterberg, c. 1500 (?)]. 4°. Text: Fischer, Medieval Dreambook (infra). Reference: GKW 7937; Hain *5934; Klebs 319.39. Recension D Latin – Somnia Danielis & Ioseph. [Padova: Drucker von Lucianus, c. 1482]. 4°. Reference: GKW 7938; Hain 5935; Hélin 3; Klebs 319.10.

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Italian – Li signiﬁcati de tutti li di lunari. Bologna: Bazalerius de Bazaleriis e Angelus Rugerius, 1487. 4°. Reference: GKW 7939; Hélin 34; Klebs 319.17. – Insonii de Daniel prophete. Bologna: Cherubini di Aliotti, 1491. 4°. Reference: GKW 7940; Hélin 36; Klebs 319.26. Note: Hélin, 99: “Une quatrième édition italienne, que nous n’avons pu retrouver, est indiquée par Kristeller.” French Translation E – Les Songes Daniel prophete translatez de latin en francoys. Paris: Nicolas Des Prez [Hélin: Jean Trepperel], c. 1500. 4°. Text: Hélin, 30–38, apud Paris, BNF, réserve V 5176. Reference: GKW 7941; Hélin 32; Klebs 319.35. – Les songes Daniel prophete. Translatee de Latin en francoys. [Paris: Jean Trepperel], c. 1500. 4°. Text: Hélin, 39–40 [title page and last page only], apud Chantilly, Musée Condé IV, D. 82. Reference: Hélin 33; Klebs 319.36. Note: In the Inventaire de la Bibliothèque du roi Charles VI fait au Louvre en 1423 (Paris, 1867), we ﬁnd two entries: No. 118: “Ung [sic] livre de l’Exposicion des Songes selon Daniel . . . en françois” and No. 308: “Les Songes Daniel, en prose, en françois; de lettre formée à deux coulombes.” Whether these are incunabula are unknown. Description of the Text: See Chapter Four, §2.

1. Texts, Partial Texts, Textual Issues, and Translations Argüelles, A. “Viking Dreams: Mythological and Religious Dream Symbolism in the Old Norse Sagas.” Diss: Chicago, 1994. 326–342. Berriot, F. Exposicions et signiﬁcacions des songes et Les songes Daniel (manuscrits français de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris et de la Staatsbibliothek de Berlin, XIV e, XV e et XVI e siècles). Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 234. Genève, 1989. Best, R.I. “An Irish Version of the Somniale Danielis.” Féil-stríbinn Eóin mic Néill. Essays and Studies Presented to Professor Eoin MacNeill, D.Litt., on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, May 15th, 1938. Ed. J. Ryan. Dublin, 1940. 3–17. This text was mentioned earlier (and a few lines of it was translated) by E. O’Curry, On the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish (1873 [reprinted Dublin, 1996]), 2.223–224.

Bühler, C. “Two Middle English Texts of the Somnia Danielis.” Anglia 80 (1962). 264–273. co*ckayne, O. Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England. Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part Never Before Printed, Illustrating

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the History of Science in This Country before the Norman Conquest. Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores. London, 1866. 3.198–214. [reprinted 1965] Cron, B. A Mediaeval Dreambook. London, 1963. DiTommaso, L. “Greek, Latin, and Hebrew Manuscripts of the Somniale Danielis and Lunationes Danielis in the Vatican Library.” Manuscripta 47/48 (2003/2004), 1–42. Drexl, F. “Das Anonyme Traumbuch des cod. Paris gr. 2511.” Laographia 8 (1925). 347–375. ———. “Das Traumbuch des Propheten Daniel nach dem cod. Vatic. Palat. gr. 319.” ByzZ 26 (1926). 290–314. Epe, A. Wissensliteratur im angelsächsischen England: Das Fachschrifttum der vergessenen artes mechanicae und artes magicae. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Somniale Danielis: Edition der (lateinisch-)altenglischen Fassungen. Münster, 1995. Fabricius, J.A. “CCXXIV. Conjectorius Danielis, sive somniorum interpretatio sub Prophetae illius nomine jactata.” Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti. Hamburg, 21722–1723. 1130–1136. A complex but very valuable entry on the state of the evidence at the start of the eighteenth century; see Migne, infra, for a summary and partial reproduction of Fabricius, 1131–1134. It contains i) a note from one “Jo. Sarisberiensis” (i.e., John of Salisbury, aka. John Davenant) on the plethora of Daniel Dream-books; ii) the note that “Onirocritica Danielis damnari in decreto Gratiani”; iii) references to MSS of the Oneirocritica Danielis in the catalogue of F. Sylburgius and that of G. Hickes (vol. II, p. 38, which actually is an incorrect reference—see H. Wanley, infra); iv) a reproduction of a Daniel dream-text in Old French that “exstat in Bibliothecae Regia Berolinensi” (but which is probably a dream-text from Leo Tuscus; see list of MSS, infra); v) a note from an unidentiﬁed Sgambatus on the “Onerocritica Danielis, antiqua impostura”; vi) a poem in Old German from the Paraeneticorum veterum of M. Goldast (i.e., “König Tyro”; on which, see infra, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Old German”); and vii) various notes to other scholars, including a note on the Daniel dream-books in the Arabic tradition as recorded in the Bibliothèque orientale of B. d’Herbelot (see “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Arabic,” infra).

Fischer, S.R. The Complete Medieval Dreambook. A Multilingual, Alphabetical Somnia Danielis Collation. Bern/Frankfurt a.M., 1982. ———. “Ein deutsches ‘Somnia Danielis’-Fragment aus dem späten Mittelalter.” Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur 111 (1982). 145–151. ———. “Eine mittelalterliche Somnia Danielis-Handschrift in deutscher Sprache. Zur Hs. 6285 des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, Nürnberg.” AKG 65 (1983). 307–328.

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Förster, M. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 3. Ein neues Traumbuch.” ASSL 120 (1908). 296–305. ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 4. Inhaltsangabe des volksundlichen Sammelkodex Tiberius A.III,” ASSL 121 (1908), 30–46. ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde IV. 5. Das lateinisch-altenglische Pseudo-Danielsche Traumbuch in Tiberius A.III.” ASSL 125 (1910). 39–70. ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde V. 6. Ein mittelenglisches Vers-Traumbuch des 13. Jahrhunderts. 7. Ein mittelenglisches Prosa-Traumbuch des 14. Jahrhunderts.” ASSL 127 (1911). 31–84. ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde IX. 19. Das zweite altenglische Traumbuch.” ASSL 134 (1916). 264–293. ———. “Das älteste kymrische Traumbuch (UM 1350).” ZCPh 13 (1921). 55–92. Gejrot, C. “Daniel’s Dreams. An Edition and Translation of a Medieval Latin Book of Dreams.” Symbolae septentrionales. Latin Studies Presented to Jan Öberg. Edd. M. Asztalos and C. Gejrot. Stockholm, 1995. Graﬀunder, P. “Daniels Traumdeutungen. Ein mittelalterliches Traumbuch in deutschen Versen.” Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 48 (1906). 507–531. Mediaeval German text, Berlin, kgl. Bibliothek, cod. germ. oct. 101. This text was ﬁrst mentioned in F. Zarncke, Der Deutsche Cato. Geschichte der deutschen Übersetzungen der im Mittelalter unter dem Namen Cato bekannten Distichen (Leipzig, 1852), 71–72.

de Gray Birch, W. “On Two Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts in the British Museum.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature 11 (1873). 463–512. Grub, J. Das lateinische Traumbuch im Codex Upsaliensis C 664 (9.Jh.). Eine frühmittelalterliche Fassung der lateinischen Somniale Danielis-Tradition. Kritische Erstedition mit Einleitung und Kommentar. Lateinische Sprache und Literatur des Mittelalters 19. Frankfurt a.M./Bern/New York, 1984. Hélin, M. La clef des songes. Fac-similés, notes et liste des éditions incunables. Documents scientiﬁques du XVe siècle 2. Paris, 1925. Facsimiles of speciﬁc incunabula (5–64): I = H 10; II = H 32; III = H 33 (title and colophon only); IV = H 11 (penultimate and ultimate pages only); V = H 12 (second page only); VI = H 24 (title/ﬁrst page only); VII = H 4 (title/ﬁrst page only); VIII = H 25 (title and colophon only); IX = H 21; X = H 35 (title only).

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Martin, L.T. “The Earliest Versions of the Latin Somniale Danielis.” Manuscripta 23 (1979). 131–141. ———. Somniale Danielis. An Edition of a Medieval Latin Dream Interpretation Handbook. EHS 375. Frankfurt a.M./Bern, 1981. Parallel and eclectic edition (with apparatus) of the texts of what Martin refers to as the “a” and “b” recensions of the Latin version of the Somniale (at 95–168), with “Appendix I: The Version of the Somniale found in British Museum Harley 3017 (ninth century)” (at 169–172) and “Appendix II: The Fullest Version of the Somniale, found in All Souls College, Oxford, MS. 81 (ﬀ. 232r–238v)” (at 173–212).

Migne, J.-P. “Daniel.” Dictionnaire des Apocryphes, ou Collection de tous les livres apocryphes relatifs a l’Ancien et au Nouveau Testament. Paris, 1858. Cols. 185–192 at 186–188. Summarizes much of Fabricus (supra), 1131–1134. Includes reference to a MS in “la bibliothèque d’Uﬀenbach” [i.e., J. Majus, Bibliotheca Uﬀenbachiana manuscripta (Halle, 1720)], a MS which I have not been able to identify, and to an Italian book, “un opuscule de quatre feuillets intitulé: Sogni di Daniel, profeta” [likely = Esogni di Daniel Profeta (see Recension A in the section on “Incunabula,” supra)].

Oberhelman, S.M. “The Oneirocritical Literature of the Late Roman and Byzantine Eras of Greece.” Diss: Minnesota, 1981. 53–124. Palmer, N. “Die Petroneller ‘Somniale Danielis’-Übersetzung mit Einschluss eines Traumlunars.” In N. Palmer and K. Speckenbach, Traum und Kräuter. Studien zur Petroneller ‘Circa instans’-Handschrift und zu den deutschen Traumbüchern des Mittelalters. Köln/Wien, 1990. 234–250. Semeraro, M. Il libro dei sogni di Daniele: storia di un testo “proibito” nel Medioeva. Roma, 2002. Speckenbach, K. “Die deutsche ‘Somniale Danielis’-Rezeption.” In N. Palmer and K. Speckenbach, Traum und Kräuter. Studien zur Petroneller ‘Circa instans’-Handschrift und zu den deutschen Traumbüchern des Mittelalters. Köln/Wien, 1990. 129–151. Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. No. 117.16. de Stoop, E. “Onirocriticon du prophète Daniel, dédié au roi Nabuchodonosor.” RevPh 33 (1909). 93–111. See review by S.B. Kougeas, Laographia 2 (1910), 240–246.

Suchier, W. “Altfranzöische Traumbücher.” Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur 67 (1956–1957). 129–167 at 135–163. Turville-Petre, E.O.G. “An Icelandic Version of the Somniale Danielis.” Nordica et Anglica. Studies in Honor of Stefán Einarsson. Ed. A.H. Orrick. The Hague/Paris, 1968. 19–36. de Wit, M. “Codices legere bonum signiﬁcat. De Somniale Danielis (een middeleeuws droomboek) in handschriften en maatschappij

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der Middeleeuwen (met handschriftenbijlage, speciaalstudie en edities van Vaticaanse Somnialia).” M.A. Thesis: Utrecht/Dutch Institute in Rome, 2002. Wittmer-Butsch, M.E. Zur Bedeutung von Schlaf und Traum im Mittelalter. Medium Aevum Quotidianum 1. 1990. 172–181. Includes 3 tables of MS lists: “Verbreitung der lateinischen Handschriften und Fragmente des ‘Somniale Danielis’ im 9.–13. Jahrhundert,” “Verbreitung . . . im 14.–16. Jahrhundert,” and “Verbreitung der volkssprachlichen Handschriften des ‘Somniale Danielis’.”

2. Secondary Studies on the Somniale and on Mediaeval Dream Manuals (Selected) Collin, S. “L’Emploi des Clefs des Songes dans la littérature médiévale.” Bulletin philologique et historique du Comité des Travaux historiques et scientiﬁques 2 (1969). 851–866. Diepgen, P. Traum und Traumdeutung als medizinisch-naturwissenschaftliches Problem im Mittelalter. Berlin, 1912. Fischer, S.R. “Dreambooks and the Interpretation of Medieval Literary Dreams.” AKG 65 (1983). 1–20. Gotthardt, O. Über die Traumbücher des Mittelalters. Program des Königliches Luthergymnasium zu Eisleben 334. Eisleben, 1912. Hoﬀmeister, G. “Rasis Traumlehre.” AKG 51 (1969). 137–159. Kamphausen, H. Traum und Vision in der lateinischen Poesie der Karolingerzeit. Frankfurt, 1975. Larsen, S. “Antik og nordisk Drømmetro.” Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 7 (1917). 37–85. Önnerfors, A. “Zur Überlieferungsgeschichte des sogenannten Somniale Danielis.” Eranos 58 (1960). 142–158. ———. “Über die alphabetischen Traumbücher (‘Somniale Danielis’) des Mittelalters.” Mediaevalia: Abhandlungen und Aufsätze, lateinische Sprache und Literatur des Mittelalters. Frankfurt, 1977. 6.32–57, 318–331. Paradis, A. “Les oniromancies et leurs traités des rêves.” Aspects de la marginalité au moyen âge. Ed. G.H. Allard. Montréal, 1975. 119–127, 157–168. Steinmeyer, K. Untersuchungen zur allegorischen Bedeutung der Träume im altfranzösischen Rolandslied. München, 1963. Steinschneider, M. “Das Traumbuch Daniels und die oneirokritische Litteratur des Mittelalters: Eine bibliographische Studie.” Serapium 24 (1863). 193–201, 209–216.

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Thorndike, L. “Ancient and Medieval Dream-Books.” A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era. New York/London, 1923. 2.290–302. Turville-Petre, E.O.G. “Dreams in Icelandic Literature.” Folklore 69 (1958). 93–111. Excursus: Cy commence le livre des exposicions et signiﬁcacions des songes There is a long dream manual with the incipit, “Cy commence le livre des exposicions et signiﬁcacions des songes par Daniel et autres exposez” [so BNF cod. fr. 1317]. This text is not alphabetic like the Somniale; rather, and more in keeping with other dream manuals, the arrangement is thematic. Beginning with dreams concerning the resurrection and ending with those pertaining to various animals, this text is ten times the length of the longest Somniale. As its title suggests, this text was likely a compendium of available knowledge on dreams on all these subjects, and for which several versions of the Somniale were probable sources. See Chapter Four, §2. The critical edition of this text is provided by F. Berriot, Exposicions et signiﬁcacions des songes et Les songes Daniel (manuscrits français de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris et de la Staatsbibliothek de Berlin, XIV e, XV e et XVI e siècles) (Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 234; Genève, 1989), 55–298. In addition to two early editions of the text, Berriot employs four manuscripts, one of which is in Latin (Carpentras, MS lat. 337), and the others in French (Berlin, SBPK cod. fr. 4° 968; Paris, BNF cod. fr. 1317; and Paris, BNF cod. fr. 24432).

III. Lunationes Danielis Manuscripts The following list of over 250 Greek, Latin, and western vernacular manuscript copies of this text represents the most complete one of its kind and is meant to correct and supercede the (still valuable) list of 127 copies presented in Weißer. At the same time, it is recognized that errors of fact or omission are always inevitable. Moreover, since the process of cataloguing the manuscript treasures of the great libraries is an ongoing process, new references to lunations continue to come to light (e.g., some of the Latin lunations from München, which appear in the newest catalogues). Only lunations proper are included: a scheme of thirty days (not the twenty-eight “mansions of the moon”), in which the determination of a future state of the success of a future action or event is the focus of the text for each day. Lunations that also contain non-prognosticatory information (such as the birth-days of biblical ﬁgures) are included if the thrust of the text is fundamentally prognostic (e.g., the Middle English Storia Lune). Omitted, however, are zodiacal lunaries (twelvemonth or thirty-day schemata), texts that focus on the phases of the moon or its movement in the sky, and completely non-prognostic schemata of thirty days. For more on the deﬁnitions of the various lunar prognostica, see Chapter Four, §3. The manuscript tradition is extremely complicated, for three reasons: i) the confusing nature of the types and sub-types of the extant lunations, some of which are attributed to Daniel but many of which are anonymous; ii) the fact that lunations as a genre are found scattered throughout many languages; and iii) the sheer number of manuscripts, a substantial minority of which (over 100) are listed here for

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the ﬁrst time outside their appearance in catalogue. Accordingly, and with the certainty that still more copies of the Lunationes remain to be identiﬁed, I have decided against assigning distinctive sigla to the manuscripts. Abbreviations Employed in the List of the Manuscripts: Beccaria: Beccaria, A. I codici di medicina del periodo presalernitano (secoli IX, X e XI). Roma, 1956. Frank/Cameron: Frank, R., and Cameron, A. “A List of Old English Texts.” A Plan for the Dictionary of Old English. Toronto, 1973. 25–306. Förster, “Beiträge III.4”: Förster, M. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 4. Inhaltsangabe des volksundlichen Sammelkodex Tiberius A.III.” ASSL 121 (1908). 30–46. Förster, “Beiträge VIII”: ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde VIII. 14. Geburtslunare. 15. Krankheitslunar. 16. Aderlaßlunare. 17. Tagwähllunare.” ASSL 129 (1912). 16–49. Förster, “Sammellunare”: ———. “Vom Fortleben antiker Sammellunare im englischen und in anderen Volkssprachen.” Anglia n.F. 67/68 (1944). 1–171. Förster, “Traumlunare”: Förster, M. “Die altenglische Traumlunare.” Englische Studien 60 (1925–1926). 58–93. Liuzza: Liuzza, R.M. “Anglo-Saxon Prognostics in Context: A Survey and Handlist of Manuscripts.” Anglo-Saxon England 30 (2001). 181–230. Means: Means, L. Medieval Lunar Astrology. A Collection of Representative Middle English Texts. Lewiston, 1993. Svenberg 1: Svenberg, E. “De latinska lunaria.” Diss: Göteborg, 1936. Svenberg 2: Svenberg, E. Lunaria et zodiologia latina, edidit et commentario philologico instruxit. Studia graeca et latina Gothoburgensia 16. Göteborg, 1963. Taavitsainen: Taavitsainen, I. Middle English Lunaries. A Study of the Genre. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 47. Helsinki, 1988. 61–63. Thorndike: Thorndike, L. A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era. Volume 1. New York/London, 1923. Thorndike/Kibre: Thorndike, L., and Kibre, P. A Catalogue of Incipits of Mediaeval Scientiﬁc Writings in Latin. Revised and Augmented Edition. Cambridge, MA, 1963. Cols. 836–838, qv. “Luna prima, [etc.].” Wanley: Wanley, H. “Librorum Vett. Septentrionalium, qui in Angliae Bibliothecis exstant, nec non multorum Vett. Codd. Septentrionalium alibi extantium Catalogus HistoricoCriticus, cum totius Thesauri Linguarum Septentrionalium sex Indicibus.” In volume 2 of G. Hickes, Linguarum Vett. Oxford, 1703–1705. [reprinted = English Linguistics 1500–1800 (A Collection of Facsimile Reprints) 248. Ed. R.C. Alston. Menston, 1970]. Weißer: Weißer, C. “Verzeichnis der Handschriften und Siglen.” Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte laienastrologischer Fachprosa. Würzburger medizinhistorische Forschungen 21. Würzburg, 1982. 43–58.

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Zinner: Zinner, E. Verzeichnis der astronomischen Handschriften des deutschen Kulturgebietes. München, 1925. {*} siglum [e.g., Svenberg 2 {G}; Weißer {At1G}] Greek – Athínai, Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 1265, fols. 5r–6v [xvi] Text: Delatte (infra), 5, 72–74: Lunarium” [edited in parallel columns with Bibliothecae Societatis historicae cod. 115]. – Athínai, Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 1275, fols. 22r–25v [xix] Text: Delatte (infra), 23, 121–126: “Davidis et Salomonis Lunarium.” Reference: Weißer {At1G}. – Athínai, Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 1275, fols. 44v–45v [xix] Text: Delatte (infra), 24, 136–137: “Menologia aegrotatantium.” Reference: Weißer {At2G}. – Athínai, Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 1350, fols. 79v–83v [xvii] Text: Delatte (infra), 29, 196–200: “Lunarium.” Reference: Weißer {At3G}. – Athínai, Bibliothecae Societatis historicae cod. 115, fols. 1r–2r [xviii] Text: Delatte (infra), 40, 72–74: “Lunarium” [edited in parallel columns with Bibliothecae Publicae cod. 1265]. – Athínai, Bibliothecae Societatis historicae cod. 211, fols. 49v–56v [xvii] Text: Delatte (infra), 50, 243–247: “Lunarium.” Reference: Weißer {At4G}. – London, BL cod. Royal 16.C.ii, fols. 1r–7v (Luna VIII–XXX only) [xv] Reference: Warner, G.F., and Gilson, J.P. A Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and King’s Collections. London, 1921. 2.180: “Prognostics from the days of the month. Imperf. at beg.” – Madrid, Escorial MS I.R.14, fols. 153r–160v [xv] Text: Zuretti, Pars I (infra), 134–144. Reference: Weißer {EsG}. – Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional cod. 4616, fols. 88r–88v [xv] Text: Zuretti, Pars II (infra), 150–151. Reference: Weißer {Md1G}. – Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional cod. 4616, fols. 92r–95r [xv] Text: Zuretti, Pars II (infra), 157–162. Reference: Weißer {Md2G}. – Milano, BA cod. E.16 sup., fols. 39v–46v [xiii] Text: Martini and Bassi, Catalogus codicum astrologorum (infra), 32–39. Reference: Martini, A., and Bassi, D. Catalogus codicum graecorum Bibliothecae Ambrosianae. Milano, 1906. No. 273. 303; Weißer {Ml1G}. – Milano, BA cod. E.16 sup., fol. 47r [xiii] Text: Martini and Bassi, Catalogus codicum astrologorum (infra), 39–40; Förster, “Beitrage VIII,” 30–31. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix; Martini and Bassi, Catalogus codicum graecorum (supra), no. 273, 303; Weißer {Ml2G}. – Napoli, Biblioteca nazionale cod. II.C.3, fols. 396r–398r [xiii] Text: Bassi, et al. (infra), 142–145. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxviii; Weißer {NaG}. – Paris, BNF cod. gr. 1884, fol. 150v (Luna I–VIII only) [1503] Text: Boudreaux (infra), 105–107. Reference: Weißer {Pa8G}.

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Latin – Aberystwyth, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru cod. Peniarth 26, pp. 15–19 [xv] incip.: Luna prima Adam creatus est. Pueros ad doctrinam mittere bonum est. Hec dies vtilis est in omnibus rebus. Puer natus illustris et vitalis erit. Jn lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et diﬃcile euadit. Jn sompnis quidquid videris, in gaudium conuertetur. Psalmus: Beatus vir [Ps. 31:2]. Quibus necesse est sanguinem minuere, ante horam tercium [expedit (?)]. Text: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 16–19; Weißer {AbL}, 214–225 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 4° 330 [Weißer {Ef3L}] (infra). – Basel, Universitätsbibliothek MS B VII 4, fol. 140va–b [xiii] inscr.: Somniale quod reuelatum est esdre siue ex daniele inuentum incip.: Luna prima. quicquid sompniaueris ad gaudium conuertetur . . . expl.: Luna 30. infra triduum ﬁet sompnium tuum sine periculo. sed tamen interdum caute cauendum. Reference: Meyer, G., and Burckhardt, M. Die mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Basel. Basel, 1960. 666–667: “Somniale David” [sic!]. Note: On the attribution of this text, see Chapter Four, note 47. – Basel, Universitätsbibliothek MS D I 10, fols. 32r–v [xiv] inscr.: Incipit tractaus de conﬁderacione omnium lunarum incip.: Luna prima hec dies omnibus egrantibus utilis est. Jn lectum qui ceciderit, diu languebit et longam inﬁrmitatem pacietur. Et in sompnijs quecumque viderit, in gaudium vertentur, et si videris vinci, vinces inimicos tuos. Et infans si natus fuerit, bonus et utilis erit. Quibus necesse est minuere sanguinem, ante horam tercium minuet. Text: Weißer {BsL}, 184–190. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre. – Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 1790, fol. 40r (Luna I–III only) [ix] incip.: Luna I leviter aegrotat et quotquot in somnis viderit in gaudio revertitur expl.: Luna iii: Qui aegrotat, non euadit. Et qui somniet: sicut superius nihil dubius. Text: Weißer {Bl8L}, 175–176. Reference: Beccaria, 200–201; Schipke, R. Initienverzeichnis zu den Sammlungen Diez, Hamilton und Phillipps. Berlin, 1993. 305. – Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 1790, fol. 40r [ix] incip.: Luna I qui fuerit in ea natus vitalis erit . . . expl.: (Luna XXX) aﬀatur sessione per verba suum. Reference: Beccaria, 200: “Lunaris sancti Danielis”; Schipke (supra), 305. – Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 1790, fols. 40v–41v [ix] inscr.: Incipit lunaris liber i incip.: Luna prima: Qui decubuerit, si tercia die se alleuauerit, sanus erit; si autem grauior fuerit, cum graui periculo euadit. Text: Weißer {Bl6L}, 365–373 [synthetic text of 6 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276 [Weißer {Ef1L}], Firenze, BML cod. Strozzi 70, fol. 100rv [Weißer {Fl2L}], London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 81r–82r [Weißer {Lo18L}], Prague, Národního Musea cod. XIV.A.12 [Weißer {PrL}], and St. Gallen, SB cod. 44 [Weißer {Sg2L}] (infra). Reference: Beccaria, 201; Schipke (supra), 305. – Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 1790, fol. 41v [ix] inscr.: Jncipit de inﬁrmis per lunam liber i incip.: Luna prima: Leuiter egrotabit. Luna ii: Cito surgit . . .

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chapter six expl.: Luna xxx: Contrariis rebus cesser. Text: Weißer {Bl7L}, 174–175 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Karlsruhe, Bad. Landesbibliothek MS Aug. CLXXIII [Weißer {Ka2L}] and Paris, BNF cod. lat. 11218 [Weißer {Pa7L}] (infra). Reference: Beccaria, 201; Schipke (supra), 305. Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 1790 (?) 1870 (?), fols. 42r–42v, 70r inscr.: Incipit somnialis visalis incip.: Luna I quicquid videris in gaudio convertetur . . . Reference: Beccaria, 204: “Lunare dei sogni” Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 2° 186, fols. 157v–158r [xv] incip.: Nota ja diei lune: Omnibus rebus est vtilis. Si quis ea die egrotauerit, longe perseuerabit. Et sompnium tunc nocte apparens erit sibi lecticia mundana. Jnfans, si nascitur, per multum tempus viuit. Text: Weißer {Bl4L}, 164–167. Note: This lunation extends to 31 days. Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 4° 70 [Electoralis 968], fols. 229vb–232rb [xiv] incip.: Luna prima. Adam factus fuit. Dies bona: comparare, uendere, nauigare, seminare, minuere et omnia opera facere bonum est. qui fugit, infra paucos dies inuenietur. qui egrotat: longa ﬁet egritudo. aui natus fuerit, longam uitam habebit et erit astutus, sapiens, litteratus. in aqua pericl*tabitur. si euaserit, longeuus erit et in labore morietur. si puella nata fuerit, litterata, casta, benigna, speciosa, uiris placens, aequa discernens in posteriori etate erit. longe in lecto recumbens, signum habens in ore uel in superciliis. qui sompniauerit: siue bonum, siue malum, in gaudium conuertetut. expl.: Luna XXX. nuptie facte sunt in Cana Galilee. dies in omnibus bona. Qui fugit, non inuenietur. qui egrotauerit, sanabitur. qui natus fuerit, benignus, felicissimus erit. si puella, felix et mansueta. Qui sompniauerit: cito eueniet. Text: Svenberg 1 {b}, 25–83, 103–128 [commentary]. Reference: Zinner No. 8067; Thorndike/Kibre; Weißer {Bl3L}. Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 8° 44, fol. 2vb [xiv] incip.: Si quis luna prima in aliqua inﬁrmitate grauatus fuierit, cito ab hac luce migrabit Text: Weißer {Bl1L}, 162–163. Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 8° 93, fols. 54r–56r [xii] incip.: Luna i omnibus rebus agendis utilis est. Puer natus erit illustris astutus sapiens literatus; in aqua pericl*tabitur; si euaserit longeuus erit. Puella nata literata, casta, benigna, speciosa, uiris placens, aeque discernens, in posteriori etate erit in lecto longe recumbens, signum habet in ore uel super cilio. Qui recumbit, div languescet. Quicquid somniaueris, conuertetur in gaudium, quia neque malum, raro bonum signaﬁcat, sepe uacuum est. Text: Svenberg 1 {B}, 25–83 [as apparatus to Svenberg 1 {L2}], 103–128 [commentary]; Weißer {Bl2L}, 380–392 [synthetic text of 4 MSS] Note: This text is substantively the same as Bernkastel-Kues, Universitätsbibliothek MS 203 [Weißer {KuL}] (supra), London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii [Weißer {Lo2L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235 [Weißer {Vp2L}] (infra). Bern, Burgerbibliothek MS 441, fols. 15r–16r (Luna I–XVI, XXX only) [ix] inscr.: De diuersis causis probato per lunam incip.: Luna prima hec dies ad omnia agendo utilis est. In lecto qui inciderit, duit languescet et longam inﬁrmitatem patitur. Jnfans, si natus fuerit, uitalis erit. Text: Weißer {BeL}, 160–162. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre.

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– Bernkastel-Kues, St. Nicolaus Hospital MS 203, fols. 86vb–88rb [xiii] incip.: Luna i omnibus rebus agendis vtilis est. Puer natus uitalis est. Quidquit sompno uideris, in gaudium conuertetur, et si uideris te uinci, omnes tamen inimicos tuos uinces. Qui recumbit, diu languebit. Text: Weißer {KuL}, 380–392 [synthetic text of 4 MSS]. Reference: Marx, J. Verzeichnis der handschriften-Sammlung des Hospitals zu Cues bei Bernkastel a./Mosel. Trier, 1905. 188–189: “Beg. Luna prima omnibus rebus agendis utilis est. Schl. Quia tempus carum erit.” Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 8° 93 [Weißer {Bl2L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii [Weißer {Lo2L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235 [Weißer {Vp2L}] (infra). – Budapest, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár cod. lat. 59, fols. 43v–44r [xiii/ xiv] incip.: Luna prima. Quicunque sompniaverit . . . Reference: Thorndike/Kibre: “Dream-book.” – Budapest, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár cod. lat. 405, fols. 122v–124r [xiv] inscr.: De lunatione cuiuslibet mensis incip.: Luna prima si infans natus fuerit, uiuit sapiens et illustris. Puella casta, placens, benigna, speciosa. Si quis hac die inﬁrmatur, longe languescit. Omnibus rebus hec dies conuenit. Bonum est minuere ante terciam. Quicquid in sompnis uideris, necque bonum neque malum signiﬁcat. Text: Weißer {Bu3L}, 196–200. Reference: Bartoniek, E. Codices manu scripti latini. I: Codices latini medii aevi. Budapest, 1940. 367; Thorndike/Kibre. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 422 Text: Henel (infra), 334–335. Reference: Gneuss, H. Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts. A List of Manuscripts and Manuscripts Fragments Written or Owned in England up to 1100. MRTS 241. Tempe, 2000. 38; Liuzza, 214. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 466 [olim MS Misc. L], pp. 131 (incipit), 228–231 [xiv] Reference: James, M.R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 7 vols. Cambridge, 1909–1913: “Inc. . . . ‘interpretationes sompniorum . . . Luna prima quicquid per sompnium uideris . . . Luna xxx infra triduum ﬁet sompnium sine periculo. [Somniale Danielis:] Sic autem factum est in diebus nabugodnosor regis in babylonia quando petebant principes ciuitatis et populus ut sompnia que uiderant exponerentur. Tunc daniel propheta sedit et hec omnia scripsit et populo ad legendum tradidit a deo autem hec palam facta sunt quibus ipse nichil addidit nichil sustulit sed quemadmodum ea acceptit ita populo tradidit. Omnia sompnia intellexit sed quia intellixit hec omnia per spiritum sanctum sibi reuelata esse ideo scripsit hec e. in honore dei omnia sompnia danielis recitantur.’ Cf. 466. 3, 5 a. Inc. per a. ‘Arma tractare . . . Zona portita cingi. valitudinem signiﬁcat’.” Note: Lunation + Somniale. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 481, pp. 418–419 (?) [xiii–xiv] Reference: Thorndike/Kibre: “Luna prima quicquid per sompnium (in somniis) videris . . .” “Interpretationes sompniorum.” Note: Only the Somniale is mentioned in James, Descriptive Catalogue . . . CCC (supra). The precise foliation of the texts is unknown. – Cambridge, PC cod. 103, fols. 77v–79v [xii] incip: Luna prima: Hec est utilis omnibus augmentis. Qui ceciderit in lectum, diu languescet inﬁrmitatem pacietur. Et sompnium quicquid uiderit, in gaudium conuertetur. Et si infans natus fuerit, vitalis erit. Text: Weißer {Ca2L}, 307–314 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre.

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chapter six Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Harley 978 [Weißer {Lo16L}] and Milano, BA cod. T 81 sup [Weißer {Ml3L}] (infra). Cambridge, CCC cod. 391 [olim TC cod. K.10.II], pp. 718–720 [xi] Text: Förster, “Traumlunare,” 67–74 [collation only]. Reference: Ker, N.R. Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford, 1957. 114: “prognostics by the age of the moon, preceded on pp. 718–20 by a Latin version”; Thorndike/Kibre; Liuzza, 214. Note: Wanley, 110, re Cambridge, TC cod. K.10.II: “Somniorum eventus juxta aetates Lunae,” incip.: “Luna. I. quicquid uideris in gaudium conuertitur . . .” Note: Unlike other cases of MSS containing Latin text + Old English text/gloss, the Old English in this text is not a translation of the Latin. Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fols. 68v–70r [xv] incip.: Luna prima omnibus agendis utilis. Jn lecto quis inciderit, diu languet. In sumpnis quidquid viderit, vertetur in gaudium. Text: Weißer {Ca3L}, 200–205 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as København, UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 194, fols., 49v–50v [Weißer {Ko1L}] (infra)]. Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v [xv] incip.: Luna prima tota die bona luna secunda . . . Reference: Thorndike/Kibre: “Regula ad sanguinem minuendum.” Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192; London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.x D. xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. Cardiﬀ, Public Library cod. 3.242 + 5.99, p. 56 [xiv/xv] Reference: Ker, N.R. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. II: Abbotsford-Keele. Oxford, 1977. 366: “Si quis in prima die uniuscuiusque mensis . . .: prognostications of disease, according to the day of the month.” Einsiedeln, cod. [?] 321, p. 21 [x] incip.: Luna prima quicquid videris in gaudium convertitur . . . Reference: Meier, G. Cat. cod. mss qui in bibl. monas. Einsidlensis. 1899; Thorndike/ Kibre: “Dream Book.” Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276, fol. 70ra [xiv/xv] incip.: Luna prima: Si quis ja die acubuerit, et 3a die alleuauerit, sanus erit; si grauior fuerit, cum grauiori periculo euadit. Text: Weißer {Ef1L}, 365–373 [synthetic text of 6 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, DSB cod. Phill. 1790, fols. 40v–41v [Weißer {Bl6L}], (supra), Firenze, BML cod. Strozzi 70, fol. 100rv [Weißer {Fl2L}], London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 81r–82r [Weißer {Lo18L}], Prague, Národního Musea cod. XIV.A.12 [Weißer {PrL}], and St. Gallen, SB cod. 44 [Weißer {Sg2L}] (infra). Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276, fols. 70ra–70va [xiv/xv] incip.: Luna prima. In omnibus agendis rebus est utilis. Puer natus illustris erit et uitalis, signum habebit in ore uel supercilio, hic astutus est et litteratus et sapiens erit, jn aqua pericl*tabitur, sed si tamen euaserit, ad perfectam etatem perueniet. Puella habebit signum ut puer, litterata, casta, bona, speciosa, uiris placens, in posteriori etate abhorabitur. Jn lectum qui

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inciderit, diu languescet et longam inﬁrmitatem pacietur et diﬃcile euadet. Jn sompnis quidquid uiderit, in gaudium conuertetur. Beatus vir, cui non inputabit dominus peccatum, nec est in spiritu eius dolus [Ps. 31:2]. Qui vult sanguinem minuere, mane minuat. Text: Weißer {Ef2L}, 209–214. Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 4° 330, fols. 23v–24v (Luna I–XXVI only) [xiv] incip.: Luna prima Adam creatus est. Pueros ad doctrinam mittere bonum. Hec dies vtilis est in omnibus rebus. Puer natus illustris et vitalis erit. Jn lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et diﬃcile euadit. Jn sompnis quidquid videris, in gaudium conuertetur. Psalmus: Beatus vir [Ps. 1:1]. Quibus necesse est sanguinem minuere, ante horam tercium expleat. Text: Weißer {Ef3L}, 214–225 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Reference: Zinner No. 8061; Thorndike/Kibre. Note: This text is substantively the same as Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Peniarth MS 26 [Weißer {AbL}] (supra). Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek cod. 674, fols. 17r–18r [c. 1300] Text: Svenberg 1 {E}, 25–83, 103–128 [commentary]. Reference: Weißer {ErL}. Note: Luna I–XII of this text is substantively the same as Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. lat. 3101 [Weißer {Va1L}]; Luna XIII–XXX of this text is substantively the same as London, BL, cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii [Weißer {Lo1L}]. Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 130, fols. 25–26 [xiii/xiv] incip: Luna prima Adam factus est (natus fuit) illa die propter . . . Reference: Thorndike/Kibre: “Giovannino di Graziano, mentioned in the Ashburnham MS at Florence . . . was perhaps its owner rather than author. The text is anonymous in the MS at Venice” [i.e., Venezia, BM cod. VIII.33 (infra)]. Note: Despite the similarity in foliation, this text does not seem to be the same as Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 204 (infra). Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 204 [olim 136], fols. 25r–26r [c. 1300] incip.: Luna prima. Adam natus fuit. dies bonus est ad omnia opera bona: scilicet uendere, emere, iter facere, seminare, nauigare, sanguinare, puerum ad doctrinam mittere bonum est. qui egrotat, sanabitur. qui nascitur, uiuet. qui perdidderit: inuenietur. expl.: Luna XXX. dies bonus. conuenit ad omnia que operatur in ea. sanguinem non minuas bestiarum in corpore. sompnium non nocebit. qui fugit, inuenitur. qui egrotat, sanabitur. qui nascitur, erit potens et princeps. Text: Svenberg 1 {F}, 24–82, 103–128 [commentary]. Note: Despite the similarity in foliation, this text does not seem to be the same as Firenze, BML cod. Ashburnham 130 (supra). Firenze, BML cod. Strozzi 70, fol. 100rv [ix] incip.: Luna prima: Si decubuerit eger, si se die tercia alleuauerit, sanus erit; si grauior fuerit inﬁrmitas, cum graui periculo euadit. incip.: Luna prima si decubuerit eger . . . Text: Weißer {Fl2L}, 365–373 [synthetic text of 6 MSS]. Reference: Hauréau, B. Initia. Operum scriptorum latinorum medii potissimum aevi ex codibus manuscriptis et libris impressis alphabetice digessit. Turnhout. Vol. 4, qv. “Luna”: “prognostica luna de inﬁrmis Bibl. Leopold. [viz., in Firenze] t. II”; Thorndike/Kibre. Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, DSB cod. Phill. 1790, fols. 40v–41v [Weißer {Bl6L}], Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276 [Weißer

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chapter six {Ef1L}] (supra), London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 81r–82r [Weißer {Lo18L}], Prague, Národního Musea cod. XIV.A.12 [Weißer {PrL}], and St. Gallen, SB cod. 44 [Weißer {Sg2L}] (infra). Gent, Universiteitsbibliotheek MS 5 (416), fols. 157v–158v (Luna I–XXVII only) [c. 1400] inscr.: Prenostica merlini incip.: Lunaque prima qui decubuerit, si 3a alleuiatur, sanus erit. Qui natus fuerit, vitalis erit et astutus. Text: Weißer {Ge2L}, 226–228. Göteborg, MS X (Luna I-XXIII only) [x/xi] incip.:

guescit et longa patitur. et sompnia quicquid uideris, te uinici, tamen uinces omnes inimicos tuos, et infans si fuerit natus, uitalis erit. . . . expl.: Luna XXIII. rixa habebit et contenties sine ulla detractione. somp Text: Svenberg 1 {G}, 24–68, 103–128 [commentary]; Braekman (infra), 172–178. Reference: Weißer {GöL}. Note: This MS is the substantively the same as St. Gallen, SB 756 [Svenberg 1 {s}] and Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 2532 [Svenberg 1 {W}] (infra). Hamburg, Staatsbibliothek cod. Hans. IV.15, fols 131–149 Reference: Meinel, C. Der Handscrift Nachlaß von Joachim Jungius in der Staats- und Universitäts-bibliothek Hamburg. Katalog der Handscriften der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg 9. Stuttgart, 1967. 32. Note: It is unclear whether this is a lunation; the catalogue merely noted “lunationes.” Herten, Bibliothek des Grafen Nesselrode-Reichenstein [Schloßbibliothek], cod. med. Hertensis 192, fols. 87vb–88rb [xii] text: Sudhoﬀ (infra). incip.: Luna I tota die bona est . . . expl.: Luna XXX non est bona. Reference: Beccaria, 213: “Lunare del salasso . . . (ed. Sudhoﬀ . . . 303 e 304)”; Weißer, 56–57 [but cites foliation as 89v–90v] Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v (supra); London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. Hildesheim, Dombibliothek MS 749, fol. 116va [xiii] incip.: Luna I. Tota die bona est . . . expl.: . . . XXX. Non est bona. Reference: Giermann, R., and Härtel, H., with Arnold, M. Handschriften der Dombibliothek zu Hildesheim. Zweiter Teil. Hs 700–1050; St. God. Nr. 1–51; Ps 1–6; J 23–95. Wiesbaden, 1993. 84. Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek cod. Aug. CLXXIII [olim cod. Reichenau 172? (apud Beccaria)], fol. 76v [xiv] incip.: Luna prima: Leuiter egrotabit. Luna ii: iterum . . . expl.: Luna xxx: Contrariis rebus cesser. Text: Weißer {Ka2L}, 174–175 [synthetic text of 3 MSS].

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Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, DSB cod. Phill. 1790, fol. 41v [Weißer {Bl7L}] (supra) and Paris, BNF cod. lat. 11218 [Weißer {Pa7L}] (infra). Reference: Beccaria, 218: “Lunare di malattia.” København, Det kongelige Bibliotek cod. 1653, fol. 76v (Luna I–XXII only) inscr. [description?]: Incipit lunaris cursis incip.: Luna I, ora prima . . . expl.: Luna XXII cito conﬁrmat. Reference: Beccaria, 121: “ed. Laux, 432” [but see St. Gallen SB 751 (infra)]; Thorndike/Kibre. Note: On the title, incipit, and explicit of this lunation, see the note to St. Gallen SB 751, fols. 175–176 (infra). København, UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 194, fols. 49r–49v [1387] Text: Kålund, Cod. MBR. AM. 194 (infra), 84–85; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 18–20. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxl; Weißer {Ko4L}. København, UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 194, fols. 49v–50v [1387] incip.: Luna prima in omnibus agendis utilis. In luctu quis ceciderit, diu languescit. In sumpnis quidquid viderit, vertetur in gaudium Text: Kålund, Cod. MBR. AM. 194 (infra), 85; Weißer {Ko1L}, 200–205 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix. Note: This text is substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fols. 68v–70r [Weißer {Ca3L}] (supra). London, BL cod. Additional 15236, fols. 169v–171v [xiv] incip.: Luna prima factus est Adam. Quicquid feceris, bonum est. Et sompnum quod videris, prope videbis, et in bonum et in gaudium reuertitur. Et infans, si fuerit natus, vitalis erit et diues. Et inﬁrmus, si in lecto ceciderit, diu languebit et longam inﬁrmitatem pacietur. Text: Weißer {Lo13L}, 288–293. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre. London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv, fols. 125v–126r [xi] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum Lunae (sive Lunares) in aegris incip.: Lun. I. qui inciderit, diﬃcile euadet . . . || se þe afeallä earfoälice he ætwint . . . expl.: Lun. XXX. Eger laborabit & surget. || Seoc he swincä ˚ arisä. Text [Latin]: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 32–34; Henel (infra), 51; Weißer {Lo20L/E}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Reference: Wanley, 233–234; Craig (infra), xxxix; Liuzza, 215: “medical lunarium.” Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}], London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}], Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}], Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra). Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English (on which, see infra). London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 32v–35v [xi] inscr.: de observatione lune & quae cauenda sint incip.: Luna prima. omnibus rebus agendis utilis est. puer natus erit illustratus, astutus, sapiens, litteratus, in aqua percl*tatur, si euaserit, longeuus erit.

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puella nata intemerata, casta, benigna, speciosa, uiris placens, aeque discernens in postera aetate erit. in lecto longe recumbens. signum habet in ore uel in supercilio, qui recumbit, longe languescit. quicquid somniauerit, in gaudium conuertetur, quia neque malum, raro bonum signiﬁcat, et sanguinem minere tota die luna bona est. expl.: Luna XXXma. puer natus felicissimus benigmus. puella felix, mansueta. eger laborat, sed uiuet. somnia infra triduum reulabuntur. interdum cauendum est. non est bona luna sanguinem minuere. Finiunt somnia Danielis prophetae. Text [Latin]: Svenberg 1 {L2}, 24–82, 103–128 [commentary, but Latin explicit “Finiunt somnia Danielis prophetae” not included]; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 79–129; Weißer {Lo2L/E}, 380–392 [synthetic text of 4 MSS]. Reference: Wanley, 194; Liuzza, 216: “General lunarium.” Note: The Latin of this text is substantively the same as Bernkastel-Kues, Universitätsbibliothek MS 203 [Weißer {KuL}], Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 8° 93 [Weißer {Bl2L}] (supra), and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235 [Weißer {Vp2L}] (infra). Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English (on which, see infra). Note: The foliation of BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii and the description of its contents is fraught with diﬃculties. Generally speaking, the foliation cited in the older studies (Wanley, co*ckayne (infra), and especially the detailed list of the contents of the MS in H. Logeman, The Rule of S. Benet. Latin and Anglo-Saxon. Intralinear Version (EETS 90; London, 1888), xix ﬀ.) are two folios “behind” the foliation cited in twentieth-century scholarship, although there are many minor disagreements even here—note the foliation of the copies of the Somniale Danielis (supra) as expressed by A. Epe, who examined the MS by autopsy. For this MS—re both the Somniale and the Lunationes, and re both the Latin and the Old English copies of each—I employ the foliation as it is articulated in Ker, Catalogue of AngloSaxon Manuscripts (supra), 240–245, and in Liuzza. But see also M. Förster, “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 4. Inhaltsangabe des volksundlichen Sammelkodex Tiberius A.III,” ASSL 121 (1908), 30–46. – London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 35v–36r [xi] inscr.: [description?]: Somniorum eventus juxta aetates Lunae incip.: swa hwæt swa äu gesihst on blisse biä || Luna prima quicquid uideris in gaudiam erit . . . expl.: binnan þrim dagum gewyrþ swefen äin butan frecendnysse || Luna XXX. infra triduum ﬁ&. somnium tuum sine periculo. amen. Reference: Wanley, 194 [citing fol. 33v]: “Incipit Lunaris de somnis. TITUS. D.26”; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Liuzza, 216–217: “Dream lunarium.” Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English (on which, see infra). Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. – London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 36v [xi] incip.: Luna I. se þe acenned siä liﬂic he biä . . . || Luna I. qui natus fuerit. vitalis erit . . . expl.: Luna XXX. caepa seala he smeaä. || Luna XXX. Nagotia multa tratabit. Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 18–20. Reference: Wanley, 194 [but citing fol. 34v]: “Incipit Lunares Scì Danielis de Nativitate. Tit. D. 26”; Craig (infra), xl; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Liuzza, 217: “Birth lunarium.” Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English (on which, see infra). Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra.

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– London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [xi] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum Lunae in aegris incip.: Luna I. se þe afealleä earfoälice he ætwint . . . || Luna I. qui inciderit, diﬃcile evadet. . . . expl.: Luna XXX. seoc swincä ˚ rist. || Luna XXX. eger laborabit & surget. Text [Latin]: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 32–34; Weißer {Lo19L/E}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Reference: Wanley, 194: “Incipit Lunares in aegris. TITUS. D. 26”; Craig (infra), xxxix; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Liuzza, 217: “Medical lunarium.” Note: The Latin text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}] (supra), London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}], London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}], Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}], Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra). Note: This text is composed in both Latin and Old English (on which, see infra). Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. – London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65r [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 36–37. Reference: Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 245 (see note infra); Liuzza, 218: “Bloodletting lunarium.” – London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65r–v [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 18–20. Reference: Craig (infra), xl; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 245 (see note infra); Liuzza, 218: “Birth lunarium.” – London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v (Luna I–VII only) [xi] Note: Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 245, reports that at fol. 65r–v there are “four sets of prognostics, the ﬁrst giving lucky and unlucky days of the moon, the second headed De natiuitate infantum, the third headed Incipit lunaris sancti danielis de natiuitate infa[ntum].” Liuzza, 218, identiﬁes the second text as a “birth prognostic by day of the week,” i.e., not a lunation. Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 32–34; Weißer {Lo22L}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 245; Liuzza, 218: “Medical lunarium.” Note: The extant part of this text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L}] (supra), London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}], London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}], Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}], Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra). Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. – London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 6r–v [c. 1040] inscr.: De ﬂebotomatione uel de minuendo sanguine incip: Luna prima. Tota die bonum est. Luna. ii. . . . Text: de Gray Birch (infra), 477 [partial]; Günzel, B. Ælfwine’s Prayerbook (London, British Library, Cotton Titus D.xxvi + xxvii. Henry Bradshaw Society 108. Woodbridge, 1993. 146.

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chapter six Reference: Liuzza, 220: “Bloodletting lunarium.” Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192 (supra); London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. Note: BL codd. Cotton Titus D.xxvi and D.xxvii were originally one book. London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fols. 7v–8r [c. 1040] inscr.: Incipit lunares sancti Danielis de natiuitate incip: Luna i. qui natus fuerit, vitalis erit . . . Text: de Gray Birch (infra), 478–479 [partial]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 18–20; Günzel (supra), 147–148. Reference: Index of Manuscripts in the British Library. Cambridge, 1984. 3.507; Liuzza, 220: Birth lunarium.” London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fols. 8r–9r [c. 1040] inscr.: Incipit lunares de aegris incip: Luna i. Qui inciderit, diﬃcile evadit . . . Text: de Gray Birch (infra), 479 [partial]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 32–34; Weißer {Lo21L}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]; Günzel (supra), 148–149. Reference: Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.507; Liuzza, 220: “Medical lunarium.” Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}] (supra), London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}], Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}], Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra). London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 9r–v [c. 1040] inscr.: Incipit lunares de somnis incip: Luna i. Quicquid uideri, ad gaudium pertinet. Luna. ii. et. iii. . . . Text: de Gray Birch (infra), 479 [partial]; Günzel (supra), 149–150. Reference: Liuzza, 220: “Dream lunarium.” London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r [c. 1040] inscr.: Ad sanguinem minuendam incip: Luna i. tota die bona est . . . Text: de Gray Birch (infra), 496 [partial], with note: “resembling the article ‘de ﬂebotomatione vel de minuendo sanguine’ in the MS. Titus D.xxvi . . . already cited” [see BL Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v (supra)]; Günzel (supra), 89. Reference: Liuzza, 219: “Bloodletting lunarium.” Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v (supra); London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fols. 27r–29v [c. 1040] inscr.: Argumentum Lunare ad Requirendum Quomodo Luna Qualiter Observitur

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incip.: Luna I hec dies ad omnia agenda utilis est. in lecto qui inciderit, diu languescet et longa inﬁrmate patietur, et quidquid uideris, in gaudium conuertetur. et si uideris te uinci, tu tamen uinces omnes inamicos tuos. infans si fuerit natus, uitalis erit. expl.: Luna XXX. similitudinem aliquam infra dies IX [dies] uidebis aut totum somnium. eger numquam sanus erit. infans de fortuna tractabit. Text: Svenberg 1 {L1}, 25–83, 103–128 [commentary]; Günzel (supra), 117–120. Reference: Weißer {Lo1L}; Liuzza, 219: “General lunarium.” London, BL cod. Cotton Vespasian E.x, fols. 119r–122v [c. 1300] incip.: Luna prima Adam creatus est. Omnibus rebus incipiendis utilis est. Puer natus illustratis erit et uitalis; signum uero habebit in ore aut in supercilio; astutus erit et sapiens et litteratus, si ad hoc applicatus fuerit, sed in aqua pericl*tabitur et, si inde euaserit, ad perfectam etatem ueniet. Puella nata habebit signum quod et puer et erit casta, benigna, speciosa, uiris placens et equalis discens et in posteriori etate meliorabitur. Jn lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et longam inﬁrmitatem pacietur et diﬃcile euadit. Jn sompnis uero quicquid uideris, in gaudium conuertetur, nec inde dubites, quia neque bonum neque malum tibi erit. Beatus vir, qui non abiit [Ps 1:1]. Quibus necesse est sanguinem minure, ante horam terciam debet expleri. Text: Weißer {Lo7L}, 255–271 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Sloane 2641 [Weißer {Lo4L}] (infra). But see also note at London, BL cod. Sloane 122 and again at Sloane 282 (infra). London, BL cod. Egerton 821, fols. 8v–12r [xii] incip.: Luna ia capud de ariete. Factus est Adam. Quiquid facias, bonum est. Puer, si natus fuerit, bonus legimus amabilis, iustus, amorosus, siglum abebit in supercilium dextrum. Puella bona et laboriosa, signum abebit in prima laurea. Qui somnum, ad leciciam signiﬁcat et satis bomun est. Deus, deus meus, respice me [Ps 21:2] Quj inﬁrmum, longa tribulatio. Text: Weißer {Lo5L}, 244–252. London, BL cod. Egerton 821, fols. 32r–32v [xii] Text: Weißer {Lo8L}, 272–273. London, BL cod. Egerton 847, fols. 20r–21v [xv] inscr.: Incipit paruus tractatus de lunacionibus incip: Luna prima: Vtilis est in omnibus. Jn lecto qui ceciderit, diu languebit et longam pacietur inﬁrmitatem. Et in sompnis quod videris, in gaudium conuertetur, et si tu vinceris, tu vinces inimicos tuos omnes. Et infans natus vitalis erit. Text: Weißer {Lo23L}, 319–324. Reference: Craig (infra), xl. London, BL cod. Egerton 2852, fols. 107r–108v [c. 1400] Text: Weißer {Lo6L}, 252–255. incip.: Luna prima. Hec dies vtilis est omnibus rebus faciendis. In lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et morietur. In sompnis quicquid videris, in gaudio conuertetur. Jnfans, si natus fuerit, bonus et vitalis erit. Sanguinem ante horam terciam minuere potest. expl.: . . . sompnia vana erunt. Reference: Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum in the Years 1900 –1905, 393: “From the days of the lunar month: a table like that called Lunationes, which usually accompanies the so-called Somnia Danielis (Cotton MS. Tib. A. iii. f. 32b, Sloane Ms. 2030, f. 134, etc., but there is a great variety in the texts). Beg. . . .”; Craig (infra), xl; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203.

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– London, BL cod. Harley 978, fols. 16r–18r [xiv–xv] incip: Luna prima: Hec est utilis omnibus augmentis. Qui ceciderit in lectum, diu languescet. Et sompnium quicquid uiderit, in gaudium conuertetur. Et si infans natus fuerit, vitalis erit. Text: Weißer {Lo16L}, 307–314 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Reference: A Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum 4 vols. London, 1808. 1.488; Thorndike/Kibre. Note: This text is substantively the same as Cambridge, PC cod. 103 [Weißer {Ca2L}] (supra) and Milano, BA cod. T 81 sup [Weißer {Ml3L}] (infra). – London, BL cod. Harley 2558, fols. 191rb–192vb [xiv] incip.: Luna prima: Hec dies omnibus rebus agendis vtilis est: emere, venundare, nauem ascendere, iter peragere, sem*n seminare, propagines facere, hortum construere, terram federe. Puer natus illustris erit et vitalis. Puella casta, benigna et speciosa. Jn lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et diﬃcile euadit. Sanguinis minucio mane ﬁat ante horam terciam. Jn sompnis uero quicquid uideris, in gaudium conuertetur. De Beatus vir, qui non abiit [Ps 1:1]. Text: Weißer {Lo17L}, 314–319. Reference: Catalogue . . . Harleian Manuscripts (supra), 2.699; Craig (infra), xl; Thorndike/Kibre; Jones, P.M. “Harley MS 2558: A Fifteenth-Century Medical Commonplace Book.” Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine. A Book of Essays. Ed. M.R. Schleissner. New York/London, 1995. 35–54 at 39 [but citing fols. 191rb–193ra]. – London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [xi] inscr.: Incipit euisdem lunarium de egris incip.: Luna i qui inciderit diﬃcile euadit. Luna ii . . . Text: Weißer {Lo9L}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Reference: Liuzza, 223: “Medical lunarium.” Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}] (supra), Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}], Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}], Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra). – London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fols. 58v–59r [xi] inscr.: Incipit Lunaris sancti Danihel de nativitate infantium incip.: Luna. i. qui fuerit natus uitalis etit. Luna. ii. . . . Reference: Catalogue . . . Harleian Manuscripts (supra), 3.13; Thorndike, 680 note 3; Thorndike/Kibre: “Lunarium Sancti Danielis”; Liuzza, 223: “Birth lunarium.” – London, BL cod. Harley 3271, fol. 102v inscr.: De sanguine minuere incip.: Luna I tota die bona est . . . expl.: Luna XXX non est bona. Reference: Beccaria, 251: “Lunare del salasso, agguinto da una mano aﬃne”; Liuzza, 224: “Bloodletting lunarium.” Note: This text, if it exists (it is not listed as part of this cod. in the Catalogue . . . Harleian Manuscripts (supra)), appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192 (supra); London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; St. Gallen,

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SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. London, BL cod. Sloane 122, fols. 125v–129r [xv] incip.: Luna prima: hec dies omnibus rebus faciendis vtilis est. Puer natus illustratus et vitalis, signum habebit in ore aut in supercilio. Puella signum habebit quod et puer, literata, casta, benigna, speciosa, viris placens, in posteriori etate meliorabitur. Jn lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et diﬁcile euadit. Jn somnis quicquid videris, in gaudium conuertetur, nichil dubius sis, quia nec bonum nec malum tibi erit. Versus psalmi: Beatus vir, qui non abijt [Ps 1:1]. Quibus necesse est sanguinem minure, mane ante terciam debet agere. Text: Weißer {Lo15L}, 299–307. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre. Note: Although Weißer edits this lunation separately, it is clear that this text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Vespasian E.x, fols. 119r–122v [Weißer {Lo7L}] (supra), London, BL cod. Sloane 2641 [Weißer {Lo4L}] (infra) and London, BL cod. Sloane 282 (infra). London, BL cod. Sloane 282, fols. 82v–85v [xiv] incip.: Luna prima Adam fuit creatus. Omnibus rebus incipiendis utilis est: pueros ad scolas mittere. Puer natus illustratis erit et naturale signum habebit in supercilio; hastutus erit, litteratus et sapiens, si ad hoc applicatus fuerit, jn aqua pericl*tabitur et si euaserit, ad perfectam etatem perueniet. Puella nata habebit signum sicut et puer, casta erit et benigna, speciosa, viris bene placita, equalis, sapiens, in posteriori etate meliorabitur. Jn lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et longa inﬁrmitate pacietur et diﬃcile viuet. Jn sompniis vero quicquid uideris, in gaudium vertetur; non dubites neque bonum neque malum erit tibi. Versus: Beatus vir, qui non abiit in consilio impiorum [Ps 1:1]. Qui vult sanguinem minure, ante horam terciam minuat. Text: Weißer {Lo11L}, 277–286. Reference: Craig (infra), xl; Thorndike/Kibre. Note: Although Weißer edits this lunation separately, it is clear that this text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Vespasian E.x, fols. 119r–122v [Weißer {Lo7L}], London, BL cod. Sloane 122 (supra), London, BL cod. Sloane 2641 [Weißer {Lo4L}] (infra); note also Craig (infra), xl, that this lunation and the one at BL cod. Cotton Vespasian E.x, fol. 114 [sic] “agree with each other.” See also the Middle English copy at London, BL cod. Royal 12.E.xvi, fols. 51v–53v (infra). London, BL cod. Sloane 297, fols. 111r–111v [c. 1450] Reference: Taavitsainen {S5}. Note: This lunation is written in Latin (to Luna IV) and then in English. London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fol. 37r (Luna I–XXVIIII only) [xi/xii] inscr. Quibus lunationibus bonum est sanguinum incip.: Luna. i. tota die bonum est . . . expl.: Luna XXVIIII similiter. Explicit liber II. Reference: Beccaria, 256; Thorndike/Kibre [but citing fols. 39r–40r]; Liuzza, 226: “Bloodletting lunarium . . . Indications for most days are diﬀerent from those commonly found in Anglo-Saxon lunaria.” London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 81r–82r [xi/xii] incip.: Luna prima: Qui decubuerit, si tercio die alleuauerit, sanus erit; si uero quarto die grauior fuerit, cum grandi periculo euadit. Text: Weißer {Lo18L}, 365–373 [synthetic text of 6 MSS].

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chapter six Reference: Beccaria, 257: “Lunare di malattia” [but citing fols. 80v–82r]; Liuzza, 226: “Medical lunarium.” Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, DSB cod. Phill. 1790, fols. 40v–41v [Weißer {Bl6L}], Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276 [Weißer {Ef1L}], Firenze, BML cod. Strozzi 70, fol. 100rv [Weißer {Fl2L}] (supra), Prague, Národního Musea cod. XIV.A.12 [Weißer {PrL}], and St. Gallen, SB cod. 44 [Weißer {Sg2L}] (infra). London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 211r–216v [xi/xii] incip.:

aec dies utilis est omnibus rebus agendis. puer natus erit illustris, astutis, sapiens, literatus. et in aqua periclabit. et si euaserit, in posteriori etate melior erit. puella nata litterata, casta, benigna, speciosa, uiris placens. in lecto qui inciderit, diu languescit et longe inﬁrmate patietur. in somnis quicquid uideris, in gaudium conuertetur. nihil dubium sis, quia neque malum est. expl.: Luna XXX. puer natus erit ﬁlicissimus et benignus. puella nata erit felix, benigna, quieta, mansueta. et qui in lecto ceciderit, perueniet quasi mortuus, sed ad uitam uertetur. et somnium infra triduum reuelabitur. interdum tamen cauta [Svenberg 2: cautae (!)] agendum est. Text: Svenberg 1 {L3} 25–83, 103–128 [commentary]. Reference: Craig (infra), xl; Beccaria, 257: “Lunare di malattia”; Weißer {Lo3L}; Liuzza, 226: “General lunarium.” London, BL cod. Sloane 783b, fol. 220r (Luna I–XVIII only) [xv] incip: Luna prima dies bona est, omnia ad faciendum ualet. Illa die Adam plasmatus est. Hac die omnia agenda vtalis. Jn lectum qui inciderit, diu iacebit et longa inﬁrmitate pacietur, sed viuet. Jnfans, qui est , vtilis erit. Sumpnum in gaudium. Text: Weißer {Lo12L}, 286–288. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre. London, BL cod. Sloane 2030, fols. 134r–135v (?) [c. 1220–1230] London, BL cod. Sloane 2030, fols. 135v–136r (?) [c. 1220–1230] incip.: Luna prima hec dies ad omnia agendo utilis est. Qui in lectum ceciderit, diu languescet et longam infrrmtatem [sic] pacietur. Sopnum quicquid erit, in gaudium conuertetur siue bonum siue malum, quia vinces inimicos tuos. Psalmista dicente: Quis uir qui non abiit, etc. [Ps 1:1]. Jnfans natus uitalis erit et non diues. Text: Weißer {Lo14L}, 293–299. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix [re a “blood-letting” lunation] and again at xl [re a “general” lunation]; Thorndike/Kibre. Note: The reference in Thorndike/Kibre to incipit “Luna prima tota die bona luna secunda . . .” and the descriptive note “Regula ad sanguinem minuendum” re London, BL cod. Sloane 2030, fols. 134r–135, and also the double reference in Craig suggests that there might two lunations here. London, BL cod. Sloane 2641, fols. 62r–64v [xiii/xvi] incip.: Luna prima factus est Adam. omnibus rebus agendis utile est. puer natus erit illustris et uitalis. signum habebit in ore aut in supercilio. astutus erit et sapiens et litteratus, si ad hoc applicatus fuerit. sed in aqua pericl*tabitur. et si tamen euaserit, ad perfectam etatem non ueniet. puella nata habebit signum quod et puer. et erit casta, benigna, speciosa, uiris placens et eque discernens. et in posteriori etate meliorabituri. in lecto qui inciderit, diu languebit et longam inﬁrmitatem pacietur et diﬃcile euadet. in sompniis quicquid uideris, in gaudium uertetur, neque inde dubites, quia neque bonum neque malum tibi euenient. Quibus autem necesse est sanguinem minuere, ante horam † debet explere.

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n.b.: Luna IXa. natus est Nabugodenosor. Omnibus rebus faciendis utile est . . . expl.: Luna XXXa. natus est Samuel propheta. Ad omnia utilis est. infans natus felicissimus, benignus. negocia multa sectabitur. puella felix, mansueta erit. eger perueniet quasi in mortem, et ad uitam conuertitur. sompnia infra duos dies euenient, et hoc sine periculo. et ideo non est curandum de illis. Text: Svenberg 1 {L4}, 24–68, 103–128 [commentary]; Weißer {Lo4L}, 255–271 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Reference: Thondike/Kibre. Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Vespasian E.x [Weißer {Lo7L}] (supra). But see also note at London, BL cod. Sloane 122 and again at Sloane 282 (supra). London, BL cod. Sloane 3285, fol. 87r [xv] incip.: Luna prima tota die bona luna secunda . . . Reference: Thorndike/Kibre: “Regula ad sanguinem minuendum.” Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192; London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271 (supra); München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. London, Royal College of Physicians cod. 358, fols. 49r–50r [xv] Reference: Ker, N.R. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. I: London. Oxford, 1969. 208: “Racio sciencie inﬁrmorum omni die etatis lune vtrum morientur an non. Luna prima si quis decubuerit . . .” Lucca, Biblioteca Governativa cod. 296, fol. 109r inscr. [(description?]: Incipit lunas de somnium incip.: Luna I quicquid somnus tuus videris in gaudium convertetur . . . expl.: Luna XXX infra triduo ﬁat somnium tuum sine periculo. Reference: Beccaria, 298; Thorndike/Kibre. Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional cod. 10063, fol. 25ra [xiii] incip.: Luna prima quicquid per sompnium (in somniis) videris . . . Reference: Thorndike/Kibre. Manchester, Chetham’s Library cod. 11380 [olim Mun. A.4.91], fols. 8r–v [xiii/xiv] Reference: Ker, N.R. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries. III: Lampeter-Oxford. Oxford, 1983. 369: “Dicta ypocratis de luna in qua inﬁrmi decidunt. Luna prima qui decubuerit . . . exibitis: curabitur.” Manchester, Chetham’s Library cod. 11380 [olim Mun. A.4.91], fols. 35v–36v [xiii/xiv] Reference: Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries III (supra), 369: “Incipiunt dicta B’ (?) De lunacionibus. Luna prima. In omnibus rebus agendis . . . Interdum caute cauendum est etc. Expliciunt lunaciones secundum M.” Manchester, Chetham’s Library cod. 11380 [olim Mun. A.4.91], fol. 125v [xiii/xiv] Reference: Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries III (supra), 370: “Prognostications from the age of the moon and from dreams ‘secundum Danielem’.” Melk, Benediktinerstift cod. 728, fols. 90r–91v [xiv/xv] incip.: Luna prima: Haec dies utilis est emere omnibus rebus agendis . . . expl.: Luna XXXa . . . laborat sed vivet.

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chapter six Reference: Classner, C. Inventar der Handschriften des Benediktinerstiftes Melk. Teil 1: Von den Anfängen bis ca. 1400. Veröﬀentlichungen der Kommission für Schriftund Buchwesen des Mittelalters II.8. DAWWien, philos.-histor. Klasse 285. Wien, 2000. 307. Milano, BA cod. T.81 sup., pp. 153–156 [xiv] incip: Luna prima: Hec est utilis omnibus augmentis. Qui ceciderit in lectum, diu languescet et longam inﬁrmitatem patitur. Et sompnium quicquid uiderit, in gaudium uertetur. Et si infans natus fuerit, vitalis erit. Text: Weißer {Ml3L}, 307–314 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre. Note: This text is substantively the same as Cambridge, PC cod. 103 [Weißer {Ca2L}] and London, BL cod. Harley 978 [Weißer {Lo16L}] (supra). Modena, Biblioteca Estense cod. lat. 697, fols. 24v [xv] incip.: Incipit Somniale Danielis prophete. Luna prima quicquid sopniarent [sic] . . . Reference: McGurk, P. Catalogue of Astrological and Mythological Illuminated Manuscripts of the Latin Middle Ages. IV: Astrological Manuscripts in Italian Libraries (Other than Rome). London, 1966. 50. Note: From the description of the incipit, it appears that a lunation precedes the text of the Somniale. This phenomenon is not uncommon; see DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts,” (infra). Modena, Biblioteca Estense cod. lat. 697, fols. 24v–27r [xv] incip.: Luna prima factus est adam dies bonus in omnibus vendere . . . expl.: . . . dies bona in omnibus. [alphabet follows] Reference: McGurk (supra), 50. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 317, fols. 123va–124v [xv] incip.: Prima luna: <est> hic dies omnibus rebus agendis vtilis est: emere, vendere, nauim ascendere, iter agere, seminare, propagines facere, ortos instruere. Furtum cito invenietur. Jnfans vitalis erit, bonus erit in omnibus. Eger diﬃcile euadit. Quidquid in sompnijs videris, in gaudium conuertetur. Text: Weißer {Mü7L}, 339–343. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 658, fols. 17v–19r [1467] inscr.: Expositio inﬁrmitatis omnibus hominibus etiam omnes dies lune, etc. incip.: Luna prima si aliquis decuberit et tertia die se alleuiauerit, sanabitur, sed si grauatur multum, et cum graui periculo euadet. Et qui nascitur, vitam bonam habebit. Natus est Adam. Text: Weißer {Mü5L}, 331–334. Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi I, Pars I: Codices num. 1–2329 complectens. München, 1892. 170; Thorndike/Kibre; Beccaria, 420 [?]: “Luna prima qui decuberit si tertia die se adlevaverit . . .” München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4622, fol. 4v [xi/xiii] incip.: Luna I. mane. luna II. medio die . . . expl.: luna XXX. noli uti. Reference: Glauche, G. Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München. Die Pergamenthandschriften aus Benediktbeuern, Clm 4501–4663. Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Monacensis, series nova, III.1. Wiesbaden, 1994. 220: “Aderlaßlunar.” Note: This text is substantively the same as München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 27305 (infra). München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636, fol. 108v [xii/xiii] incip.: Luna I. tota die bona est . . . Reference: Glauche, G. Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften (supra), 261.

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Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192; London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285 (supra); München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 6382, fol. 42r [xi] incip.: Luna prima quicquid uideris in gaudium convertitur . . . Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi I, Pars III: Codices num. 5251–8100 complectens. München, 1873. 102; Hauréau (supra); Thorndike/Kibre: “Dream Book.” München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172, fol. 10rv [xi] incip.: Luna I. tota die bonum est . . . expl.: luna. XXX. similiter. Reference: Remak-Honnef, E., and Hauke, H. Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München. Die Handschriften der ehemaligen Mannheimer Hofbibliothek. Clm 10001–10930. Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Monacensis, series nova, IV.1. Wiesbaden, 1991. 129. Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192; London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636 (supra); St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 14111, fols. 412ra–413va [xv] incip.: Luna prima omnibus rebus agendis vtilis est . . . Reference: Wunderle, E. Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München. Die Handschriften aus St. Emmeram in Regensburg. Band 1. Clm 14000–14130. Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Monacensis, series nova, IV.2,1. Wiesbaden, 1995. 293. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 14506, fols. 2r [xii] Reference: Weißer, 57: “Aderlaßlunar.” München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 14706, fols. 34r–35r [xv] incip.: Luna prima: Factus est Adam. Hec dies ad omnia agenda vtilis. Quibus necesse est sagwinem minuere, ante horam iiiam debet expellere. Jn lecto qui recumbit, diu langwescit. Et quidquid vides in sompno, in gaudium conuertitur, et si

te vinci, tu tamen inimicos tuos vinces. Jnfans, si natus fuerit, vitalis erit. Text: Weißer {Mü10L}, 347–354. Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi II, Pars II: Codices num. 11001–15028 complectens. München, 1876. 221. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 16521, fols. 6r–7r [1462] inscr.: De etate lune incip.: Luna prima omnibus rebus agendis vtilis est. Puer natus illustris, astutis, sapiens, litteratis, in aqua pericl*tabitur; si euaserit, longeuus erit. Puella casta, speciosa, signum habet in ore et in supercilio. Cito recumbet, diu langwescet. Quidquid sompniaueris, in gaudium conuertetur. Sanguinem minuere bonum est. Text: Weißer {Mü6L}, 334–339.

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chapter six Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi II, Pars III: Codices num. 15121–21313 complectens. München, 1878. 73; Thorndike/Kibre [but citing fol. 6r only]. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 26639, fols. 42ra–vb [xvi] incip.: Luna prima quicquid vides non dubites bonum est . . . Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi II, Pars IV: Codices num. 21406–27268 complectens. München, 1881. 198: “Somnia Danielis”; Thorndike/Kibre: “Daniel, Dream-book.” Note: Both the Catalogus and Thorndike/Kibre imply that this is a copy of the Somniale Danielis, but the incipit makes it clear that it is not. München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 27305, p. 33 [x/xi] inscr.: Isti sunt dies lunares qua luna debeas uti medicina incip.: Luna I. mane. Luna II. medio die . . . expl.: luna. XXX. noli vti. Reference: Hauke, H. Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München. Clm 27270–27499. Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Monacensis, series nova, IV.5. Wiesbaden, 1975. 25. Note: This text is substantively the same as München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4622 (supra). München, UB 4° cod. 649, fol. 185v [1472/1478] incip.: Luna prima quid quotiens videbis non dubitabis . . . Reference: Reuter, M. Die lateinischen mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek München. Die Handschriften aus der Quartreihe. Wiesbaden, 2000. 178. München, UB cod. 4° 808, fols. 173v–174r [1456/1457] inscr.: Pronostica ad mortem et ad vitam. Pronostica ad mortem et ad vitam per dies mensis a physicis experta incip.: Quis prima die mensis in jnﬁrmitatem decicit, sequens tercia diei timenda est: qua si transiert, usque ad xxx dies euadit. Text: Weißer {Mü9L}, 344–347 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1234 [Weißer {Vp4L}] (infra). München, UB cod. 8° 339, fols. 118v–119r [xv] Text: Weißer {Mü8L}, 343. New Haven, Yale University Beinecke cod. 163 (Wagstaﬀ Miscellany), fol. 28v [xiv/xv] incip.: Dies Nebugodonosor Regis omnis populus tradebat ei sompna que videbat ut solueret Daniel propheta expl.: luna XXXa. infra tres dies videns quod sompniasti. Expliciunt lune distinccionum. Reference: Shailor, B. Catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Volume I: MSS 1–250. Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies 34. Binghamton, 1984. 217: “From the interpretation of dreams [sic] attributed to the prophet Daniel, cf. Lyell Cat., p. 89 [see the Somniale Danielis MSS, supra, at Oxford, Bod. cod. Lyell 35] and Thorndike and Kibre (under Daniel).” Oxford, All Souls College cod. 332, fol. 3 [xii] Reference: Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries III (supra), 591: “f. 3 (begins imperfectly) quadam debilitate. Luna in xia . . . predicere ﬁnem.” Note: It is unclear whether this text is a lunation. Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 342, fol. 23v–25v incip.: Luna prima omnibus agentibus est . . . Reference: Black, W.H. A Descriptive, Analytical, and Critical Catalogue of the Manuscripts Bequeathed unto the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., Windsor Herald. Also of Some Additional MSS. Contributed by Kingsley, Lhuyd, Borlase, and Others. Oxford, 1845. Col. 240.

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– Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 361, fols. 156v–158v [xiv] inscr.: Iste sunt lunaciones quas Adam primus hom*o disposuit secundam veram experientiam quam etiam suis ﬁliis tradidit et quam maxime Abel et ceteris de posteritate ad quos etiam concordavit Daniel propheta et ceteris . . . Reference: Black (supra), col. 280; Thorndike, 682 note 1. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 361, fols. 159r–159v [xiv] inscr.: <M>odo agitur de numero lune ad videndum que sit bona uel que mala et vsum istarum lunacionum inuenerunt Adam et Daniel propheta, quibus dedit sensum deus et pulcritudinem et fortitudinem huius mundj. Et ideo omnes homines qui nasc*ntur: omni debet peccatum ipsius Ade et mulieris peccatum Euue, sicut quod masculus quando nascitur, dicit ‘o a’, et femila dicit ‘o e’. Primum dixit, quod vidit Adam, quando fuit factus, quia primo creatus uidit lunam, et ideo uocata est sic, quia dixit ‘lunam’ primam, et deus dedit lune potestatem super res inferiores creatas. Et Adam sciuit tectum suum posse, et inst

uit lunam uocari primam, postquam coniuncta est soli facta reuolucione, dum jncipit nouiter apparere, et ideo propter creacionem suam dixit: incip: quando omnia sunt bona ad faciendum luna prima, et ut incipiantur. Et hom*o qui nascitur luna prima, debet esse diuturne uite et debet bene ﬁnere. Idem dixit de muliere, que tunc nascitur. Qui decidit in inﬁrmitatem luna prima, debet habere proongam inﬁrmitatem, sed debet perfecte curari. Et debet habere signum jn pede. Et qui illa hora sompniat sompnium; debet in gaudium ueriﬁcari et erit bonum atque dilectum. Si incipiat ibidem pluere, non debet durare ultra tres dies. Et quando tempore illo ﬁt ﬂebothomia, debet ﬁeri ante terciam uel ante. Text: Weißer {Ox3L}, 359–362. Reference: Black (supra), col. 280; Thorndike, 682 note 1. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Bodley 579, fol. 56r [ix] incip.: Luna prima bona est. Luna secunda bona est. Reference: Liuzza, 227: “Lunarium, presumably for bloodletting though not so labelled.” – Oxford, Bod. cod. Junius 43 [SC 5155] inscr. [(description?]: Somniorum eventus iuxta aetates Lunae incip.: swa hwæt swa äu gesihst on blisse biä || Luna prima quicquid uideris in gaudiam erit . . . expl.: . . . swefen äin butan frecendnysse || . . . Somnium tuum sine periculo. Amen. Reference: Wanley, 88, who notes that this text “ex Cottoniae Bibliothecae volumine, quod inscribitur, TIBERIUS. A.3.” Note: This text appears to be composed in both Latin and Old English (infra) and a copy of some of the lunations in the BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii (on which, see infra); according to the Summary Catalogue, 2.2.974, the text was copied by hand and appears in a printed book (København, 1631). – Oxford, Bod. cod. Junius 44 [SC 5156] inscr. [description?]: De observatione Lunae, & quae cauenda incip.: Mona se forma on eallum äingum dondum ntlic s . . . || Luna prima omnibus rebus agendis utilis est . . . Reference: Wanley, 88–89: “E codice Cottoniano TIB.A.3. descripsit cl. Junius. Apographum tamen mihi videtur imperfectum, quin & Tractatulum de Consideratione aetatum Lunae in modo genitis, qui superiorem sequebatur, a me quaerente inventum fuerit.” Note: This text appears to be composed in both Latin and Old English (on which, see infra). According to the Summary Catalogue, 2.2.974, “‘De observatione lunae et quae cavenda’ copied by Junius from Cott. MS Tib. A.iii,

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fol. 32v, in the British Museum (fol. 2), followed by brief extracts from the same (artt. iii, vii, viii, x, xi, xii, xv, xviii, and xxii) with parallels from no. 5135, at that time in the Hatton Library.” – Oxford, Bod. cod. Junius 44 [SC 5156] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum Lunae in aegris incip.: Luna I. se þe afealleä. earfoälice he ætwint . . . || Luna I. qui inciderit, diﬃcile evadet. . . . Reference: Wanley, 89: “è Cod. Cott. TIB.A.3.” Note: This text appears to be composed in both Latin and Old English (on which, see infra); see note following previous entry. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Lyell 36, fols. 51–57 [xv] incip.: Luna prima omnibus rebus agendis utilis est. Puer natus illustris erit et vitalis . . . Reference: de la Mare, A. Catalogue of the Collection of Medieval Manuscripts Bequeathed to the Bodleian Library by James P.R. Lyell. Oxford, 1971. 99. – Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17, fol. 4r [1110] incip.: Luna. i. tota die bona est. Luna. ii. . . . Reference: Weißer, 57: “Geburtslunar”; “Tagwähllunar”; “Traumlunar”; Liuzza, 229: “Bloodletting lunarium.” – Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17, fol. 4r [1110] incip.: Luna. i. Qui natus fuerit uitalis erit. Luna. ii. . . . Reference: Weißer, 57: “Geburtslunar”; “Tagwähllunar”; “Traumlunar”; Liuzza, 229: “Birth lunarium.” – Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17, fol. 4r [1110] incip.: Luna. i. qui ceciderit diﬃcile euadit. Luna ii . . . Text: Weißer {Ox2L}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}], London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], (supra), Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}], Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra). Reference: Wallis, F. “Medicine in Medieval Calendar Manuscripts.” Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine. A Book of Essays. Ed. M.R. Schleissner. New York/London, 1995. 105–143 at 123; Liuzza, 229: “Medical lunarium.” – Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17, fol. 4r [1110] incip.: Luna. i. quicquid uideris ad gaudium pertinet. Luna. ii. . . . Reference: Weißer, 57: “Geburtslunar”; “Tagwähllunar”; “Traumlunar”; Liuzza, 229: “Dream lunarium.” – Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal cod. 873, fols. 212r–213r [xv] incip.: Luna prima quicquid videris ad gaudium veniet . . . Reference: Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France. Paris: Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal. Paris, 1885–1889. 2.147: “Judicia sompniorum secundum quod hom*o viderit in diversis diebus lunationum.” – Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal cod. 2872, fol. 400r [xiv] Reference: Catalogue général . . . Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal (supra), 3.137: “Tables de Daniel le prophète.” Note: It is unclear whether this text is a lunation, although the attribution to Daniel and the fact that it appears immediately after a series of lunaries and immediately before a “table des nativitiés pour trouver la planete et le signe de chascun” strongly suggests it.

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– Paris, BNF cod. lat. 2113, fol. 256r–v [x/xi] inscr.: Incipit de inﬁrmis incip.: Luna I, non longa inﬁrmitas sed cito sanatur. Luna II, multum languitur, sed sanabitur . . . Text: Wickersheimer (infra), 53–54; Weißer {Pa4L}, 419–420 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Reference: Lauer, P. Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue général des manuscrits, tome II (nos. 1439–2692). Paris, 1940. 324. Note: This text is substantively the same as Paris, BNF cod. lat. 2825 [Weißer {Pa5L}] and Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. Car. C. 176 [Weißer {Zü4L}] (infra). – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 2113, fols. 256v–257v [x/xi] Reference: Weißer, 56: “Sammellunar.” Note: Not speciﬁcally noted in Lauer (infra). – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 2825, fols. 125v–126r [x] inscr.: Incipit de egrotis quis quale luna inciderit, utrum vitalis sit an tarde convalescit incip.: Luna I, longa inﬁrmitio. Luna II, cito surgit . . . Text: Wickersheimer (infra), 57; Weißer {Pa5L}, 419–420 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Reference: Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue général des manuscrits, tome III (nos. 2693 à 3013A) (Paris, 1952), 119. Note: This text is substantively the same as Paris, BNF cod. lat. 2113, fols. 256v–257v [Weißer {Pa4L}] (supra) and Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. Car. C. 176 [Weißer {Zü4L}] (infra). – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 3660, fols. 53r–57r [xvi] incip.: Primo die lunae Adam ad lucem peruenit, in quo quidem die bonum est emere et uendere, plantare, seminare, nauigare etc. et is qui tali die aufugerit, suo tempore reuertetur, qui uero eo in die ortum habuerit, longae uitae erit. qui autem in die illo inﬁrmatur, cito sanatur, et somnia in eo erunt uera. expl.: 30 dies fortunatus erit. qui nascetur, bonae uitae erit. qui autem inﬁrmabitur, cito morietur. Text: Svenberg 1 {p}, 100–102, 139 [commentary]. Reference: Weißer {Pa2L}. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 4147, fol. 112 incip.: Luna prima factus est Adam. . . . Reference: Hauréau (supra); Thorndike/Kibre. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882, fol. 18v [ix/x] inscr.: Lunaris de egrotantibus quomodo tempore egrotant. incip.: Luna I qui in ceciderit diﬁcilis evadit . . . expl.: Luna XXX laborat, set surgit. Text: Wickersheimer (infra), 74; Weißer {Pa6L}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Reference: Beccaria, 149; 470 (index); Thorndike/Kibre. Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}], London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}] (supra), Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra).

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– Paris, BNF cod. lat. 7349, fols. 31v–32v [ix] Text: Weißer {Pa3L}, 362–365. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 7453, fols. 18r–19v Reference: Svenberg, “Kollektivlunaria” {p2}, 80. – Paris, BNF cod. lat. 11218, fol. 101r [ix] inscr.: Incipit disposicione de lunas. incip.: Luna prima: Leuiter egrotabit. Luna ii: iterum . . . expl.: Luna xxx: Contrariis rebus cesser. Text: Wickersheimer (infra), 110; Weißer {Pa7L}, 174–175 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Reference: Beccaria, 165. Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, DSB cod. Phill. 1790, fol. 41v [Weißer {Bl7L}] and Karlsruhe, Bad. Landesbibliothek MS Aug. CLXXIII [Weißer {Ka2L}] (supra). – Paris, BNF cod. n.a. lat. 356, fols. 1v–(14) [xii] incip.: Luna prima hec dies omnibus egrantibus utilis est . . . Reference: Thorndike/Kibre. – Paris, BNF cod. n.a. lat. 1616, fols. 10v–12r [ix] incip.: Luna prima. [qui incenditur in ipsa, sanabitur. et] bona est in omnibus: dare et accipere et nubere et nauigare in mare et uendere et emere. et omnis quicumque fugerit in ipsa aut seruus aut liber, non poterit, sed capietur. aut qui incendit in tedio, sanabitur. et qui natus fuerit, uitalis erit. Luna II . . . expl.: Luna XXX. bona est ambulare in piscatone . . . periculo mortis habebit. Text: Svenberg 1 {P}, 84–87, 128–131 [commentary]; Svenberg 2, 23–29; Wickersheimer (infra), 140–141 [partial]. Reference: Thorndike, 676; Thorndike/Kibre; Weißer {Pa1L}. – Praha, Národního Musea cod. XIV.A.12, fols. 383ra–383rb [xv] inscr.: Prognosticon lune de inﬁrmibus incip.: Luna prima: Si decubuerit eger, si se die tercia alleuauerit, sanus erit; si grauior fuerit inﬁrmitas, cum graui periculo euadit. Text: Weißer {PrL}, 365–373 [synthetic text of 6 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, DSB cod. Phill. 1790, fols. 40v–41v [Weißer {Bl6L}], Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276 [Weißer {Ef1L}], Firenze, BML cod. Strozzi 70, fol. 100rv [Weißer {Fl2L}], London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 81r–82r [Weißer {Lo18L}] (supra), and St. Gallen, SB cod. 44 [Weißer {Sg2L}] (infra). – St. Gallen, SB cod. 44, pp. 226–228 [ix] inscr.: Incipit lune requisitione inﬁrmis incip.: Luna prima: Qui decubuerit, si tercia die se alleuauerit, sanus erit; si autem grauior fuerit, cum graui periculo euadit. Text: Weißer {Sg2L}, 365–373 [synthetic text of 6 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Berlin, DSB cod. Phill. 1790, fols. 40v–41v [Weißer {Bl6L}], Erfurt, WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276 [Weißer {Ef1L}], Firenze, BML cod. Strozzi 70, fol. 100rv [Weißer {Fl2L}], London, BL cod. Sloane 475, fols. 81r–82r [Weißer {Lo18L}], and Prague, Národního Musea cod. XIV.A.12 [Weißer {PrL}] (supra). Reference: Beccaria, 365. – St. Gallen, SB cod. 304, pp. 32–37 [1436] incip.: Luna prima: Omnibus rebus agendis vtile est. Sagwinem minuere mane ante horam terciarum debet explere. Jn lectum qui incidit, diu langwescit et longam inﬁrmitatem pacietur. Jnfans, si natus fuerit, vitalis erit. Jn sompnis quidquid videris, non dubius sis, quia bonum est neque malum: jn gaudium commutabitur, et si te videris vinci, tum tu vinces omnes jni-

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micos tuos, secundum tradicionem. Psalmi versus: Beautus vir, qui non abijt in consilio impiorum [Ps 1:1], etc. Text: Weißer {Sg3L}, 373–380. St. Gallen, SB cod. 751, pp. 175–176 (Luna I–XXIX only) [ix/x] inscr.: In qualis luna debet hom*o sanguinem incip.: Luna prima et secunda bona est. expl.: Luna XXIX ab hora III usque ad septima bona est. Text: Laux (infra), 432. Reference: Beccaria, 379: “Lunare del salasso.” Note: It is quite clear that the lunation in Laux, 432, is this St. Gallen text. But Beccaria, 379, provides an incipit and explicit that is diﬀerent from that in Laux’s edition. Yet for the lunation preserved in København, Det kgl. Bibliotek cod. 1653 (supra), Beccaria lists an incipit and an explicit that is identical to what is found in Laux, and what is more cites Laux as the editor of the text. All this suggests that Beccaria mistakenly assigned the incorrect incipits and explicits to each text. Both Beccaria and Laux observe that the St. Gallen lunation is incomplete. St. Gallen, SB cod. 751, p. 376 [ix/x] inscr.: Incipit lunaris sancti Daniheli. incip.: Luna prima puer natus erit studiosus vitalis . . . expl.: (Luna XXX) omnia bona sunt Reference: Beccaria, 378: “È ripetuto, incompleto, anche a pp. 428c–429”; Weißer, 57: “Geburtslunar mit geringen Resten von Traumprognostik und Tagesqualiﬁzierung”; Thorndike/Kibre: “Daniel, Moon-book.” St. Gallen, SB cod. 751, p. 428b [ix/x] inscr. [description?]: Incipit de lun. c. servat [?] incip.: Luna I tota die bonum est . . . expl.: Luna XXX non est bona. Reference: Beccaria, 379: “Lunare del salasso”; Weißer, 58: “Tagwähllunar.” Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192; London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172 (supra); Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v; Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r; and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687 (infra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. St. Gallen, SB cod. 751, pp. 428c–429 [ix/x] Reference: Weißer, 58: “Geburtslunar.” St. Gallen, SB cod. 756, pp. 169–172 [c. 1400] incip.: [see Göteborg, MS X, supra] expl.: Luna 30. sompnus tuus infra duos dies ﬁet sine periculo. huc usque praesentanea sunt sompnia et uera. eger si infra duos dies non morietur, ad uitam reuertetur. infans natus negocia sectabitur multa. minuere non est bonum. Text: Svenberg 1 {s}, 24–68 [as apparatus to Svenberg 1 {G}] 70–82, 103–128 [commentary]. Reference: Scherrer, G. Verzeichniss der Handschriften der Stiftsbibliothek von St. Gallen. Halle, 1875. 249: “Traumbuch in 29 Artikeln”; Weißer {GöL}. Note: This MS is the substantively the same as Göteborg, MS X [Svenberg 1 {G}] (supra) and Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 2532 [Svenberg 1 {W}] (infra). Uppsala, Kon. Universitetsbibliotek cod. C.664, p. 23 (Luna XXVII-XXX only) [ix] incip.: Luna XXVII. Usque as mortem egrotat . . .

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chapter six expl.: (Luna XXX) et contrariis rebus a medicis curabitur. Explicit lune requisitio. Reference: Beccaria, 345: “Lunare di malattia, framm.” Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39va [xi] inscr.: De [. . .] hominibus incip.: Luna prima qui fuerit vitalis erit. Luna ii . . . Reference: Stevenson, H., Jr., Codices Palatini latini Bibliothecae Vaticanae. Tomus I. Roma, 1886. 57; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [xi] inscr.: De egrotantibus incip. Luna i qui ceciderit diﬃcule euadit. L ii . . . Text: Weißer {Vp1L}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}], London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}], Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}] (supra), and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485 [Weißer {Vp3L}] (infra). Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vc [xi] inscr.: De somniis incip.: Luna i quicquid videris nihil dubium [. . .] bonum est. L ii & iii . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fols. 40r–41r [xi] inscr.: De Lune observatione incip.: Luna i omnibus rebus agendis utilis est . . . Text: Weißer {Vp2L}, 380–392 [synthetic text of 4 MSS]. Reference: Stevenson (supra), 57; Thorndike, 680 note 1; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Note: This text is substantively the same as Bernkastel-Kues, Universitätsbibliothek MS 203 [Weißer {KuL}], Berlin, SBPK cod. lat. 8° 93 [Weißer {Bl2L}], and London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii [Weißer {Lo2L}] (infra). Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 13v [ix] inscr.: Incipiunt signa in quibus aegrotus an pericl*tari aut euadere non potest incip.: Luna i qui ceciderit in inﬁrmitatem diﬃcule euadit. Luna ii . . . Text: Weißer {Vp3L}, 273–277 [synthetic text of 9 MSS]. Reference: Stevenson (supra), 156 [but listing it as a copy of the Dies Aegypiaci]; Wallis, “Medicine in Medieval Calendar Manuscripts” (supra), 105–143 at 115–117 [but citing fol. 13r]; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Note: This text is substantively the same as London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv [Weißer {Lo20L/E}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [Weißer {Lo19L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 65v [Weißer {Lo22L}], London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi [Weißer {Lo21L}], London, BL cod. Harley 3017, fol. 58v [Weißer {Lo9L}], Oxford, St. John’s College MS 17 [Weißer {Ox2L}], Paris, BNF cod. lat. 6882 [Weißer {Pa6L}], and Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 235, fol. 39vb [Weißer {Vp1L}] (supra). Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 485, fol. 15v [ix] inscr.: Ad sanguinem minuendum incip.: Luna i bona est. secunda non est Reference: Stevenson (supra), 156; Thorndike/Kibre: “Ad sanguinem minuendum”; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra).

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– Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1030, fol. 131ra–b incip.: Luna prima quitquid in sompnio videbis ﬁet bonum. Luna iia . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1080, fol. 196rv incip.: Luna prima . . . qui ceciderit lectum longam inﬁrmitatem habebit Reference: Schuba, L. Die medizinischen Handschriften der Codices Palatini Latini in der Vatikanischen Bibliothek. Catalogue der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg 1. Wiesbaden, 1981; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1234, fols. 105rb–105va [xv] incip.: Si quis prima die cuiuslibet mensis in inﬁrmitate ceciderit sequens 3cia diei timenda est qua si transierit egritans usque ad 3° dies euadit. Si 2a die . . . Text: Weißer {Vp4L}, 344–347 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Reference: Schuba, Die medizinischen HSS (supra), 252; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Note: This text is substantively the same as München, UB cod. 4° 808 [Weißer {Mü9L}] (supra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1321, fol. 163ra–b incip.: Luna prima nichil dubites quitquid videris. Luna secunda & 3 . . . Reference: Schuba, Die medizinischen HSS (supra), 427; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Pal. lat. 1449, fol. 9r incip.: Luna I bona est. secunda non est bona . . . Reference: Schuba, L. Die Quadriviums-Handschriften der Codices Palatini Latini in der Vatikanischen Bibliothek. Wiesbaden, 1992. 267; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Reg. lat. 567, fol. 30v–31r incip.: [Luna prima s]omaueris (?) quicquit videris ad gaudium ueniet. „ ii & iii . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Reg. lat. 567, fols. 37v–41v incip.: [„ prima] hec dies utilis est omnibus [rebus (?)] agendis . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Reg. lat. 846, fol. 114vb-c Reference: Beccaria, 319: “a c. 114vb si scourge l’impostazione di un lunario, quasi interamente cancellato”; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Reg. lat. 1420, fols. 32v–33r incip.: Luna prima quidquid videbis bonum est. Luna 2a . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Urb. lat. 1439, fols. 146v–147v inscr.: De natiuitate . . . dies Lune incip.: Luna prima qui natus erit . . . Reference: Stornajolo, C. Codices Vrbinates Latini. Tomus III: Codices 1001–1779. Roma, 1921. 338; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 642, fol. 91r incip.: Luna i quicquid in somnis uideris siue bonum siue malum non est dubium in gaudio conuertetur Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 642, fol. 91r incip.: Luna i infans si natus fuerit uitalis erit. In ii . . . Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 18–20 [in apparatus]. Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra).

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– Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 642, fols. 91v–94r incip.: Luna i mari pleno uade ad regem & pete ab eo quod uis hora tercia & dabitur tibi . . . Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” (infra), 38–42; Svenberg 1 {V2}, 88–95, 131–136 [commentary]; Svenberg 2, 30–41. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxviii; Vattasso, M. Codices Vaticani latini. Tomus I: Codices 1–678. Roma, 1902. 493; Thorndike/Kibre; Weißer {Va2L}; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 687, fol. 120r–v incip.: Luna prima tota die bonum est. Luna secunda . . . Reference: Thorndike/Kibre: “Phlebotomy”; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). Note: This text appears to be substantively the same as Cambridge, TC cod. O.7.23, fol. 70v; Herten, cod. med. Hertensis 192; London, BL. cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi, fol. 7v; London, BL cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii, fol. 2r; London, BL cod. Harley 3271; London, BL cod. Sloane 3285; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 4636; München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 10172; and St. Gallen, SB, cod. 751, p. 428b (supra); and the text published by Migne, PL 105, cols. 961–962. – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 1548, fols. 75v–76r [xii] inscr.: De diuiniatione inﬁrmitatum & sompniorum incip.: Si quis luna i egrotauerit. Text: Svenberg 2 {O}, 42–43 [but citing fol. 75v only]. Reference: Nogara, B. Bibliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae codices manu scripti recensiti. Tomus III: Codices 1461–2059. Roma, 1912. 60; Weißer {Va3L}; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 3101, fols. 26r–28r [1077] inscr.: De observatione lune incip.: „ I tota die bonum et sanguinem minuere . . . Text: Svenberg 1 {V1}, 25–83, 103–128 [commentary]. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre; Weißer {Va1L}; DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 6297, fol. 152r incip.: luna prima quicquid uideris nichil dubium [. . .] sis quia (?) bonum est. luna 2a . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 6297, fol. 156va–b inscr.: Incipiunt signa lunationum . . . incip.: Luna prima longa inﬁrmitas. luna 2 . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 6297, fol. 157ra incip: Luna prima qui natus fuit uitalis. luna 2 . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 6297, fol. 157ra–b incip.: Luna prima minuere sanguinem tota die bonum est. luna 2 . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. lat. 6297, fols. 164r–165r incip.: Luna prima natus est Adam. dies bona in omnibus vendere . . . Reference: DiTommaso, “Mediaeval Manuscripts” (infra). – Venezia, BM cod. lat. VIII.33 [olim lat. 106], fols. 7vb–8vb [xv] incip.: Luna prima. Adam factus est illa propter iussa opera. bonum est uendere, in uia ambulare, testamentum facere. et qui incipit languore, sanatur. Puer si natus fuerit, signum habebit in collo. puella similiter. et uitam

non habebit, sed cum langore amittit animam. et qui egro-

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tauerit, longam inﬁrmitatem facet et in dubium est. et sompnium tuum certum est. quidquid uiderit, in gaudium conuertit aut dubium est, quia non uincit te. et qui aliquid perdiderit aut fugerit, infra paucos dies inuenerit illud. expl.: Luna 30a. infans qui natus fuerit, prope morietur. et sompnium quod uideris, infra tres dies ﬁet. Text: Svenberg 1 {m}, 96–99, 137–139 [commentary]. Reference: Thorndike/Kibre; Weißer {VeL}. Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 545 [likely, but 575 ?], fols. 122v–124v [xiv] incip.: Luna prima si infans natus fuerit . . . Note: Under this incipit Thorndike/Kibre list Wien cod. 575, fols. 122v–124v [xiv]. But the Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum (Wien, 1864–1870) records that cod. 575 ends at fol. 121. What is interesting is that the Tabulae also records that at cod. 545, fols. 122v–124v [xiv] there is the following text: “De lunationibus cujuslibet mensis. Incip.: ‘Luna prima si infans . . .’ et expl.: ‘reuelabitur sine periculo’.” Could Thorndike/Kibre have mistaken cod. 575 for cod. 545? Note also that a copy of the Somniale Danielis is preserved at cod. lat. 545. Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 2245, fols. 60r–64v [xii] Text: Wilhelm (infra), 217–222. Reference: Weißer {Wi2L}. Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 2532 [olim Nov. 392], fols. 55r–59r [xii] incip.: Luna prima hec dies omnibus egrantibus utilis est . . . Text: Svenberg 1 {W}, 24–82 [as apparatus to Svenberg 1 {S} and {s}], 103–128 [commentary]. Reference: Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum (supra): “Notitiae astrologicae de phasibus lunae. Incip.: ‘Luna. 1. Hec dies omnibus aegrotantibus utilis est . . .’ Expl.: ‘Puer natus negotia multa sectabit’.”; Hauréau (supra); Thorndike/Kibre; Weißer {Wi1L}. Note: This MS is the substantively the same as Göteborg, MS X [Svenberg 1 {G}] and St. Gallen, SB 756 [Svenberg 1 {s}] (supra). Wien, ÖNB cod. lat. 5307 [olim Med. 76], fols. 66v–67r [xv] incip.: Luna prima: Ab omni opere bonum est. Sompnia similiter nullum eﬀectum habent. Si infans natus fuerit, cito crescit et erit vitalis. Psalmus: Beatus vir, qui non abijt. [Ps 1:1] Text: Weißer {Wi5L}, 401–405. Reference: Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum (supra): not listed speciﬁcally, but fols. 60r–316r listed as “Therapeutica universalis in systema digesta”; Thorndike/ Kibre [but listing cod. 5305]. Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. C. 101, fol. 24r [xv] Reference: Weißer, 58: “Tagwähllunar.” Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. Car. C. 176, fol. 238r [x/xi] Reference: Mohlberg, L.C. Katalog der Handschriften der Zentralbibliothek Zürich. I: Mittelalterliche Handschriften. Zürich, 1932. 536 [index, q.v. “Daniel”]: “lunarium sancti D. de nativitate infantium”; Weißer, 58: “Geburtslunar.” Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. Car. C. 176, fol. 238v [x/xi] inscr.: Incipit de egris qui decumbit per singulas lunae, utrum morituri sint an conualescere queant incip.: Luna i: inﬁrmatur diu. Luna ii: cito surgit . . . Text: Weißer {Zü4L}, 419–420 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Paris, BNF cod. lat. 2113, fols. 256v–257v [Weißer {Pa4L}] and Paris, BNF cod. lat. 2825 [Weißer {Pa5L}] (supra).

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Old English – Cambridge, CCC cod. 391 [olim TC cod. K.10.II], p. 716 [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 21–26. Reference: Craig (infra), xl [but citing p. 717]; Ker, N.R. Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford, 1957. 144: “Prognostics of birth by the age of the moon, beg. ‘Onre [sic] I nihte ealdne monan’”; Frank/Cameron B.23.3.1.4; Liuzza, 214. Note: Wanley, 110, re Cambridge, TC cod. K.10.II: “Consideratio aetatum Lunae in modo genitis,” incip.: “Onre. I. nihte ealdne Monan. þæt cild þæt swa biä acenned. þæt biä liﬂic . . .” – Cambridge, CCC cod. 391 [olim TC cod. K.10.II], pp. 717–718 [xi] Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 34–36. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 114: “prognostics of illness by the age of the moon, beg. ‘Se äe onre [sic] nihte monan weoräeä untrum’ and ending ‘ariseä. Îis is eallum gemæne iungum ˚ ealdum. Finit’”; Weißer {Ca1E}; Frank/Cameron B.23.3.1.5; Liuzza, 214. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 391 [olim TC cod. K.10.II], pp. 720, 721 [xi] Text: Förster, “Traumlunare,” 79–86. Reference: Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 114: “prognostics by the age of the moon, preceded on pp. 718–20 by a Latin version. OE begins ‘þonne se mone biä anre nihte eald swa hwæt swa þu gesihst. Pr. Förster 1925–6, 79”; Frank/Cameron B.23.3.1.6; Liuzza, 214. Note: Wanley, 110, re Cambridge, TC cod. K.10.II: “Somniorum eventus juxta aetates Lunae,” incip.: “Thonne se Mone biä anre nihte eald,” expl.: “On XXX. nihte aldne Monan. efter twegra daga rste þæt swefen agæþ butan frecednesse.” Note: Unlike other cases of MSS containing Latin text + Old English text/gloss, the Old English in this text is not a translation of the Latin. – Cambridge, CCC cod. 422, p. 27 incip.: Luna. i. Bona est her hit i<s god timea.> Luna. ii. Non est bona nis hi

. . . Text: Henel (infra), 334–335. Reference: Gneuss, H. Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts. A List of Manuscripts and Manuscripts Fragments Written or Owned in England up to 1100. MRTS 241. Tempe, 2000. 38; Frank/Cameron B.23.2.2; Liuzza, 214. Note: This text is a mixture of Latin and Old English. – London, BL cod. Arundel 60, fols. 1r–v [xi] Reference: Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the British Museum. New Series, Volume I: Bibliothecae Arundelianae. London, 1834.13: “Tabula dierum lunae ‘ad sanginem minuendum’”; Gneuss, Handlist (supra), 60: “Lunarium for blood-letting”; Liuzza, 215 [but citing fol. 1r only]. – London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv fols. 125v–126r [xi] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum Lunae (sive Lunares) in aegris incip.: Lun. I. qui inciderit, diﬃcile euadet . . . || se þe afeallä earfoälice he ætwint . . . expl.: Lun. XXX. Eger laborabit & surget. || Seoc he swincä ˚ arisä. Text [Old English]: co*ckayne (infra), 150 [with translation] [but citing fols. 121v–122r]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 32–34. Reference: Wanley, 233–234; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 174; Weißer {Lo20L/E}; Frank/Cameron B.23.3.2.1; Liuzza, 215. Note: This text is composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English. – London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv, fols. 131v–132r [xi] incip.: On anre nihte eald Monan. swa hwæt swa þe mæteä þæt cmä to gefean . . .

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expl.: On XXX. nihta ær twegra nihta fyrste þæt swefen agæä butan frecnum þingum. Text: co*ckayne (infra), 154–157 [with translation] [but citing fols. 127v–128r]; Förster, “Traumlunare,” 79. Reference: Wanley, 234; Craig (infra), xxxix [but citing fol. 127v]; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 175; Liuzza, 216. London, BL cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv, fol. 132r [xi] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum Lunae in Nativitatibus incip.: Gif man biþ akenned on anre nihte ealdne Monan. Se biä lang lifes ˚ welig . . . expl.: Gif he biä on .XXIX. oääe on .XXX. nihta ealdne monan akenned. se biä god and freondliäe Text: co*ckayne (infra),156–159 [with translation] [but citing fol. 128r]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 21–26. Reference: Wanley, 234; Craig (infra), xl; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 175; Frank/Cameron B.23.3.2.3; Liuzza, 216. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 32v–35v [xi] inscr.: de observatione lune & quae cauenda sint incip.: Mona se forma on eallum þingum dondum nytlic ys. cild acenned biä mæne. glæw. wis. gestæﬂæred. on pætere gedyrfed gif he ætwint. lang life he biä. mæden acenned ungewemmed clæne. milde. werum geliegenge. rihtlice toscedenne. on æftereardan ylde heo biä on bedde lange liegende. tacen heo hefä on muäe. oääe on [ofer] bruan. se þe biä lange he handlaä. swa þæt swa hine swefnaä on blisse hit biä gewyrfed. for þi ne yfel selden god hit getacnaä. ˚ blod lætan oääe panian ealne dæg. mona god ys . . . expl.: Mona se þritti[goäa] cild acenned gesæligust. milde. mæden gesælig. geþwære. seoc swin[c]ä ac he leofaä swefnu binnon þrim dagum beoä onwrigene hwilan to warnienne. nyf na god mona blod lætan. endiaä swefnu danielis [þæs] witigan. Text [Old English]: co*ckayne (infra), 184–197 [with translation]; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 79–129. Reference: Wanley, 194; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Weißer {Lo2L/E}; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203; Frank/Cameron C16.2; Liuzza, 216: “General lunarium.” Note: This text is composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English. Note: On the foliation of this and all the Latin and Old English copies of the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 35v–36r [xi] inscr.: [description?]: Somniorum eventus juxta aetates Lunae incip.: swa hwæt swa äu gesihst on blisse biä || Luna prima quicquid uideris in gaudiam erit . . . expl.: binnan þrim dagum gewyrþ swefen äin butan frecendnysse || Luna XXX. infra triduum ﬁ&. somnium tuum sine periculo. amen. Reference: Wanley, 194 [citing fol. 33v]: “Incipit Lunaris de somnis. TITUS. D.26”; Craig (infra), xxxix [but citing only fol. 35v]; Ker, Catalogue of AngloSaxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Frank/Cameron C16.3; Liuzza, 216–217: “Dream lunarium.” Note: This text is composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English. Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 36v [xi] incip.: Luna I. se þe acenned siä liﬂic he biä . . . || Luna I. qui natus fuerit. vitalis erit . . .

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chapter six expl.: Luna XXX. caepa seala he smeaä. || Luna XXX. Nagotia multa tratabit. Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 21–26. Reference: Wanley, 194 [but citing fol. 34v]: “Incipit Lunares Scì Danielis de Nativitate. Tit. D. 26”; Craig (infra), xl; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Frank/Cameron C16.5; Liuzza, 217: “Birth lunarium.” Note: This text is composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English. Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fols. 36v–37r [xi] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum Lunae in aegris incip.: Luna I. se þe afealleä earfoälice he ætwint . . . || Luna I. qui inciderit, diﬃcile evadet. . . . expl.: Luna XXX. seoc swincä ˚ rist. || Luna XXX. eger laborabit & surget. Text [Old English]: co*ckayne (infra), 150–151 [with translation] [but citing fols. 34v–35r]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 32–34. Reference: Wanley, 194: “Incipit Lunares in aegris. TITUS. D. 26”; Craig (infra), xxxix; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Weißer {Lo19L/E}; Frank/Cameron C16.6; Liuzza, 217: “Medical lunarium.” Note: This text is composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English. Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii., fols. 37v–38r [xi] inscr. [description?]: Somniorum eventus juxta aetates Lunae incip.: On anre nihte ealdne monan swa hwæt swa þe mæteä þæt cymä to gefean . . . expl.: On XXX. nihta ær twegra nihta fyrste þæt swefen agæä butan frecnum þingum. Text: co*ckayne (infra), 154–157 [with translation] [but citing fols. 35v–36r]; Förster, “Traumlunare” (infra), 79–86. Reference: Wanley, 194; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 242; Frank/Cameron B23.3.3.1; Liuzza, 217: “Dream lunarium.” Note: This text is followed by “somniorum diversitas,” running from fols. 38r–39v. Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii., fols. 39v–40r (Luna I–III only) [xi] incip.: On anre nihte ealdne monan. Far þu to cinge . . . Text: Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 42–45. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix [but citing 39v–40v]; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 243: “Ends at the third moon . . .”; Frank/Cameron B23.3.3.3; Liuzza, 217: “General lunarium.” London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 40r [xi] incip.: On anre nihte ealdne monan se þe hine adl gestandeä. se biäfrecenlice gestanden. . . . expl.: Gif he biþ on .XXX. nihta ealdne monan. gestanden. uneaäe he gewyrpä ˚ þeah ariseþ. Text: co*ckayne (infra), 182–183 [with translation] [but citing fol. 38r]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 34–36. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 243; Weißer {Lo10E}; Frank/Cameron B23.3.3.4; Liuzza, 217: “Medical lunarium.” Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. London, BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, fol. 41r–v [xi] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum lunae in Nativitatibus; convenit quoad potissimam partem cum Lunari Danielis Prophetae

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incip.: Gif man biþ acenned on ane nihtne ealdne monan. Se long lifes ˚ welig biä . . . expl.: Gif he biä. XXIX. nihta. oääe. XXX. se biä god. and freondliþe. Text: co*ckayne (infra),156–159 [with translation] [but citing fol. 39r–v]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 21–26. Reference: Wanley, 194–195; Craig (infra), xl [but citing fol. 41r only]; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 243; Frank/Cameron B23.3.3.5; Liuzza, 218: “Birth lunarium.” Note: On the foliation of this and all the lunations in BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see the note following the Latin lunation at fols. 30v–33v, supra. Oxford, Bod. cod. Hatton 115 [olim Junius 23] [SC 5135], fol. 148r [c. 1120] incip.: Îære æresten nyhte þonne niwe mone bä ecumen. þæt mon þonne in sweofne gesihþ. þæt cmeä to gefean . . . expl.: þonne heo biä .IX. ˚ .XX. ˚ fulle .XXX. nihta eald. þæt biä æfre buton freæcnesse. Text: co*ckayne (infra), 158–161 [with translation]. Translation: Griﬃths (infra), 224–226 [apud co*ckayne]. Reference: Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 402; Frank/Cameron B23.3.6.1; Liuzza, 227–228: “Dream lunarium.” Note: Liuzza, 227, notes that “prognostic material is in two quires (fols. 148–55) added in the twelfth century and not part of original MS.” Oxford, Bod. cod. Hatton 115 [olim Junius 23] [SC 5135], fol. 148v (Luna I–XIV only) [c. 1120] incip.: Se äe biä accened on annihtne mona. se biä lange lifes. ˚ wel eäi . . . expl.: Gif man biþ acenned on .XIII. nihta ealdne mone. se biä ælces godes prþe Text: co*ckayne (infra), 160–163 [with translation]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 21–26. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 402; Frank/ Cameron B23.3.6.2; Liuzza, 228: “Birth lunarium.” Oxford, Bod. cod. Hatton 115 [olim Junius 23] [SC 5135], fols. 152v–153v (Luna I–XVII only) [c. 1120] incip.: On annihte monan fær to cninge. ˚ bidde þes þu wille. ge þæt gifeä gang in to him on þa þridda tid þes deges. oää þonne þu wte þæt sæ si ful . . . expl.: On .XVII. nihte mone gyf þu wylle hus timbran. ber þæt timber. Text: co*ckayne (infra), 158–161 [with translation]; Förster, “Beiträge VIII,” 42–45. Reference: Craig (infra), xxxix; Ker, Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (supra), 402; Frank/ Cameron B23.3.6.9; Liuzza, 228: “General lunarium.” Oxford, Bod. cod. Junius 43 [SC 5155] inscr. [description?]: Somniorum eventus iuxta aetates Lunae incip.: swa hwæt swa äu gesihst on blisse biä || Luna prima quicquid uideris in gaudiam erit . . . expl.: . . . swefen äin butan frecendnysse || . . . Somnium tuum sine periculo. Amen. Reference: Wanley, 88, who notes that this text “ex Cottoniae Bibliothecae volumine, quod inscribitur, TIBERIUS. A.3.” Note: This text appears to be composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English and a copy of some of the lunations in the BL cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii (on which, see infra); according to the Summary Catalogue, 2.2.974, the text was copied by hand and appears in a printed book (København, 1631). Oxford, Bod. cod. Junius 44 [SC 5156] inscr. [description?]: De observatione Lunae, & quae cauenda

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incip.: Mona se forma on eallum äingum dondum ntlic s . . . || Luna prima omnibus rebus agendis utilis est . . . Reference: Wanley, 88–89: “E codice Cottoniano TIB.A.3. descripsit cl. Junius. Apographum tamen mihi videtur imperfectum, quin & Tractalulum de Consideratione aetatum Lunae in modo genitis, qui superiorem sequebatur, a me quaerente inventum fuerit.” Note: This text appears to be composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English; according to the Summary Catalogue, 2.2.974, “‘De observatione lunae et quae cavenda’ copied by Junius from Cott. MS Tib. A.iii, fol. 32v, in the British museum (fol. 2), followed by brief extracts from the same (artt. iii, vii, viii, x, xi, xii, xv, xviii, and xxii) with parallels from no. 5135, at that time in the Hatton Library.” – Oxford, Bod. cod. Junius 44 [SC 5156] inscr. [description?]: Consideratio aetatum Lunae in aegris incip.: Luna I. se þe afealleä. earfoälice he ætwint . . . || Luna I. qui inciderit, diﬃcile evadet. . . . Reference: Wanley, 89: “è Cod. Cott. TIB.A.3.” Note: This text appears to be composed in both Latin (on which, see supra) and Old English; see note following previous entry. Middle English – Bethesda, National Library of Medicine MS 49, fols. 96r–106v Reference: Means, 148. – Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College cod. 457/395, fols. 68r–74r [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {Cai3}. – Cambridge, Magdalene College cod. Pepys 1236, fols. 114v–120v [c. 1465–1475] Reference: Taavitsainen {P}. Note: This text is a “Storia Lune” rather than a lunation proper. – Cambridge, St. John’s College cod. L.10, pp. 3–32 [c. 1421] Reference: Taavitsainen {J}. Note: This text is a “Storia Lune” rather than a lunation proper. – Cambridge, TC cod. O.1.13, fols. 20v–21r [xv/xvii] Reference: Taavitsainen {T1}. – Cambridge, TC cod. O.1.13, fols. 34v–36r [xv/xvii] Reference: Taavitsainen {T1}. – Cambridge, TC cod. R.3.20, pp. 235–257 [1431] Reference: Taavitsainen {T5}. – Cambridge, TC cod. R.14.15, fols. 18v–20r Reference: Taavitsainen {T6}. – Cambridge, TC cod. R.14.15, fols. 20r–22r Reference: Taavitsainen {T6}. – Huntington, Huntington Library cod. HM 64 [olim Phillipps 6883], fols. 83v–95r [xv] Reference: Dutschke, C.W. Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Huntington Library. Huntington, 1989. 1.134–135; Taavitsainen {Hu}. – London, BL cod. Egerton 827, fols. 10r–13v [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {E1}. – London, BL cod. Harley 1735, fols. 1r–13v [c. 1446] Reference: Taavitsainen {H3}. – London, BL cod. Harley 2320, fols. 31r–52r [c. 1400–1415] Text: Means, 112–147. Reference: Taavitsainen {H5}. Note: This text is a “Storia Lune” rather than a lunation proper. – London, BL cod. Harley 3725, fols. 66r–81r [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {H7}.

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– London, BL cod. Royal 12.E.xvi, fols. 51v–53v (Luna I–X only) [c. 1500] Reference: Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.55: “A metrical English version of the tract on lucky and unlucky days of the month . . . It seems to be derived from a text resembling Sloane MS. 282, f. 82b, and that of the printed Interpretationes sue Somnia . . . Imperfect, breaking oﬀ in the 10th day”; Taavitsainen {R3}. – London, BL cod. Royal 17.A.iii, fols. 91r–95v [xiv] Reference: Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.215: “Prose translation of part of the tract known as the Lunationes et somnia or Somnia Daniel . . . The dreams are not included”; Index of Manuscripts in the British Library (supra), 3.203: “Daniel, the Prophet. Lunationes, attrib. to, late 14th cent. Lat.”; Taavitsainen {R4}. – London, BL cod. Royal 17.C.xv, fols. 47v–54r [c. 1450–1475] Reference: Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.242; Taavitsainen {R5}. – London, BL cod. Sloane 213, fols. 113r–115r [c. 1400] Reference: Craig (infra), xl; Taavitsainen {S4}. – London, BL cod. Sloane 297, fols. 111r–111v [c. 1450] Reference: Taavitsainen {S5}. Note: This lunation is written in Latin (to Luna IV) and then in English. – London, BL cod. Sloane 297, fol. 112r [c. 1450] Reference: Taavitsainen {S5}. – London, BL cod. Sloane 635, fols. 1v–9r [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {S8}. – London, BL cod. Sloane 963, fol. 73r [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {S10}. – London, BL cod. Sloane 989, fols. 55v–71v [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {S12}. – London, BL cod. Sloane 1315, fols. 49r–64v [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {S15}. – London, Wellcome Medical Library cod. 411, fols. 4r–9r [xvi] Reference: Taavitsainen {W2}. – Manchester, JRUL cod. Eng. 404, fols. 34v–35v [xv] Reference: Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries III (supra), 424: “On the dies mali and days not to let blood.” Note: It is uncertain whether this text is actually a lunation. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 189 [SC 6777 and 6778], fols. 64r–67r (Luna XV–XXX only) [c. 1500] Text: Means, 85–88. Reference: Taavitsainen {A4}. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 189 [SC 6777 and 6778], fols. 85v–86r [c. 1500] Reference: Black, W.H. A Descriptive, Analytical, and Critical Catalogue of the Manuscripts Bequeathed unto the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., Windsor Herald. Also of Some Additional MSS. Contributed by Kingsley, Lhuyd, Borlase, and Others. Oxford, 1845. Col. 151 [but citing fol. 84v]; Craig (infra), xli [but citing fol. 84v]; Taavitsainen {A4}. Note: Fragmentary text. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 189 [SC 6777 and 6778], fols. 212r–215v, 218r–v [c. 1500] Reference: Black (supra), col. 153 [but citing fols. 213v–215v]; Craig (infra), xl [but citing fols. 213ﬀ ]; Taavitsainen {A4}. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 346 [SC 6693], fol. 16v Reference: Black (supra), col. 253; Taavitsainen {A10}, who, however, quotes SC 6694, which according to the Summary Catalogue = cod. Ashmole 345. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 391, fols. 3v–5r [c. 1500] inscr.: Danyel his dremys.

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chapter six Text: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 138–143; Means, 190–195. Reference: Black (supra), col. 296; Taavitsainen {A13}; Weißer {Ox1L}, 359–362. Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 1444 [SC 7712], pp. 79–84 [c. 1475–1500] Reference: Black (supra), col. 1205; Taavitsainen {A18}. Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 1481 [SC 7722], fol. 25r Reference: Black (supra), col. 1321 [but citing fol. 25r–v]; Taavitsainen {A10}. Oxford, Bod. cod. Bodley 591 [SC 2363], fols. 13v–15v [c. 1440–1480] Text: Means, 88–94. Reference: Taavitsainen {B2}. Oxford, Bod. cod. Bodley 591 [SC 2363], fols. 38r–38v [c. 1440–1480] Reference: Taavitsainen {B2}. Oxford, Bod. cod. Digby 67 [SC 1668], fols. 30v–31r Reference: Taavitsainen {Db1}. Oxford, Bod. cod. Digby 88 [SC 1689], fols. 62r–62v [xv] Text: Robbins (infra), 248–249 [second ed. 63–67]; Means, 195–196. Reference: Macray, W.D. Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars nona: codices a viro clarissimo Kenelm Digby, Eq. Aur., anno 1634 donatos, complectens. Oxford, 1883. Col. 98; Taavitsainen {Db2}. Oxford, Bod. cod. Digby 88 [SC 1689], fols. 64r–75v [xv] Text: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 135 [partial]; Means, 148–189. Reference: Macray (supra), col. 98; Craig (infra), xli; Taavitsainen {Db2}. Oxford, Bod. cod. Douce 84 [SC 21658], fols. 46r–53r [xv] Text: Taavitsainen “Storia Lune” (infra). Reference: Taavitsainen {D1}. Note: This text is a “Storia Lune” rather than a lunation proper. Oxford, Bod. cod. Douce 381 [SC 21956] (Luna I–XVIII only), fols. 6r–12r [xv] Reference: Taavitsainen {D2}. Note: It is the Summary Catalogue that notes that the lunation covers only the ﬁrst eighteen days of the month. Note: This text is a “Storia Lune” rather than a lunation proper. Princeton, University Library Garrett MS 141, fols. 79r–83v [1448/1449] Text: Craig (infra), 148–156; Means, 95–104. Reference: Taavitsainen {G}; Weißer {PtE}. Note: A date of 1448/9 for this MS seems out of step when we observe that the lunation begins with the phrase, “As Haly wyttnessyth, the gret astrolegere . . .” But Edmund Halley was born in 1656 and died in 1742. Warminster, Longleat Library MS 176, fols. 31v–41r Reference: Taavitsainen {Lo}. Warminster, Longleat Library MS 333, fols. 58r–66r Reference: Means, 148. Note: This list of Middle English lunations is almost certainly incomplete. In her list of Middle English Medical texts, L.E. Voigts estimates that there are approximately 300 copies of prognosticatory medical texts and 175 copies of “moon-texts,” although she does not identify lunations speciﬁcally; cf. “Multitudes of Middle English Medical Manuscripts, or the Englishing of Science and Medicine,” Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine. A Book of Essays (ed. M.R. Schleissner; New York/London, 1995), 183–195 at 192.

Middle Welsh – Aberystwyth, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru cod. Llanstephan 27, fols. 157ﬀ. [c. 1400] Text: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 155–157 [partial]. Reference: Evans, J.G. Report on Manuscripts in the Welsh Language. London, 1903. II.2.461.

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– Aberystwyth, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru cod. Llanstephan 88 [c. 1476] Text: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 158 [partial]. Reference: Evans, Report (supra), II.2.561 – Aberystwyth, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru cod. Porkington 10, fols. 1r–2r Text: Kurvinen (infra), 38–41. Reference: Taavitsainen {Lo}. – Bangor, University Library (cod. ?) [c. 1688] Text: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 157–158 [partial]. – Unknown, Cwrtmawr-MS 6 [c. 1692] Text: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 159 [partial]. German and Dutch – Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek cod. L.III 38, fols. 68r–70r (Luna I–XX only) [1463] Text: Müller (infra), Weißer {BaD}, 325–330 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as München, BSB clm 17188 [Weißer {Mü3D}] and München, BSB clm 26713 [Weißer {Mü4D}] (infra). – Berlin, SBPK cod. germ. 8° 121, fols. 159r–166r [xiv] Text: Weißer {Bl9L}, 176–183. – Berlin, SBPK cod. germ. 8° 477, fols. 163v–166r [1424] Text: Weißer {Bl5D}, 167–173. – Brugge [private] [xix] Text: Braekman (infra), 172–178. Reference: Weißer {BgD}. – Budapest, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár cod. germ. 5, fols. 159r–160r [xvi] Text: Weißer {Bu1D}, 414–418 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. C. 102 b [Weißer {Zü3D}] (infra). – Budapest, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár cod. germ. 56, fols. 34r–37r [1518] Text: Weißer {Bu2D}, 191–196. – Edinburgh, Royal Observatory cod. Cr.4.6, fols. 115r–121r [xv] Reference: Ker, N.R. Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries II (supra), 575: “Lunar prognostications: (a) ﬀ. 115–16. Hie nach sagt es wie man wissen vnd erkeene sol in einem yeden monat vnd besonder nach dem newen schön wetter oder regen. So wartt in welicher stunde ein newer mon . . .; (b) ﬀ. 116v–121 Hienach sagt ez den vnderschayde eins yecklichen newen mons was in den xxx tagen an yegklichem tage zu thun ist . . .” – Edinburgh, University Library MS 329 (DC 5.90), fols. 203r–204v [c. 1463] Text: Weißer {EdD}, 205–209. Reference: Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries II (supra), 619: “Mainly prognostics: (a) ﬀ. 203–203v Wer an dem Ersten tag des monds so er new ist sich wurt der sich lang . . . See Follan [i.e., J. Follan, “Manuscripts of Ortolf von Bayerlant” Fachliteratur des Mittelalters, 1968], 34–36.” – Gent, Universiteitsbibliotheek MS 697, fols. 73–83 [xv] Text: Pauw (infra), 219–233. Reference: Weißer {Ge1D}. – Gotha, Landesbibliothek cod. chart 2°, fols. 76r–79v [c. 1400] Text: Norrbom (infra), 162–166. Reference: Weißer {GoD}. – Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek cod. germ. 1, fols. 62r–63v (Luna I–XV only) [xv] Text: Weißer {HaD}, 230–234. – Heidelberg, UB cod. Pal. germ. 575, fols. 28r–34v [xv] Text: Telle (infra), 199–200 [partial]; Müller (infra), 248–256. Reference: Weißer {Hd1D}.

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– Heidelberg, UB cod. Pal. germ. 644, fols. 9r–10r [xv] Text: Telle (infra), 195–196. Reference: Weißer {Hd2D}. – Heidelberg, UB cod. Pal. germ. 796, fols. 57v–59v [xvi] Text: Weißer {Hd3D}, 234–239. – Karlsruhe, Bad. Landesbibliothek cod. St. George 73, fols. 170r–171v [xiv] Text: Telle (infra), 197–198. Reference: Weißer {Ka1D}. – København, Det kongelige Bibliotek cod. 1664, fols. 25v–28r [xv] Text: Weißer {Ko3D}, 239–243. – København, Det kongelike Bibliotek cod. Thott. 675, fols. 79r–84v [xv] Text: Norrbom (infra), 162–166. Reference: Weißer {Ko2D}. – München, BSB cod. germ. mon. 725, fols. 107v–111v [xv] Text: Telle (infra), 199–200 [partial]; Weißer {Mü2D}, 393–401 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Wien, ÖNB cod. 2817 [Weißer {Wi3D}] and Wien, ÖNB cod. 2967 [Weißer {Wi4D}] (infra). – München, BSB cod. germ. mon. 5250/26 [c. 1200] Text: Wilhelm (infra), 114–115; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 148–150. Reference: Weißer {Mü1D}. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 849, fols. 155–156 [xv] Reference: Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Tomi I, Pars I (supra), 202: “Der manen boec (liber lunae), in ﬁne mutilus.” Note: It is unclear what type of “manen boec” is precisely meant. – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 17188, fols. 108ra–109va (Luna I–XX only) [xiv] Text: Weißer {Mü3D}, 325–330 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: The preserved portion of this text is substantively the same as Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek cod. L.III 38 [Weißer {BaD}] (supra) and München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 26713 [Weißer {Mü4D}] (infra). – München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 26713, fols. 312v–314r [xv] Text: Weißer {Mü4D}, 325–330 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek cod. L.III 38 [Weißer {BaD}] and München, BSB cod. lat. mon. 17188 [Weißer {Mü3D}] (supra). – Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum cod. 6284, fols. 1r–5r [xv] Text: Weißer {NüD}, 354–359. – Oudenaarde, Stadsarchief MS 5556/13, fols. 184v–187v [xv] Text: De Pauw (infra), 203–218; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 150 [partial]; JansenSieben (infra), 589–598. Reference: Weißer {OuD}. – Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek 16° MS 1355, fols. 93r–94v [c. 1400] Text: Gallée (infra), 138–139; Lindgren (infra), 79–80. Reference: Weißer {UtD}. – Wien, ÖNB cod. 2817 (Med. 92), fols. 3r–5v [xiv] Text: Weißer {Wi3D}, 393–401 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as München, BSB cgm 725 [Weißer {Mü2D}] (supra) and Wien, ÖNB cod. 2967 [Weißer {Wi4D}] (infra). – Wien, ÖNB cod. germ. 2967 (Med. 136), fols. 51v–54v [xv] Text: Weißer {Wi4D}, 393–401 [synthetic text of 3 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as München, BSB cgm 725 [Weißer {Mü2D}] and Wien, ÖNB cod. 2817 [Weißer {Wi3D}] (supra). – Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. C. 102 b, fols. 80v–82r [xv] Text: Weißer {Zü3D}, 414–418 [synthetic text of 2 MSS].

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Note: This text is substantively the same as Budapest, Universitätsbibliothek cod. germ. 5 [Weißer {Bu1D}] (supra). – Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. C. 102 b, fols. 96v–103r [xv] Text: Weißer {Zü2D}, 406–414 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Zürich [private] “Schüpfheimer Codex,” [Weißer {Zü1D}] (infra). – Zürich [private] “Schüpfheimer Codex,” fols. 15r–21r [xv] Text: Wäckerlin-Swiagenin (infra), 30–33; Weißer {Zü1D}, 406–414 [synthetic text of 2 MSS]. Note: This text is substantively the same as Zürich, Zentralbibliothek cod. C. 102 b, fols. 96v–103r [Weißer {Zü3D}] (infra). Note: I follow Weißer in grouping the German and Dutch MSS together. Förster, “Sammellunare,” 150–151, mentions six Middle Dutch MSS, although he names only one: Oudenaarde, Stadsarchief MS 5556/13 (supra). Of the other ﬁve, he simply cites J. Clarisse, Sterre- en natuurkundig onderwijs, gemeenlijk genoemd Natuurkunde van het geheel-al (Leiden, 1847) [non vidi ]. Scandinavian – København, UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 45, fols. 93v–95v [xv] Text: Klemming (infra), 162–166. Reference: Weißer {Ko5N}. – København, UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 245 [xviii] Reference: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 150–151. – København, UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 434 [xviii] incip.: Lunnaa ein-naett er gott hvervetnna . . . Text: Kålund, “Den islandske laegebog” (infra), 391–392; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 150–151 [partial]. Note: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 150–151, also notes “ein Beäa presti, sem var á Englandi 1708 zugeschriebenes nisl. Sammellunare ist zu lesen in einem modernen Volksbuch Gömlu-Marínar leyndardómsfulla galdraeäa spáspilabók (Reykjavik 1905, S. 23–29,” of which he includes a brief passage. On Bede and the Lunationes Danielis, see Chapter Four, §3. French – Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 4156, fol. 180r [xiii]: See New Haven, Yale cod. 395 Reference: Förster,“Sammellunare,” 154. – Berlin, DSB cod. Phillipps 4156, fol. 182r [xiii]: See New Haven, Yale cod. 395 Reference: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 154. – London, BL cod. Royal 12.C.xii, fols. 77r–81r (Luna X–XXX only) [xiii/xiv] Reference: Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.28: “Lunationes et Somnia, a pair of treatises on prognostication which appear together in a variety of shapes, both in Latin and in other languages . . . In the present MS. the days of the month are treated of in French verse, but the dreams in Latin prose, viz.:—(a) Lunationes, imperf. by loss of leaves at beg. The ﬁrst complete day beg. ‘La disme lune est proﬁtable’.” – London, BL cod. Royal 16.E.viii, fol. 145v Reference: Stengel, E. Codicem manu scriptum Digby 86 in Bibliotheca Bodleiana. Halle, 1871; Warner and Gilson (supra), 2.196: “Phases of the moon proper for any business, &c., in French prose.” Note: This cod. has been missing since 7 June 1879. – Modena, Biblioteca Estense cod. Stranieri 32 (XII, C.7), fols. 25r–26v [xiv] incip.: luna est proﬁtable a toz fors . . .

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chapter six Text: Camus (infra), 207–211; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 154 [partial]. Reference: Weißer {MoF}. New Haven, Yale University Beinecke cod. 395, fols. 180r–181r New Haven, Yale University Beinecke cod. 395, fols. 182r–183r Oxford, Bod. cod. Ashmole 342, fol. 25v Reference: Black, W.H. A Descriptive, Analytical, and Critical Catalogue of the Manuscripts Bequeathed unto the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., Windsor Herald. Also of Some Additional MSS. Contributed by Kingsley, Lhuyd, Borlase, and Others. Oxford, 1845. Col. 240; Craig (infra), xl [but citing fol. 23v]. Oxford, Bod. cod. Digby 86 [SC 1687], fols. 41r–45v [xiii] Text: Tschann and Parkes (infra) [facsimile edition]. Reference: Macray, W.D. Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars nona: codices a viro clarissimo Kenelm Digby, Eq. Aur., anno 1634 donatos, complectens. Oxford, 1883. Col. 92; Stengel, E. Codicem manu scriptum Digby 86 in Bibliotheca Bodleiana. Halle, 1871. Paris, BNF cod. fr. 2043, pp. 105ﬀ. [xiii/xiv] Text: Méon (infra), 364–393. Reference: Förster, “Sammellunare,” 153; Weißer {Pa9F}. Worchester Cathedral, Chapter Library cod. 4° 61 [xiii] incip.: A prime lune fud Adam furme, Adam de ki nus fumes ne. . . . Text: Chaytor (infra), 212–222; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 151–152 [partial]. Reference: Weißer {WoF}.

Provençal – Paris, BNF cod. fr. 7693, fol. 151 [xiv/xv] incip.: La luna prima es bona a far totas causas. . . . Text: Bartsch (infra), 316–318 at 317–318; Förster, “Sammellunare,” 155 [partial]. Reference: Weißer {Pa10F}. The Somniale Danielis in Other Traditions It is extremely diﬃcult to assess the extent to which the Lunationes is extent in Hebrew, Armenian, and Syriac manuscripts. What can be said is that there are perhaps one copy of the Lunationes in Hebrew and one more in Armenian. For the shelf numbers of these manuscript copies (certain and possible) and their references, see Chapter 4, notes 201 (Hebrew), 202 (Armenian), 204 (Syriac), and 205. According to Förster, “Sammellunare,” 159: “Auch in anderen Literaruren, namentlich im Italienischen und Russischen, werden solche Sammellunare sicherliche noch vorhanden sein, wenn ich zur Zeit auch keinen Nachweis dafür erbringen kann.” Incunabula: See the list of incunabula in the section on the Somniale Danielis, supra. Description of the Text: See Chapter Four, §3.

1. Texts, Partial Texts, Textual Issues, and Translations Bartsch, K. Denkmäler der provenzalischen Litteratur. Bibliothek des litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart 39. Stuttgart, 1856. 316–318 at 317–318. The text is titled “Calendarium” [Bartsch’s title?] and contains a fairly long introduction. Note corrections by H. Suchier, Denkmäler provenzalischer Literatur und Sprache (Halle, 1883), 122.

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Bassi, D., et al. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. IV: Codices Italicos praeter Florentinos, Venetos, Romanos. Bruxelles, 1903. Boudreaux, P. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. VIII: Codicum Parisinorum. Pars III. Bruxelles, 1912. Braekman, W.L. “Onbekende Middelnederlandse maanvoorzeggingen uit Brugge.” Verslagen en Mededelingen van der Koninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 1977.2. Amsterdam, 1977. Camus, J. “Notices et extraits des manuscrits français de Modène antérieurs au XVIe siècle.” Revue des langues Romanes 35 (1891). 168–262. Chaytor, H.J. “An Anglo-Norman Calendar.” Modern Language Review 2 (1906–1907). 211–222. co*ckayne, O. Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England. Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part Never Before Printed, Illustrating the History of Science in This Country before the Norman Conquest. Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores. London, 1866. 3.150–197. [reprinted 1965] Craig, H. The Works of John Metham, Including The Romance of Amoryus and Cleopes, Edited from the Unique MS. in the Garrett Collection in the Library of Princeton University. EETS 132. London, 1916. xxxviii–xlii, 148–156. Delatte, A. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. X: Codices Athenienses. Bruxelles, 1924. DiTommaso, L. “Greek, Latin, and Hebrew Manuscripts of the Somniale Danielis and Lunationes Danielis in the Vatican Library.” Manuscripta 47/48 (2003/2004), 1–42. Förster, M. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde III. 4. Inhaltsangabe des volkskundlichen Sammelkodex Tiberius A.III.” ASSL 121 (1908). 30–46. ———. “Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Volkskunde VIII. 14 Geburtslunare. 15. Krankheitslunar. 16. Aderlaßlunare. 17. Tagwähllunare.” ASSL 129 (1912). 16–49. ———. “Die altenglische Traumlunare.” Englische Studien 60 (1925– 1926). 58–93. ———. “Vom Fortleben antiker Sammellunare im Englishen und in anderen Volkssprachen.” Anglia 67/68 (1944). 1–171. Gallée, J.H. “Mittelniederdeutsches Arzneibuch.” Jahrbuch des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung 15 (1889). 105–149. de Gray Birch, W. “On Two Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts in the British Museum.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature 11 (1873). 463–512.

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Henel, H. “Altenglischer Mönchsaberglaube.” Englische Studien 69 (1934–1935). 329–349. Jansen-Sieben, R. De Natuurkunde van het Geheelal. Een 13de-eeuws Middelnederlands leerdicht. Bruxelles, 1968. Kålund, K. “Den islandske laegebog.” Kgl. Danske Vidensk, Skrifter VI,4. København, 1907. ———. Cod. MBR. AM. 194. Islandsk encyklopaedisk litteratur 1. København, 1908. Klemming, G.E. Läke- och örte-böcker från Sveriges medeltid. Stockholm, 1883. Kurvinen, A. “MS. Porkington 10: Description with Extracts.” NM 54 (1953). 38–41. Laux, R. “Ars medicinae. Ein frühmittelalterliches Kompendium der Medizin.” Jahrbuch des Instituts für Geschichte der Medizin an der Universität Leipzig 3 (1930). 417–434. Lindgren, A. Das Utrechter Arzneibuch. Acta universitatis Stockholmiensis, germanistische Forschungen 21. Stockholm, 1977. Martini, A., and Bassi, D. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. III: Codices Mediolanenses. Bruxelles, 1901. Means, L. Medieval Lunar Astrology. A Collection of Representative Middle English Texts. Lewiston, 1993. Méon, D.-M. Nouveau recueil des fabliaux et contes. Paris, 1823. Müller, U. “Deutsche Mondwahrsagetexte aus dem Spätmittelalter.” Diss: Berlin, 1971. Norrbom, S. Das Gothaer mittelniederdeutsche Arzneibuch und seine Sippe. Hamburg, 1921. de Pauw, N. Middelnederlandsche Gedichten en Fragmenten. Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde III.8. Gent, 1893. Robbins, R.H. Secular Lyrics of the xivth and xvth Centuries. Oxford, 1952. 2 1955. Suchier, W. “Altfranzöische Traumbücher.” Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur 67 (1956–1957). 129–167 at 164–167. Sudhoﬀ, K. “Codex medicus Hertensis (Nr. 192).” Sudhoﬀs Arch. 10 (1917). 265–313. Weißer (infra) identiﬁes as “Handschriftenstudie” [non vidi ].

Svenberg, E. “De latinska lunaria. Text och Studier.” Diss: Göteborg, 1936. ———. “Nya kollektivlunaria.” Eranos 37 (1939). 75–83. ———. Lunaria et zodiologia latina, edidit et commentario philologico instruxit. Studia graeca et latina Gothoburgensia 16. Göteborg, 1963.

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Taavitsainen, I. “The Identiﬁcation of Middle English Lunaries.” NM 88 (1987). 18–26. ———. “Storia Lune and Its Paraphrase in Prose.” Neophilologica Fennica: Modern Language Society 100 Years. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 45. Helsinki, 1987. 521–555. ———. Middle English Lunaries. A Study of the Genre. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 47. Helsinki, 1988. Telle, J. “Beiträge zur mantischen Fachliteratur des Mittelalters.” SNPh 42 (1970). 180–206. Tschann, J., and Parkes, M.B. Facsimile of Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Digby 86. EETS ss 16; Oxford, 1996. Wäckerlin-Swiagenin, K. Der “Schüpfheimer Codex: Ein Medizinalbuch aus dem zweiten Viertel des 15. Jahrhunderts. Aarau, 1976. Weißer, C. “Zur Quellenfrage des spätmittelhochdeutschen KrankheitsSpeziallunare.” SNPh 48 (1976). 325–329. ———. Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte laienastrologischer Fachprosa. Würzburger medizinhistorische Forschungen 21. Würzburg, 1982. Wickersheimer, E. Les manuscrits latins de médicine du haut moyen âge dans les bibliothèques de France. Documents, études, et répertoires publiés par l’Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes 11. Paris, 1966. Wilhelm, F. Denkmäler deutscher Prosa des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts I–II. Münchener Texte 8. München, 1914–1918. Zuretti, C.O. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. XI: Codices Hispanienses. Pars I: Codices Scorialenses. Bruxelles. 1932. ———. Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum. XI: Codices Hispanienses. Pars II: Codices Scorialenses, Matritensis, Caesaraugustani. Bruxelles. 1934. 2. Secondary Studies (Selected) Braswell, L. “Popular Lunar Astrology in the Late Middle Ages.” University of Ottawa Quarterly 48 (1979). 187–194. ———. “Utilitarian and Scientiﬁc Prose.” Middle English Prose: A Critical Guide to Major Authors and Genres. Ed. A.S.G. Edwards. New Brunswick, NJ, 1984. 337–387. Cumont, F. “Les présages lunaires de Virgile et les ‘Selenodromia’.” L’Antiquité classique 2 (1933). 259–270 at 261–264. Eriksson, S. Wochentagsgötter, Mond und Tierkreis. Laienastrologie in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Studia graeca et latina Gothoburgensia 3. Göteborg, 1956.

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Griﬃths, B. Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Magic. London, 1996. Gundel, W. “Individualschicksal, Menschentypen und Berufe in d. antiken Astrologie.” Jahrbuch der Charakterologie 4 (1927). 47–156. Liuzza, R.M. “Anglo-Saxon Prognostics in Context: A Survey and Handlist of Manuscripts.” Anglo-Saxon England 30 (2001). 181–230. Contains a discussion of these prognostica in their literary and social contexts (181–211), followed by a handlist of MSS (211–230). The discussion represents the most important evaluation of this genre of literature since Förster’s studies.

Suchier, W. “Altfranzöische Traumbücher.” Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur 67 (1956–1957). 129–167 at 164–167. Svenberg, E. “Glanures romanes dans les lunaria latins.” Mélanges de phil. romaine oﬀerts à M. Karl Michaëlsson. Göteborg, 1952. Thorndike, L. A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era. New York/London, 1923. 1.672–691. Wistrand, E. Lunariastudien. Göteborg, 1942. IV. Ludus Danielis and Historia de Daniel representanda Surviving in several manuscript versions but with its music extant only at London, BL cod. Egerton 2615, fol. 95, the Ludus Danielis (i.e., the Play of Daniel) is a mediaeval liturgical drama of the type commonly called a “miracle play” or “mystery play.” The title “Oﬃcium circumcisionis et Danielis Ludus” appears in the manuscript, which for a time was lost to scholarship and was only re-discovered by E.K. Chambers (infra, 1.284) in the nineteenth century. The Ludus was likely composed circa 1230 for performance on New Year’s Day at Beauvais Cathedral. The Historia de Daniel representanda of Hilary survives in a unique manuscript copy in Paris BNF cod. lat. 11331. It, too, is considered to be a product of early twelfth-century French literary expression. The Ludus and Hilary’s Daniel are clearly related to each other in content and sequence of action. Both plays involve a dramatic retelling of the events from the Book of Daniel: Belshazzar’s Feast and the episode of the Writing on the Wall (Daniel 5) and Daniel in the Lions’ Den (Daniel 6). Numerous minor variations from and expansions of the biblical record are salted throughout the plays, and it is clear that in some places the episode of the lions’ den has been conﬂated with the later but parallel episode of Daniel, Bel, and the Serpent from the Greek Additions. At the end of both plays there is a brief prophecy relating to the coming of the Messiah which bears some resemblance to the prophecies in the Ordo prophetarum (ed. and trans.: J.Q. Adams, “Ordo prophetarum from Laon Cathedral,” Chief Pre-Shakespearean Dramas: A Selection of Plays Illustrating the History of the English Drama from Its Origin Down to Shakespeare (Boston, 1924), 41–48; F. Collins, Jr., “The Procession of the Prophets (Ordo Prophetarum) from Limoges,” Medieval Church Music-Dramas: A Repertory of Complete Plays (Charlottesville, 1976), 165–188). A curious footnote: J.P.A. van der Vin cites Bertrandon de la Broquière’s account of a visit to the Hagia Sophia during Byzantine times, where he saw a performance of a mystery play about the Three Youths and the Fiery Furnace (Daniel 3). See J.P.A. van der Vin, Travellers to Greece and Constantinople. Ancient Monuments and Old

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Traditions in Medieval Travellers’ Tales (Istanbul, 1980), 260, 445–446. One wonders whether this was the ultimate source of the Old Russian liturgical drama involving the three youths and the ﬁery furnace; on this text, see M. Swoboda, “The Furnace Play and the Development of Liturgical Drama in Russia,” Russian Review 61 (2002), 220–234.

1. Texts and Translations Including some scores.

Bevington, D. “The Play of Daniel (Danielis Ludus) from Beauvais.” Medieval Drama. Boston, 1975. 137–154. Bulst, W., and Bulst-Thiele, M. Hilarii Aurelianensis Versus et Ludi; Ludus Danielis Belouacensis. London, 1989. Champollion-Figeac, J.J. Hilarii versus et ludi. Paris, 1838. Collins, F., Jr. “The Play of Daniel (Danielis Ludus).” Medieval Church Music-Dramas: A Repertory of Complete Plays. Charlottesville, 1976. 397–458. de Coussemaker, E. Drames liturgiques. Rennes, 1860. 49ﬀ. Ed. Ludus.

Danjou, F. “Le Théâtre religieux et populaire au XIIIe siècle: le mystère de Daniel.” Revue de la musique religieuse, populaire et classique 4 (1848). 97ﬀ. Ed. Ludus with printed music.

Deschamps, A.-M., and Lorens-Nény, D. Le jeu de Daniel. Manuscrit de Beauvais. Drame liturgique du XIII e siècle. Lyon, 1989. Dronke, P. “Danielis Ludus: The Play of Daniel (from Beauvais).” Nine Medieval Latin Plays. Cambridge Medieval Classics 1. Cambridge, 1994. 110–146. Fuller, J.B. Hilarii Versus et Ludi. New York, 1929. du Méril, E. Origines latines du théâtre moderne. Paris, 1849. Ed. Hilary’s Daniel.

Misrahi, J. “The Play of Daniel.” The Play of Daniel: A Thirteenth-Century Musical Drama. Ed. N. Greenberg. Oxford, 1959. Young, K. The Drama of the Medieval Church. Vol. II. Oxford, 1933. Ed. Ludus and Hilary’s Daniel.

Zijlstra, A.M.J. “The Play of Daniel: A Translation.” Revised by T. Graham. The Play of Daniel: Critical Essays. Ed. D.H. Ogden. Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series 24. Kalamazoo, 1996. 87–126.

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2. Selected Secondary Studies (not including reviews of performances) Chambers, E.K. The Medieval Stage. Oxford, 1903. Collins, Jr., F. “The Play of Daniel in Modern Performance.” Early Drama, Art, and Music Review 17 (1995). 65–76. ———. “The Play of Daniel in Modern Performance.” The Play of Daniel: Critical Essays. Ed. D.H. Ogden. Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series 24. Kalamazoo, 1996. 63–76. Davidson, A.E. “Music in the Beauvais Ludus Danielis.” The Play of Daniel: Critical Essays. Ed. D.H. Ogden. Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series 24. Kalamazoo, 1996. 77–86. Emmerson, R.K. “Divine Judgment and Local Ideology in the Beauvais Ludus Danielis.” The Play of Daniel: Critical Essays. Ed. D.H. Ogden. Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series 24. Kalamazoo, 1996. 33–62. Fassler, M.E. “The Feats of the Gods and the Danielis Ludus.” Plainsong in the Age of Polyphony. Ed. T.F. Kelly. Cambridge, 1992. 65–99. Fiolek, P.A. “The Daniel Theme in Medieval Drama.” M.A. Thesis: Saint Louis University, 1936. Despite its age, this thesis remains valuable.

Flanigan, C.C. “The Medieval Drama and Manuscript Study: The Example of the Beauvais Daniel.” Manuscripta 25 (1981). 5–6. Abstract of a paper presented on “the relationship between the famous Daniel play from Beauvais and the liturgical cursus for the octave of Christmas which makes up the remainder of Egerton 2515.”

Ogden, D.H. “The Staging of The Play of Daniel in the Twelfth Century.” The Play of Daniel: Critical Essays. Ed. D.H. Ogden. Early Drama, Art, and Music Monograph Series 24. Kalamazoo, 1996. 11–32. Pollard, A.W. English Miracle Plays, Moralities, and Interludes. Oxford, 1904. Excursus: Sundry Latin Daniel Apocrypha i. “Daniel liberatus” and “Daniel tragoedia”—Bibliothèque Mazarine codd. lat. 3915 [xvii] and 3920 [xvii] Bibliothèque Mazarine cod. lat. 3915 is described in catalogue as an autograph copy of a collection of dramatic poems and tragedies. On pp. 347–350 there is listed a curious but incomplete text that is described as “Daniel liberatus seu Darius penitens, drama heroicum.” The information provided in the catalogue suggests that the subject of the play was the story of Daniel in the Lion’s Den (Daniel 6), although it is quite possible that this play is something completely diﬀerent. Bibliothèque Mazarine cod. lat. 3920 is described in catalogue as “‘Daniel, tragoedia.’ En vers

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ïambiques. Page 127. ‘Daniel, tragédie pour la distribution des prix au séminaire des chanoines réguliers de Saint-Vincent à Senlis, représentée le . . . 1662,’” with the added observation that it contains “Intermèdes allégoriques, en français.” It is impossible to say from the brief description whether this text deals with Daniel the Prophet or some other Daniel. At the same time, the former is not an impossibility, given the other mediaeval Daniel- and Susanna-plays. This book might have been part of an earlier library: the catalogue gives the reference “Bibliothecae Recollectorum Parisiensium, ms. CXXVIII.” See A. Molinier, Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris, 1890), 3.238, 240. ii. Mediaeval Italian Susanna Poems Fourteenth-century Italy produced some poetry associated with the ﬁgure of Susanna, including De sancta Susanna, Tractatus metricus de Susanna, and Rithmi Susanna. On this material, see J.H. Mozley, “Susannah and the Elders: Three Medieval Poems,” Studi medievali 3 (1930), 27–52. On the ﬁgure of Susanna in the Italian art of this period, see now B. Bohn, “Rape and the Gendered Gaze: Susanna and the Elders in Early Modern Bologna,” Biblical Interpretation 9 (2001), 259–286, and, in manuscript illuminations, Chapter Two, note 152. iii. Huntington, Huntington Library cod. HM 83 In the Huntington Library there exists a curious, late ﬁfteenth-century text (1486/88) labeled by the catalogue as “Cosmography; Astrological Medicine” (see C.W. Dutschke, Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Huntington Library (Huntington, 1989), 1.141–142). Further descriptions indicate a connexion with Daniel, but it is unclear whether the MS preserves an apocryphal prophetic text actually attributed to Daniel embedded in this anthology/pastiche of apocalyptic/prophetic passages. The manuscript begins with “Nota tres fuerunt babilonie, Una super ﬂumen chobar ubi regnabat Nabuchodonosor in qua fuit turris baliel . . .” [n.b. the river, which appears in a prophetic context associated with Ezekiel at Ezek 1:1, 3; 10:15, 20, 22; 43:3, and also with Daniel in the apocryphal Hebrew apocalypse The Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar (on which see Chapter 3, §2)]. Next is “prophetic material with maps and lists . . . [maps] based on the prophecies of the Apocalypse and Daniel,” which is followed by diverse material, including several prophecies involving the Antichrist or Gog, and expositions or summaries (?) of the kingdoms and beasts of Daniel 2 and 7. iv. Cambridge, UL cod. Ii.vi.17, fols 37v–38v “F. 38. Experimentum ad solem domini Danielis . . . Nota quod Diascorides dicit quod sal urine . . .” (D.W. Singer, Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain and Ireland Dating from before the XVI Century (Bruxelles, 1930), 2.443). Note that this cod. also preserves a copy of the Somniale Danielis (at fols. 112r–117v). v. Daniel Prophete Urgellensis An old catalogue of the Archivo de la Santa Iglesia de la ciudad in Seo de Urgel preserves the following interesting note: “[p. 133, Nr. 4] Revelationes sue visiones Danielis prophete imaginibus emblematum instar inserte [sic] primordio analogiae, Sem, Abraham, Isaac, Iacob, Rachel uxoris Jacob, David & Salamonis. Volumen predicta continens in pergameneo exaratum 243 foliis insertum. MS in Archivio Sedis Urgallensis reconditè.” See R. Beer, “Handschriftenschätze Spaniens: Bericht über eine im Auftrage der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in den Jahren 1886–1888 durchgeführte Forschungsreise,” SAWWien, philos-hist Classe 129.4 (1893), no. 502.

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vi. Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal cod. 2872, fols. 394r–397r There is a copy of the so-called Mansions of the Moon that is attributed to Daniel: Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal cod. 2872, fols. 394r–397r. See the Catalogue géneral des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France. Paris: Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal (Paris, 1885–1889), 3.136. To the best of my knowledge, this is the only copy of this text— which exists in many dozens if not hundreds of copies—that is so attributed.

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN SYRIAC On the Syriac version of the Book of Daniel—beyond those many studies that discuss the Syriac version of the Hebrew Bible in general and in addition to the information presented in the standard editions and commentaries—see M.J. Wyngarten, “The Syriac Version of the Book of Daniel,” (Diss: Pennsylvania, 1923); A.G. Kallarakkal, “The Pesh*tto Version of Daniel—A Comparison with Massoretic Text, the Septuagint and Theodotion,” (Diss: Hamburg, 1973); R.A. Taylor, The Pesh*tta of Daniel (Leiden, 1994); and K.D. Jenner, “Syriac Daniel,” The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (edd. J.J. Collins and P.W. Flint; VTSup 83; Leiden, 2001), 608–637.

I. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

II. The Vision of the Young Daniel Manuscript: – London, BL cod. Add. 18715, fols. 239v–241r [xii] Text and Translation: Schmoldt (infra). Reference: Wright, W. Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired Since the Year 1838. London, 1870. No. XXXII. 1.19. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.4.

1. Texts and Translations Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 25–105. The only edition of the text. Parallel text and translation, with detailed analysis. Includes photographs (in unnumbered pages following p. 327) of BL cod. Add. 18715, fols. 239v–241r. See S.P. Brock, “Jewish Traditions in Syriac Sources,” JJS 30 (1979), 224 note 48.

2. Auxiliary Studies Bundy, D. “Pseudepigrapha in Syriac Literature.” Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 30. Ed. E.H. Lovering, Jr. Atlanta, 1991. 745–765 at 749. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 326–327. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 260. 208.

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452 3. Secondary Studies

Berger, K. “Hellenistisch-heidnische Prodigien und die Vorzeichen in der jüdischen und christlichen Apokalyptik.” ANRW 23.2. Berlin/New York, 1980. 1463. Brief, unsupported statement dating the text to the fourth century.

Bousset, W. Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche. Göttingen, 1895. 41–45 at 44. [rep. Hildesheim, 1983] [= The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore. Trans. A.H. Keane. London, 1896. 66–72 at 71–72. [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter. AART&T 24. Atlanta, 1999]] Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 317 note 3. Brief, survey-style overview.

Duval, R. Anciennes littératures chrétiennes II: La littérature syriaque. Paris, 1899. 93. Very brief notice.

García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 158–160. Accepts Schmoldt’s argument that the work is composed of two texts (chs. 1–2, 6 and chs. 3–5, 7–8) and argues that the Jewish work(s) on which it is based “perfectly concur with the apocalyptic writings of the ﬁrst centuries.” (160)

Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130–131, 134. III. The Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam Manuscript: – Cambridge, MA, Harvard University cod. syr. 42, fols. 117r–122v [olim SMH 30] [vii] Text, Translation, and Commentary: Slabczyk (infra); Henze (infra). Reference: Clemons, J.T. “A Checklist of Syriac Manuscripts in the United States and Canada.” OCP 32 (1966). 224–251 at 238 [MS no. 75]; GoshenGottstein, M.H. Syriac Manuscripts in the Harvard College Library: A Catalogue. HSS 23. Missoula, 1979. 54. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.5.

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1. Texts and Translations Henze, M. The Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel. Introduction, Text, and Commentary. TSAC 11. Tübingen, 2001. Text, translation, and commentary.

Slabczyk, M. Apokalipso de Daniel Profeta en la lando Persio kaj elamo. Sirian tekston, Esperanton tradukon kaj komentarion. Arkado eldonejo 1. Wien, 2000. Editio princeps. Text and (Esperanto) translation. Despite the title, there is no formal commentary. English summary.

IV. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl See below, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Arabic.”

V. Daniel Geomantic Texts See Excursus, “Daniel Geomantic Texts in the Persian, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Turkish Traditions,” below, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Persian.”

Excursus: Sundry Syriac Daniel Apocrypha i. Mingana MS Syr 22, J, fols. 136—141r In the Mingana MS Syr 22, J (fols. 136–141r), we ﬁnd the following note: “The story of the child whose father and mother wished to oﬀer as sacriﬁce in the time of the prophet Daniel.” Nothing more is said, though, and it is unclear whether this text is known elsewhere. See A. Mingana, Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts Now in the Possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke Settlement, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Vol. I: Syriac and Garshùni Manuscripts (Cambridge, 1933), col. 65. ii. London, BL cod. Or. 2313—The “Testimonies of the Prophets” See G. Margoliouth, Descriptive List of Syriac and Karshuni Mss. in the British Museum Acquired since 1873 (London, 1899), 8, who notes title of the text: “The Testimonies of the Prophets ( Jeremiah, Daniel, Ezekiel, &c.).” iii. Oxford, Bod. cod. Selden superius 15 (cod. Syr. 181) Two texts identiﬁed by R.P. Smith, Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars sexta: Codices syriacos, carshunicos, mendaeos complectens (Oxford, 1864), cols. 598–600 at 599–600: “13. Varia, sc. Locutio Danielis prophetae; ratio qua dignoscatur, utrum vera sit de alicujus morte fama . . . fol. 165,” and “14. Danielis sapientia prognostica.” These texts do not seem to be copies of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, as we ﬁnd at Smith no. 161 (= Bod. Or. 8, see infra). For one thing, we perhaps would expect Smith to have mentioned this fact; secondly, the texts seem much too short when compared to Bod. Or. 8 or indeed most of the other copies of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl. Their identiﬁcation will require an examination by autopsy of the manuscript itself.

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iv. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University cod. syr. 161 [xviii/xix] M.H. Goshen-Gottstein describes this text as a “book of magic, diagnosis and prognosis of illnesses, attributed to the Prophet Daniel and to Ezra the Scribe” (Syriac Manuscripts in the Harvard College Library: A Catalogue (HSS 23; Missoula, 1979), 104). The text was ﬁrst described by J.T. Clemons, “A Checklist of Syriac Manuscripts in the United States and Canada,” OCP 32 (1966), 224–251 at 236 [re MS 37], but he makes no mention of Daniel. I do not know whether a Syriac version of the Lunationes is part of this treatise.

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED PRIMARILY IN ETHIOPIC To the best of my knowledge, no Daniel apocryphon exists in Ethiopic outside of the Ethiopic copy of the Vita of Daniel in the Vitae Prophetarum. According to W. Wright, however, London BL cod. Or. 496, fol. 139v contains “a short history of the prophet” Daniel that immediately follows the Book of Daniel in this Ethiopic manuscript codex, which has collected in it various books from the Hebrew Bible and the Apostolic Epistles. Whether this is an Ethiopic version of the standard sort of prologues to the biblical books that one sees in Western Bibles, I do not know; the fact that Daniel is the only book in this manuscript to have such a brief history appended would suggest that this history is an unusual composition. See his Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired since the Year 1847 (London, 1877), 18 (where he incorrectly lists the folio as “193 b”; the manuscript has only 173 folio pages and the book following Daniel [i.e., Hosea, in this codex] begins on fol. 140r). On the Ethiopic version of the Book of Daniel—beyond those many studies that discuss the Ethiopic version of the Hebrew Bible in general and in addition to the information presented in the standard editions and commentaries—see H.S. Gehman, “The Sahidic and Bohairic Version of the Book of Daniel,” JBL 46 (1927), 279–330, and O. Löfgren, Die äthiopische Übersetzung des Propheten Daniel. Nach Handschriften in Berlin, Cambridge, Frankfurt am Main, London, Oxford, Paris und Wien zum ersten Male herausgegeben und mit Einleitung und Kommentar versehen (Paris, 1927).

I. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED PRIMARILY IN COPTIC

I. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

II. The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel [Coptic and Arabic] Manuscripts: Bohairic Coptic – London, BL cod. Or. 1314, fols. 240r–251v [1374] Reference: Crum, W.E. Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum. London, 1905. No. 729. 320–321. Note: The BL MS codex contains Coptic and Arabic text in parallel columns. – Manchester, JRUL cod. 419 [xvii] Reference: Crum, W.E. Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the Collection of the John Rylands Library Manchester. Manchester, 1909. No. 419. 190–191. – Paris, BNF ? [olim Saint-Germain-des-près MS 21] Reference: Quatremère, E. “Daniel et les douze petit* prophétes. Manuscrits coptes de la Bibliothèque impériale, n.° 2, Saint-Germain, n.° 21.” Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque impériale et autres bibliothèques 8 (1810). 220–289 at 228–229; most interestingly, he observes that the St. Germain MS preserves “une note Arabe, presque entièrement eﬀacée, qui se lit au bas, contient ces mots: Ceci existoit dans l’original Arabe, et nous l’avons traduit de l’arabe en copte.” (229) Arabic – London, BL cod. Or. 1314, fols. 240r–251v [1374] Text and Translation: Becker (infra). Reference: Crum, W.E. Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum. London, 1905. No. 729. 320–321. Note: The BL MS codex contains Coptic and Arabic text in parallel columns. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.21.

1. Texts and Translations Bardelli, J. Daniel copto-memphitice. Pisa, 1849. ix–xii, 103–112. Text.

Becker, C.H. “Das Reich der Ismaeliten im koptischen Danielbuch.” NAWGött, phil.-hist. Klasse 1916. Berlin, 1916. 6–57. Text and translation, with notes and a detailed study of the text and its historical contexts. Becker suggests that the historical allusions in the text date it to the end of the ‘Umayyad period.

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Macler, F. “L’Apocalypse copte de Daniel.” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. Paris, 1895. 35–55. [slightly revised = “Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. III. L’Apocalypse copte de Daniel.” RHR 33 (1896). 163–176] Text and translation. Macler argues that the text alludes to the fall of the Fatimid dynasty.

Meinardus, O. “A Commentary on the XIVth Vision of Daniel according to the Coptic Version.” OCP 32 (1966). 394–449. Translation and commentary of entire text, divided into 88 verses. Meinardus suggests that an original version dealing with the fall of the ‘Umayyad dynasty was likely updated in the middle of the twelfth century so as to include the events concerning the fall of the Fatimid dynasty.

———. “New Evidence on the XIVth Vision of Daniel from the History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church.” OCP 34 (1968). 281–309. Translation and new commentary, verses 23–77. In this essay Meinardus argues (pace Macler, but contra his earlier commentary) that the text was entirely composed at the end of the Fatimid period.

Schulte, A. Die koptische Uebersetzung der vier grossen Propheten. Münster i. W., 1892. 84–90. Translation.

Suermann, H. “Notes concernant l’apocalypse copte de Daniel et la chute des Omayyades.” POr 11 (1983). 329–348. Including translation, indicating (what Suermann understands to be) the original and the redacted text.

Tattam, H. “Visio decima quarta.” Prophetae maiores in dialecto linguae aegyptiacae memphitica seu coptica. Oxford, 1858. 386–405. Coptic text with parallel Latin translation.

Woide, C.G. Appendix ad editionem Novi Testamenti graeci e codice manuscripto Alexandrino cum dissertatione de versione bibliorum aegyptiaca. III. De libris apocryphis aegyptiacus V. et N.T. Oxford, 1799. 141–148. Coptic text.

2. Auxiliary Studies DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 330–331. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 261. 209. Orlandi, T. “Gli apocriﬁ copti.” Augustin 23 (1983). 58–71 at 66. Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. No 117.3c–d, 6–7.

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458 3. Secondary Studies

Bousset, W. Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche. Göttingen, 1895. 41–45 at 43. [rep. Hildesheim, 1983] [= The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore. Trans. A.H. Keane. London, 1896. 66–72 at 70. [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter. AART&T 24. Atlanta, 1999]] Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 316 note 7. Brief, survey-style overview.

Denis, A.-M. Introduction aux pseudépigraphes grecs d’Ancien Testament. SVTP 1. Leiden, 1970. 309–314 at 312. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 151–152. Hoyland, R. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 13. Princeton, 1997. 289–290. van Lent, J.M. “The Nineteen Muslim Kings in Coptic Apocalypses.” POr 25 (2000). 643–693. Discussed in terms of points of contact with the Apocalypse of Shenute II and the Apocalypse of Samuel of Qalamàn. Includes partial translation (verses 24–59 and again 54–60) from the Coptic.

Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130 note 91, 133. Excursus: Sundry Coptic Daniel Apocrypha i. London, BL cod. Or. 1325, fols. 196v–256v See W.E. Crum, Catalogue of the Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1905), 384 –385: “Scala composed of words and phrases from the following books: . . . Daniel’s Vision . . .” The precise nature of this text is unknown to me, as is what is meant by the reference to “Daniel’s Vision.” It may be one (or all) of the visions included in the biblical Book of Daniel, it may be the Coptic Fourteenth Vision of Daniel (§1, supra), or it may be something else altogether.

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN HEBREW

I. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

II. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

III. Aramaic-Hebrew Daniel-Poem Manuscripts: – Cambridge, UL T-S H12.8 Reference: Klein, M.L. Targumic Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. Cambridge University Library Genizah Series 8. Cambridge, 1992. 37. – Cambridge, UL T-S H12.9 Reference: Klein (supra), 37. Description of the Text: According to Klein (supra), this text may be termed an “Aramaic poem with Hebrew refrain based on Book of Daniel anyynyt awyj zj twdwmj çya,” with T-S H12.9 “with variants and much more preserved.” No edition or scholarship is seemingly associated with this text.

IV. Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar Manuscript: – New York, Jewish Theological Seminary, Schechter Genizah fol. 5r–v inscr.: laynd ˆwzj hz incip.: rbk rhn l[ dmw[ ytyyh laynd yna Text: Ginzberg (infra); Ibn-Shmuel (infra); Bonﬁl, “laynd ˆwzj” (infra) [partial text]. Translation: Sharf, “laynd ˆwzj” (infra); Buchanan (infra). This text is preserved in a unique manuscript sheet (recto and verso). We possess the title and the beginning of the text, and the catchword on the recto corresponds to the ﬁrst word on the verso. It is unclear, however, if the text continued on other (no longer extant) sheets. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.17.

1. Texts and Translations Bonﬁl, R. “tytwrpsw tyrwfsyh hdw[tk ‘laynd ˆwzj’” Zion 44 (1979) [I.F. Baer Memorial Volume]. 111–147. Includes photographs of the folio (recto and verso), with text (verso only, lines 5–24) [and reconstructed Greek text]. English summary of article xv–xvi. Bonﬁl

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argues that the text was composed by a Jewish leader during the crisis of empire that followed the death of Leo III (912 CE), who supported the political claims of Leo’s widow, Zoë, and her son, Constantinos Porphyrogenetos.

Buchanan, G.W. “The Vision of Daniel.” Revelation and Redemption. Jewish Documents of Deliverance from the Fall of Jerusalem to the Death of Nahmanides. Dillsboro, NC, 1978. 419–422. Translation, with brief afterword.

Ginzberg, L. “laynd ˆwˆj.” r[fk[ç yzng. Geniza Studies in Memory of Doctor Solomon Schechter. TSJTS 7. New York, 1928. 1.313–323. Editio princeps, without translation.

Ibn-Shmuel, Y. “laynd ˆwaj.” hlag yçrdm. Tel-Aviv, 1943. Jerusalem/ Tel-Aviv, 21953–1954. 232–254. Text on pp. 249–252.

Krauss, S. “Ein neuer Text zur byzantinisch-jüdischen Geschichte.” Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher 7 (1928–1929). 57–86 [= “Un nouveau texte pour l’histoire judéo-byzantine.” RÉJ 87 (1929). 11–27] Translation of portions of the text, scattered throughout this article.

Sharf, A. “hyfnzyb ydwhy twdlwtl rwqmk ‘laynd ˆwzj’” Bar-Ilan 4/5 (1967). 197–208. [= “A Source for Byzantine Jewry under the Early Macedonians.” Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher 20 (1970). 320–328] [= “The Vision of Daniel as a Byzantine-Jewish Historical Source.” The Jews and Other Minorities in Byzantium. Jerusalem, 1995. 119–135] Translation included. This translation was reprinted as “The Vision of Daniel,” Byzantine Jewry from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade (London, 1971), 201–204.

Starr, J.A. The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204. Texte und Forschungen zur byzantinisch-neugriechischen Philologie 30. Athínai, 1939. Nos. 71, 79, and 93. 134–135, 141, 152. Translation of portions of the text, with commentary.

2. Auxiliary Studies DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 329–330. 3. Secondary Studies Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte der frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 316 note 6. Brief, survey-style overview.

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Denis, A.-M. Introduction aux pseudépigraphes grecs d’Ancien Testament. SVTP 1. Leiden, 1970. 309–314 at 313. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 156–157. Survey-style overview.

Hoyland, R. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 13. Princeton, 1997. 320–321. Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130 note 90. Sharf, A. “Jews in Byzantium.” The Jews and Other Minorities in Byzantium. Jerusalem, 1995. 52–79 at 64–66. Stone, M.E. “Daniel, Vision of.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Edd. C. Roth, G. Wigoder, et al. New York, 1971–1972. 5, col. 1290. V. Nevu’ot Daniel Manuscripts: – Sankt Petersburg, details unknown. incip.: . . . la[mçy yklm .jyçm ynmys Reference: Henze, M. The Syriac Apocalypse of Daniel. TSAC 11. Tübingen, 2001. 5, note 7: “another still unpublished Hebrew ‘historical’ apocalypse attributed to Daniel, entitled Nevu’ot Daniel, was discovered among the Geniza fragments and is now part of the St. Petersburg collection.” This text is presently being edited for publication by M. Ben-Sasson. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.22.

VI. The Daniel-Tales in the Book of Yosippon Description of the Text: Much has been said but little is known for certain about the Hebrew Yosippon— its date, provenance, purpose, and the character of the original text are still matters for debate. Some scholars have dated it early as the fourth century, others as late as the eleventh. What is known is that it exists in two versions, the so-called “Mantua” edition and the longer and more elaborate “Constantinople” edition, each named after the place where its editio princeps was published. In addition, portions of the Yosippon were incorporated in the eleventh-century Hebrew narrative known as the Chronicle of Jerahmeel, which itself was copied and augmented in 1325 by Eleazar ben Asher ha-Levi. The Daniel material in Yosippon is paralleled in Jerahmeel, although Jerahmeel adds material not included in Yosippon, including a Hebrew translation of Daniel; J. Reiner

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(see infra) notes that the Yosippon used by Jerahmeel exhibits characteristics of both editions. On some of this material, see Chapter Two.

1. Texts and Translations Gaster, M. The Chronicles of Jerahmeel; or, The Hebrew Bible Historiale. Being a Collection of Apocryphal and Pseudo-Epigraphical Books Dealing with the History of the World from the Creation to the Death of Judas Maccabeus. London, 1899. 200–224. [rep., with prolegomenon by H. Schwarzbaum. New York] ———. “The Unknown Aramaic Original of Theodotian’s Additions to the Book of Daniel.” Studies and Texts. Ed. J. Mann. London, 1925–1928. 39–49. 2. Secondary Studies Reiner, J. “The Original Hebrew Yosippon in the Chronicle of Jerahmeel.” JQR 60 (1969–1970). 128–146. VII. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl See below, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Arabic.”

Excursus: The Additional Greek Material in the Post-Biblical Jewish Tradition Selected Sources: Brüll, N. “Die epistolarischen Apokryphen und die apokryphischen Zusätze zum Buche Daniel.” Jahrbücher für jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur 8 (1887). 1–40 at 22–40. Fischer, B. “Daniel und seine drei Gefährten in Talmud und Misrasch. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Legenden über die Personen des Alten Testaments in der haggadischen Literatur.” Diss: Bern, 1906. Levy, I. “L’Histoire ‘De Suzanne et les deux vieillards’ dans la littérature juive.” RÉJ 95 (1933). 157–171.

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN PERSIAN

I. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl See below, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Arabic.”

II. The History of Daniel (Qissa-yi Dàniyàl) Manuscripts: – Paris, BNF cod. héb. 128 [ancien fonds 45], fols 72vﬀ. inscr.: laynd hxyq incip.: hdwhy tybd aklm hynky ynbm laynd ana Text: Zotenberg, “Geschichte Daniels” (infra); Ibn-Shmuel (infra); Eisenstein (infra). Translation: Jellinek [and Wunsche] (infra); Buchanan (infra); Asmussen and Dadkhah (infra). Reference: Zotenberg, H. Catalogue des manuscrits hébreux et samaritains de la Bibliothèque impériale. Paris, 1866. Nos. 128–129. The text is composed in Persian but written in Hebrew characters. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.14.

1. Texts and Translations Asmussen, J.P., and Dadkhah, H. “En jødisk-persisk Daniel apokalypse, en oversaettelse af en apokryf Daniel tekst.” DTT 61 (1998). 199–215. Translation.

Buchanan, G.W. “The Story of Daniel (Upon Whom Be Peace).” Revelation and Redemption. Jewish Documents of Deliverance from the Fall of Jerusalem to the Death of Nahmanides. Dillsboro, NC, 1978. 461–478. Translation, with brief afterword.

Darmesteter, J. “L’apocalypse persane de Daniel.” Mélanges Rénier. BHÉ, sciences philologiques et historiques 73. Paris, 1887. 405–420. Transcription (into Persian script) and translation, of portions of the apocalyptic section, fols. 83v–88 v.

Eisenstein, J.D. μyçrdm rxw[ Ozar Midrashim. A Library of Two Hundred Minor Midrashim. New York, 1918. 1.97–103 Ibn-Shmuel, Y. hlag yçrdm. Tel-Aviv, 1943. Jerusalem/Tel-Aviv, 2 1953–1954. 199–228. Text at 209–228.

Jellinek, A. “laynd hç[m. Erzählung Daniel’s.” çrdmh tyb. Bet haMidrasch. Sammlung kleiner Midraschim und vermischter Abhandlungen aus

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der ältern jüdischen Literatur. 6 vols. 1853–1877. 5.xxxvi–xxxvii, 117–130. [rep. Jerusalem, 1967] Brief introduction (xxxvi–xxxviii) and translation.

Wünsche, A. “Midrasch Daniel.” Aus Israels Lehrhallen. 5 vols. Leipzig, 1907–1910. 2.57–80. [rep. Hildesheim, 1967] German translation of Jellinek’s Hebrew translation, with brief afterword (78–80).

Zotenberg, H. “Geschichte Daniels. Ein Apocryph.” Archiv für wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Alten Testaments. Ed. A. Merx. Halle, 1867–1869. 1.385–427. Text and translation.

2. Auxiliary Studies Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 263. 209–210. Migne, J.-P. “Daniel.” Dictionnaire des Apocryphes, ou Collection de tous les livres apocryphes relatifs a l’Ancien et au Nouveau Testament. Paris, 1858. Cols. 185–192 at 185–186. Notes publication of “une Histoire de Daniel ” in Cahen [Cahn] (see Munk, infra).

Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. Nos. 117.8–12. 3. Secondary Studies Asmussen, J.P. “A Judeo-Persian Apocalypse.” In the Last Days: On Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic and Its Period. Edd. K. Jeppesen, et al. Aarhus, 1994. 38–40. Bousset, W. Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche. Göttingen, 1895. 69 –71. [rep. Hildesheim, 1983] [= The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore. Trans. A.H. Keane. London, 1896. 109–112. [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter. AART&T 24. Atlanta, 1999]] Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 317 note 1. Brief, survey-style overview.

Browne, E.G. A Literary History of Persia. Volume I: From the Earliest Times until Firdawsí (to 1000 A.D.). London, 1902. 479–480. [rep., with new introduction by J.T.P. de Bruin. Bethesda, MD, 1997] Brief but interesting note. Surveys literature on the text, questions J. Darmesteter’s (“L’apocalypse persane de Daniel,” supra) identiﬁcation of historical ﬁgures and

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events in the last section of the text, and suggests that the date of composition might be the tenth century CE rather than the thirteenth.

Buttenwieser, M. “Apocalyptic Literature, Neo-Hebraic. 13. The Persian Apocalypse of Daniel.” The Jewish Encyclopaedia. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times. Ed. I. Singer, et al. New York/London, 1901–1905. 1.675–685 at 684–685. [slightly revised = “XIII. The Persian Apocalypse of Daniel, laynd hxq.” Outline of the Neo-Hebraic Apocalyptic Literature. Cincinnati, 1901. 43–44] Buttenwieser withdrew his name from the article as it appears in the Jewish Encyclopaedia and then published a slightly revised version of it in book form. Brief description of the contents of the text. Buttenwieser concludes, pace W. Bousset, that the text was written in the ﬁrst half of the ninth century.

Denis, A.-M. Introduction aux pseudépigraphes grecs d’Ancien Testament. SVTP 1. Leiden, 1970. 309–314 at 312–313. Survey-style overview.

García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 157–158. Survey-style overview. Concludes that the text is Jewish, that its historical part is not earlier than the eleventh century, and that the apocalyptic section cannot be dated any earlier, either.

Geiger, A. “Ein persisches Apocryphon über Daniel.” JZWL 8 (1870). 226. Brief note describing text.

Hoyland, R. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 13. Princeton, 1997. 328–330. James, M.R. The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament. TED 1, Palestinian Jewish Texts 14. London/New York, 1920. 70. Brief note describing text as being a legendary life of Daniel in Persian.

de Lagarde, P. Persische Studien. AAWGött 31. Göttingen, 1884. 2.69. See the extended review of this book and comments on the text by C. Salemann, Literatur-Blatt für orientalische Philologie 2 (1884–1885), 74–86 at 75.

Lazard, G. La langue des plus anciens monuments de la prose persane. Études linguistiques 2. Paris, 1963. 129. Very brief notice.

Macler, F. “L’Apocalypse persane de Daniel.” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. Paris, 1895. 21–34. [slightly revised = “Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. II. L’Apocalypse persane de Daniel.” RHR 33 (1896). 37–53 at 43–53] Includes partial translation.

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Munk, S. “Note additionnelle sur les apocryphes persans.” In S. Cahn, La Bible, traduction nouvelle, avec l’hébreu en regard, accompagné des points-voyelles et des accents toniques, avec des notes philologiques, géographiques et littéraires, et les principales variantes de la version des Septante et du texte samaritain. Paris, 1838. 9.155–159 at 159. Brief description of contents of text. See the review by J. Darmesteter, “Nouveaux manuscrits judéo-persans,” Revue critique d’histoire et de littérature n.s. 13 (1882), 450–454 at 451.

Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130 note 92, 292–293. Stone, M.E. “Daniel, Books of (Apocryphal).” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Edd. C. Roth, G. Wigoder, et al. New York, 1971–1972. 5, col. 1289. Brief notice. Asserts that this text “contains similar materials” as the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel.

III. The Book of Daniel (Dàniyàl-nàma) Manuscripts: – Jerusalem, Hebrew University MS H2680 [1913] Reference: Netzer, “Dànìàl-e Nabì. iv. Dànìàl-Nàma” (infra). – London, BL cod. Or. 4743, fols. 2r–65r [1816] Text: Levy [partial] (infra); Netzer, “A Study” (infra). Reference: Margoliouth, G. “Persian Hebrew MSS in the British Museum.” JQR o.s. 7 (1895). 119–120 at 119; Margoliouth, G. Catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the British Museum. London, 1909. No. 943. 269; Meredith-Owens, G.M. Handlist of Persian Manuscripts, 1895–1966. London, 1968. 40. The BL copy contains the complete text; the Hebrew University text is incomplete and preserves the ﬁrst 234 distichs only. The text is in poetry rather than prose and is composed in Persian but written in Hebrew characters. The original date of the composition of the text is given (Seleucid 1918 (= 1607 CE)), along with the date of its redaction (1704/5 CE), and it also contains a superscription that preserves the name of its author, one Kh(w)àja Bukhàrài. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.24.

1. Texts and Translations Levy, R. “Danial-Nama: A Judeo-Persian Apocalypse.” Jewish Studies in Memory of George A. Kohut, 1874 –1933. Edd. S.W. Baron and A. Marx. New York, 1935. 423–428. Transliteration and translation of portions of the text. Haelewyck, Clavis, 265, incorrectly cites this as an edition of the History of Daniel (supra).

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Netzer, A. “A Study of Kh(w)àje Bokhàrài’s Dàniyàl-nàme.” Diss: Columbia, 1969. The editio princeps (pp. 93–293), transcribed by hand and without translation. Much of the material in the introductory sections (viz., “Introduction,” 1–25; “The Content of Dàniyàl-nàme,” 26–42; “Messianic Speculation and Its Background in Dàniyàl-nàme,” 43–56; “Literary Aspects,” 57–77; and “Linguistic Features,” 78–92) have seen print in revised form in Netzer’s later articles (infra).

———. “Dàniyàl-nàma.” An Anthology of Persian Poetry of the Jews of Iran. Texts and Researches 16. Tehran, 1973. 261–297. Text.

2. Auxiliary Studies DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 327–329. 3. Secondary Studies Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte der frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 317 note 1. Brief, survey-style overview.

Fischel, W.J. “Israel in Iran (A Survey of Judeo-Persian Literature).” The Jews. Their History, Culture, and Religion. Ed. L. Finkelstein. New York, 1949. 2.817–859 at 844. Very brief note. Suggests that the text might ultimately go back to a Bukharian poet, Benjamin ben Mishal, also known as Amina.

García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 157, note 63. Netzer, A. “Dàniyàl-Nàme: An Exposition of Judeo-Persian.” Islam and Its Cultural Divergences. Studies in Honor of Gustave E. von Grunebaum. Ed. G.L. Tikku. Urbana/Chicago/London, 1971. 145–164. Includes very partial translation.

———. “Dàniyàl-nàma and Its Literary Features.” IOS 2 (1972). 305–314. Study of linguistic features, phonology, morphology, and lexicology.

———. Otsar kitve ha-yad shel Yehude Paras bi-Mekhon ben-Tsevi. Jerusalem, 1985. 33. Details unknown. So noted by Netzer himself.

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———. “Dànìàl-e Nabì. iv. Dànìàl-Nàma.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. Ed. E. Yarshater. Costa Mesa, 1993. 6.657–660 at 660. Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130 note 92, 292. Excursus: Daniel Geomantic Texts in the Persian, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Turkish Traditions In his Descriptive Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts (infra), Ivanow subdivides the section on divination manuscripts into several parts, including: i) those that concern the interpretation of dreams; ii) those that concern divination by fàl and istikhàra; and iii) those that concern divination by means of raml (also: reml, remel, or rumul ), i.e., the science of geomancy, or divination by means of ﬁgures and lines or geographic features. For a preliminary overview of these texts and of their place with respect to the rest of the Daniel prognostica, see Chapter Four, §5. Note that the following list of texts does not claim to be exhaustive: – Cairo or Città del Vaticano (?), [Sbath MS 560] [xviii] Reference: Sbath, P. Bibliothèque de manuscrits. 3 vols. Heliopolis/Cairo, 1928–1934. No. 56. 2.14: “P. 11 . . . attribué au prophète Daniel. C’est un livre de geomancie.” – Cairo or Città del Vaticano (?), [Sbath MS 560] [1658] Reference: Sbath (supra), no. 1180, 3.48–49: “Receuil de géomancie en langue persane: . . . 5.—Questions et réponses attribuées au prophète Daniel débutant.” – Calcutta, Asiatic Society MS J.9, fols. 1v–34v [1114 A.H.] Reference: Ivanow, W. Concise Descriptive Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Collection of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1924. No. 1518.1, 709: “Risàla-i-Surkhàb dar 'ilm-i-raml. A treatise on raml, based on the book of Daniel. The author calls himself merely Surkhàb. It is apparently the same work as the one described in [Éthe] 2268, although it appears to be shorter than the latter. Cf. [Stewart] No. 14 on p. 98.” Note: “[Stewart] No. 14” = Stewart, C. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Library of the Late Tippoo Sultan of Mysore. Cambridge, 1809. 98: “[MSS] XIV & XV. . . . Surkhàb al Rumul va Ghaìreh. Two volumes, Octavo, Common Hand [Persian]. Two Treatises on Geomancy, with Numerous Figures. Author, Surkhàb.” Note: “[Éthe] 2268” = Ethé, H. Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Library of the India Oﬃce. Oxford, 1903. 1, col. 1239: “[MS] 2268. Surkâb alraml . . . [A] detailed work on geomancy, by an anonymous author, with many tables and other ﬁgures.” – Calcutta, Asiatic Society MS J.9, fols. 35v–44v [c. 1114 A.H.] Reference: Ivanow (supra), No. 1518.2. 709: “Kanzu’l-ghayb. Another short treatise on raml, also based on the book of Daniel (and several other authorities). The author calls himself Sa'du"d-Dìn Mas'ùd b. A˙mad Nìshàpùrì.” – Calcutta, Asiatic Society MS J.16 [x A.H.] Reference: Ivanow (supra), No. 1517. 709: “S˙ajari-i-pur Thamara. Another treatise on divination by raml, based on the apocryphic [sic] book of Daniel. The copy is incomplete at the beginning, and probably only on account of this defect that author’s name and exact date of composition are not found.”

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– London, BL cod. Add. 9702, fols. 1–45 [xvi] Reference: Rieu, C. Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum. London, 1888. 131–132: “A book of Remel ascribed to Daniel, with the heading. . . . The ﬁgures used in that mode of divination consist of sixteen combinations of dots and lines, a table of which is given, f. 5 b. Their names correspond with those of the Bodleian Catalogue, vol. iii, p. 328, but do not quite agree with those given by Hammer, Enkyklopädische Uebersicht, p. 483. They are as follows. . . . The division is partly in Fasls and partly in Bàbs; several leaves appear to be missing, and the contents to be made up of diﬀerent tracts. A table occupying two pages, ﬀ. 31–2, shows the correspondence of the above ﬁgures with planets, months, countries, etc.”; Thorndike, L. A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era (New York/London, 1923), 2.294: “There is a even a geomancy in Turkish ascribed to the prophet Daniel [note 4: ‘Additional 9702’].” – Oxford, Bod. cod. arm. e.12, fols. 18–40 [xvii] Reference: Baronian, S., and Conybeare, F.C. Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars XIV: Catalogue of the Armenian Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. Oxford, 1918. Cols. 234–237 at 236–237: “‘Wisdom of ancient philosophers, expounded by Daniel the Prophet, how to know good and evil, and beware of the latter.’ . . . This long treatise is formed of sixteen chapters of sixteen ﬁgures each. It bears some resemblance in the title to the Paris MS [i.e., BNF ancien fonds 112] ﬀ. 12b–18, but the text is much shorter.” – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. arab. 1106, fols. 93v–98r [xiii] Reference: Levi della Vida, G. Elenco dei manoscritti arabi islamici della Biblioteca Vaticani. Vaticani, Barberiniani, Borgiani, Rossiani. S&T 67. Città del Vaticano, 1935: “k. Al-Qur’a ar-ramliyya di Dàniyàl (Daniele).” – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Barb. pers. 533, fols. 2–70 [1846] Reference: van Lantschoot, A. Inventaire des manuscrits syriaques des fonds Vatican (490––631) Barberini oriental et Neoﬁti. S&T 243. Città del Vaticano, 1965. 57–58: “Recueil de données astrologiques, suivi d’une série de prognostications (Kitàb ar-raml), le tout attribué à Daniel le prophète (B. 230, note 2, Graf I 216), en gar“ùnì.” – Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. Vat. pers. 107, fols. 2–70 [c. 1063 A.H.] Reference: Rossi, E. Elenco dei manoscritti Persiani della Biblioteca Vaticani. S&T 136. Città del Vaticano, 1948: “Kitàb-i ramal-i Dànyàl, trattato o raccolta di trattati di geomanzia, in turco, senza nome d’autore.” Selected Sources on Daniel Geomantic Texts: d’Herbelot, B. “Danial.” Bibliothèque orientale, ou Dictionnaire universel. Paris, 1697. 283: “Les Orientaux attibuent à Daniel l’invention de la Geomantie qu’ils appelent Reml, & un livre qui a pour titre Oßoul al Tâbir, Les principes de l’Oneirocritique, ou de l’explication des songes.” Seligson, M. “Daniel. In Arabic Literature.” The Jewish Encyclopaedia. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times. Ed. I. Singer, et al. New York/London, 1901–1905. 4.429: [paraphrasing d’Herbelot] “The Arabs attribute to Daniel the invention of geomancy (“'ilm alraml”) and the authorship of the “Usul al-Ta'bir” (“The Principles of Interpreting Dreams”).” Tobi, Y. The Jews of Yemen. ÉJM 21. Leiden/Boston, 1999.

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Excursus: Sundry Persian Daniel Apocrypha i. The Daniel Story in the Sogdian Tradition MS C22 of the Turfan collection in the Berlin Staatsbibliothek preserves, among other things, a fragmentary story of Daniel. N. Sims-Williams (infra) observes that “it was presumably translated from Syriac, but the original has not been identiﬁed,” and “is not a retelling of the text of the Bible but a free retelling of the biblical narrative.” Three episodes are partially preserved, the ﬁrst based on Daniel’s refusal to eat impure food (Dan 1), the second on the interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of Dan 2, and the third perhaps a conﬂationary tale of Bel and the Serpent, possibly set in the time of Belshazzar. Selected sources on Daniel-Tales in the Sogdian Tradition: Hansen, O. “Die christliche Literatur der Sogdier.” HdO I/IV, 2/1. Leiden, 1968. 91–99 at 96. de Lagarde, P. Libri Veteris Testamenti apocryphi syriace. Leipzig/London, 1861. Müller, F.W.K., and Lentz, W. “Soghdische Texte II.” SAWBerlin, phil.-hist. Klasse, 1934/21. 504–607 at 532–534. Sims-Williams, N. “Dànìàl-e Nabì. ii. In Sogdian Literature” Encyclopaedia Iranica. Ed. E. Yarshater. Costa Mesa, 1993. 6.657–660 at 658. ii. India Oﬃce MSS 129 and 596 See H. Ethé, Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Library of the India Oﬃce (Oxford, 1903), vol. 1, cols. 52–53, re MS 129: “A curious work on general history, intermixed with theological and esoteric discussions . . . After this introductory part the real work begins, a compendium of general history in ﬁfteen makâlas . . . Makâlah IV: From MunûÆihr to Alexander the Great (. . . Solomon, Daniel), on fol. 102a’ and 1, cols. 241–242, re MS 596: “Ta’rîkh-i-Anbiyâ . . . Another very detailed work on the prophets and holy men before the Islâm . . . 29. l∏£Nah . . . on fol. 159b, in ﬁve bâbs.” Note also C. Stewart, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Library of the Late Tippoo Sultan of Mysore (Cambridge, 1809), 21: “This book also contains an Account of the Creation of the World, and a History of all the Prophets preceding Mohammed.” iii. Oxford, Bod. cod. Whinﬁeld 8, fols. 215r–216r “Further notes on divination and astrology, said to be ‘extracted from the book of the prophet Daniel’.” See A.F.L. Beeston, Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani and Pushtu Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. Part II: Additional Persian Manuscripts (Oxford, 1954), 82–84 at 84. Is this a copy or version of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl ?

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I. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

II. The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel [Coptic and Arabic] See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Coptic.” The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel is preserved in Arabic in one MS: London, BL cod. Or. 1314.

III. The Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid Manuscript: – details unknown Translation: Cook (infra). Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.18.

1. Texts and Translations Cook, D.B. “An Early Muslim Daniel Apocalypse.” Arabica 49 (2002). 55–96. IV. The Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil Manuscript: – Paris, BNF cod. arab. 150, fols. 14r–20r [1606] Text and Translation: Macler (infra); Gottheil (infra) [partial text only: fols. 14r–v + 19v–20r] Reference: MacGuckin, W., (Baron de Slane). Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris, 1883–1895. 1.34: “Explication de la vision que le prophète Daniel raconta à son disciple Esdras, et indication de ce qui doit arriver aux enfants d’Ismaël et d’Agar la Copte.” Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.19.

1. Texts and Translations Gottheil, R.J.H. “An Arabic Version of the ‘Revelation of Ezra’.” Hebraica 4 (1887–1888). 14–17.

Gottheil identiﬁes the text as a copy of the Syriac Ezra-Apocalypse ﬁrst published by F. Baethgen (ZAW 6 (1886), 199–210).

Macler, F. “L’Apocalypse arabe de Daniel: publiée, traduite et annotée.” RHR 49 (1904). 265–305. Text and translation, with an introductory section.

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472 2. Auxiliary Studies

DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 331–332. Graf, G. Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur. I. S&T 118. Città del Vaticano, 1944. 216. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 262. 209. Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. No. 117.3, a–b. 3. Secondary Studies Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 316 note 4. Brief, survey-style overview.

Denis, A.-M. Introduction aux pseudépigraphes grecs d’Ancien Testament. SVTP 1. Leiden, 1970. 309–314 at 313. Survey-style overview.

Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130 note 85. V. Mal˙amat Dàniyàl Manuscripts: The full range of the manuscripts and the versions in which this text is preserved is unknown, and as such the following list must only be considered a very preliminary attempt at gathering the available manuscripts in one place. I have collated the data found in the few studies which discuss this enigmatic text with the information uncovered from an examination by autopsy of manuscript catalogues. Included are only those texts explicitly attributed, in whole or in part, to Daniel; as with the Lunationes Danielis, though, not every Mal˙amat is actually attributed to Daniel. It is my preliminary conclusion that this text is either related to or is an oriental version of the Greek Praedictiones Danielis, although it must be stressed that this conclusion awaits evaluation by means of a detailed study of the relevant texts.

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Syriac – Birmingham, Mingana MS Syriac 191, fols. 43–62 Reference: Mingana, A. Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts Now in the Possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke Settlement, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Vol. I: Syriac and Garshùni Manuscripts. Cambridge, 1933. Cols. 420–421: “A special treatise on the solar months of the year, by Daniel the philosopher (1).” note 1: “This treatise is found in Islamic Arabic where it is known as [Mal˙amat Daniel ]. See the Arabic Catalogue of the Berlin manuscripts by Ahlwardt, vol. v, pp. 304–307 (Nos. 5912 and 5915).” Note also that rest of this MS (A, fols. 1–42, and C, fols. 63–69, are prognosticatory texts, the former explicitly concerned with the moon. – Birmingham, Mingana MS Syriac 311, fols. 75r–99 [c. 1750] Reference: Mingana, Catalogue I (supra), cols. 590–591: “The treatise on Horoscope, called Mal˙amah, attributed to Daniel the Philosopher. . . . The expression ‘peace be with him’ suggests that this ‘Daniel the Philosopher’ is the prophet Daniel. The treatise is divided into twelve faßls, corresponding with the twelve months of the year, beginning with October and ending with September. About three leaves are missing at the end, which contained part of August and all September.” – Birmingham, Mingana MS Syriac 436, fols. 2v–29r Reference: Mingana, Catalogue I (supra), cols. 770–771: “A treatise on the Syrian months and the events that take place in them, entitled the ‘Prognostications of Daniel the Prophet.’ . . . Each month has a special section called a faßl.” – Cairo, Egyptian National Library MS TJF 12, fols. 1v–4r Reference: King, D. A Survey of the Scientiﬁc Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library. American Research Center in Cairo Catalogs 5. Winona Lake, 1983. 27: “A mal˙ama in Persian arranged in 24 bàbs.” – London, BL cod. Or. 2084, fol. 1 [1756] Reference: Wright, W. A Short History of Syriac Literature. 1894. 26 note 2: gives title of text, “Kîthàbhà dhî-Shùdhà'è dhî-zabhnè dhî-Dhànì"èl nîbhìhà”; Margoliouth, G. Descriptive List of Syriac and Karshuni Mss. in the British Museum Acquired since 1873. London, 1899. 3: Notes title of text: “The Prognostics of Daniel”; Baumstark, A. Geschichte der syrischen Literatur. Bonn, 1922. 230 note 2, 352 note to 230: Refers to “ein Vorzeichenbuch unter demjenigen des Propheten Daniel in BrMOr 2084.” – London, BL cod. Or. 4434 [xix] Text: Furlani, ZDMG 75 (infra). Reference: Margoliouth (supra), 42: “Or. 4434. Tracts on a fanciful collection of diseases according to the numerical value of names . . . forecasts of various kinds, dreams and their interpretation, and some remedial preparations . . . xixth century”; den Heijer (infra), 230. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Syr. 115 Reference: Uri, J. Bibliothecae Bodleianae codicum manuscriptorum orientalium, videlicet hebraicorum, chaldaicorum, syriacorum, aethiopicorum, arabicorum, persicorum, turcicorum, copticorumque. Oxford, 1787. [syriac page] 24: “Tractatus Liber danielis Sapientis inscriptus, diﬀerens de duodecim mensibus . . .”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Syr. 161, fols. 1–116 [SC 3004,1] (olim cod. Or. 8) Note: Smith, R.P. Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. Pars sexta: Codices syriacos, carshunicos, mandaeos complectens. Oxford, 1864. Cols. 537–539 at 537–538: “Danielis sapientis Prognostica”; Thorndike, History (supra), 2.294; Summary Catalogue, 2.1.565: “Qu. Catal. vi (Syriac), no. 161 (Daniel)”; den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7.

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– Wien, ÖNB cod. Or. 1552, fols. 108r–124v Note: Details uncertain. Note: Catalogues des manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la Bibliothèque nationale (Paris, 1874), 212, re MS 276 [ancien fonds 164], fols. 1r–9v: “Traité d’astrologie intitulé: ‘Prédictions du prophète Daniel.’ En carschouni. . . . Commencement. . . . D’apres Hadji Hkalfa, ce livre a pour auteur le schaïkh Abou ’l-Fadhl Djalîs-ben-Mo˙ammed al-Teﬂîsî (Comparez Casiri, ‘Bibliotheca arabica-hispana Escurial.,’ t. I, p. 297;—Pusey et Nicoll, ‘Catal. cod. manuscr. orient. Biblioth. Bodl.,’ pars II, p. 332 et suiv.).” Arabic – Alger, Bibliothèque Publique cod. arab. 1517 Reference: fa*gnan, E. Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France. Départements—Tome XVIII: Alger. Paris, 1893. 418: “Recueil de prédictions astrologiques attribuées au prophète Daniel, et réparties d’apres les mois de l’année syriaque. La ﬁn manque (Cat. de Paris, n° 2524, 11°)”; Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 14: “K. Dàniyàl ”. – Alger, Bibliothèque Publique cod. arab. 1518 Reference: fa*gnan (supra), 418: “Fragment, sans commencement ni ﬁn, du même recueil de prédictions attribuées à Daniel”; Thorndike, History (supra), 2.294. – Ankara, MS Is. Saib Sincer I, 312 Reference: Fahd (infra), 409 note 4. – Berlin, SBPK cod. arab. 5912 [olim Spr. 1936, fols. 1r–63r] Reference: Ahlwardt, W. Verzeichniss der arabischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Vierter Band. Berlin, 1892. 304–305. – Berlin, SBPK cod. arab. 5913 [olim Mq. 657] Reference: Ahlwardt (supra), 305; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Berlin, SBPK cod. arab. 5914 [olim Mf. 39,6, fols. 85r–96r + Mo. 197,2, fols. 4r–30v] Reference: Ahlwardt (supra), 305–306: “Ein Stück desselben [i.e., cod. 5913] Werkes.” – Berlin, SBPK cod. arab. 5915 [olim Mo. 198 + Mq. 466,1, fol. 1v + Mq. 466,3, fol. 12v + Spr 1936, fols. 67r–73r] Reference: Ahlwardt (supra), 305. Note: In many places the text here is paralleled by cod. arab. 5912. – Birmingham, Mingana MS Christian Arabic Additional 204, fols. 2v–29r [c. 950] Reference: Mingana, A. Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts Now in the Possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke Settlement, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Vol. III: Additional Christian Arabic and Syriac Manuscripts. Cambridge, 1939. No. 229. 44: “The leaves contain part of the astronomical and astrological work attributed to the prophet Daniel. See No. 259 [Additional 135]. Incomplete at beginning and at the end. The months represented here are: end of January, all February, and about half of March.” – Birmingham, Mingana MS Christian Arabic Additional 135, fol. 1b Reference: Mingana, Catalogue III (supra), No. 259. 56: “The beginning of the astrological work attributed to the prophet Daniel, and generally known under the title of [Mal˙amat Daniel]. It is here called Book of Thunder . . . The work diﬀers from that found in many other MSS. of my collection, such as Mingana Arab (Isl.) 323 and Mingana Syriac 191 and 311. The text of the present MS. is much shorter, and its phraseology is totally diﬀerent. . . . The months are those of the Syrian calendar. . . .” – Birmingham, Mingana MS Arabic (Islamic) 891 I [xviii] Reference: Gottschalk, H.L., et al. Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts Now in the Possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke Settlement, Selly Oak,

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Birmingham and Preserved at the Selly Oak Colleges Library. Vol. IV: Islamic Arabic Manuscripts. Birmingham, 1963. Nos. 1911 and 1912. 355: No. 1911 (MS 891 I): “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl, a work on astrology, ostensibly based on ancient Greek writers. It is similar to Berlin 5912 but is not as complete as that work”; Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Birmingham, Mingana MS Arabic (Islamic) 323 [xix] Reference: Gottschalk, Catalogue IV (supra), No. 1912 (MS 323): “The same work [as No. 1911, supra]”; Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Cairo, Coptic Patriarchate Library cod. Theol. 260, fol. 183v (old pagination) 174v (new pagination) [xiii] Text: 'Abd al-Masi˙ (infra). Reference: Simaika Pasha, M., and 'Abd al-Masi˙, Y. Catalogue of Coptic and Arabic Manuscripts. Cairo, 1942. No. 377. II.1.165. Cairo, Dàr, mìqàt 132 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5. Cairo, Egyptian National Library MS K 3862, fols. 1v–10r Reference: King, D. A Survey of the Scientiﬁc Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library. American Research Center in Cairo, Catalogs 5; Winona Lake, 1983. 27: “A Mal˙ama attributed to Alexander and Abù Ma'shar.” Cairo, Egyptian National Library MS S 4467, fols. 59r–74v Reference: King (supra), 27. Cairo or Città del Vaticano (?), [Sbath MS 71], fols. 1r–39r [1683] Reference: Sbath, P. Bibliothèque de manuscrits. 3 vols. Heliopolis/Cairo, 1928–1934. No. 71. 1.51–52: “Ce receuil contient: 1. P.1 . . . Il débute . . .l∏£Nah . . .”; Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 12: “K. Al-Falak”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Cairo or Città del Vaticano (?), [Sbath MS 771] [1697] Reference: Sbath, Bibliothèque (supra), No. 771, 2.61: “C’est un livre d’astrologie attribué au prophète Daniel”; Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Cairo or Città del Vaticano (?), [Sbath MS 1050] [xvi] Reference: Sbath, Bibliothèque (supra), No. 1050, 2.158: “Livre astrologique attribué à Daniel le prophète . . . incomplet (V. ms. 771)”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4 [but identifying the MS as 1051]. Cairo or Città del Vaticano (?), [Sbath MS 1085] [xviii] Reference: Sbath, Bibliothèque (supra), No. 1085, 2.164: “Livre astronomico-astrologique attribué à Daniel le prophète”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, MS 1506 Reference: Ulama M. Hidayat Hosain, S., Maheuz-ul Haq, M., and Ishaque, M. Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Collection of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1949. No. 1506. 2.195–196: “1506. Kitàb al-Mulhama. A treatise expounding the astrological judgment relating to the twelve months. The name of the author is not mentioned. In the preface it is mentioned that the material for the present work was taken from the sayings of Dàniyàl, the Prophet, Idrìs bin Luqmàn and Hurmus the Philosopher.” Cambridge, Oriental MS 1258 Reference: Arberry, A.J. A Second Supplementary Hand-List of the Muhammadan Manuscripts in the University & Colleges of Cambridge (Cambridge, 1952), no. 130 at 21: “Mal˙ama, attributed to Daniel”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Dimashq, Zàhirìya Library MS 3585 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Dimashq, ZàhirìyaLibrary MS 5039 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 13: “K. Dàniyàl ”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4.

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– Dimashq, Zàhirìya Library MS 5600 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Dimashq, Zàhirìya Library MS 6263 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 13: “K. Dàniyàl ”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Dimashq, Zàhirìya Library MS 6271 Reference: Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Dimashq, Zàhirìya Library MS 6860, fols. 1v–65v Reference: Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 11: “K. Dàniyàl . . .”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Dimashq, Zàhirìya Library MS 7845, pp. 294–295 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Durham, University Library cod. Or./Arab. 10, pp. 1–70 [1893] Reference: On-line manuscript catalogue of the Durham University Library. – Gotha, Herzoglichen Bibliothek cod. 1464 Reference: Pertsch, W. Die orientalischen Handschriften der Herzoglichen Bibliothek zu Gotha. III: Die arabischen Handschriften III. Gotha, 1881. 96–97; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4, Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text. – Gotha, Herzoglichen Bibliothek cod. 1465 Reference: Pertsch, Die orientalischen Handschriften (supra), 97; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4, Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text. – Istanbul, Atif Mustafa Efendi Kütüphanesi MS 1164, fols. 15r–93r Reference: Fahd (infra), 408–409. – Istanbul, Atif Mustafa Efendi Kütüphanesi MS 1722 Reference: Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Istanbul, Aya Sofya 2684, fols. 106r–117v Reference: Fahd (infra), 489: “Divination météorologique selon Daniel”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4; Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text. – Istanbul, Ba[datli Vehbi Kütüphanesi 2234, fols. 1–6r Reference: Fahd (infra), 408–409; Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 6 [but citing fols. 1v–7r]. – Istanbul, Hekim O[lu [Hekimo[lu] Ali Pasha 572, fols. 292–345 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5. – Istanbul, Hekim O[lu [Hekimo[lu] Ali Pasha 574, fols. 302r–356v Reference: Fahd (infra), 409 note 4. – Istanbul, Nuruosmaniye Külliyesi MS 2796 Reference: Fahd (infra), 409 note 4; Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 10: “K. Dàniyàl ”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Istanbul, Suleymaniye bib. ’ehit Ali 2002, fols. 41r–57v Reference: Fahd (infra), 409 note 4; Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5. – Istanbul, Veliüddin Efendi MS 2281,3 Reference: Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. – Istanbul, Veliüddin Efendi MS 2294, fols. 58v–65v Reference: Fahd (infra), 408–409; Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 8 [but citing fols. 58v–87v]. – Konya, Kitapligi Yûsuf A[a [Yusufa[a] MS 5006, pp. 1–64 Reference: Fahd (infra), 409 note 4. Note: Is this the same MS as what Sezgin lists as Konya 6462 (infra)? – Konya, Kitapligi Yûsuf A[a [Yusufa[a] MS 6462, pp. 1–64 Reference: Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 11. Note: Is this the same MS as what Fahd lists as Konya 5006 (supra)? – Leeds, University of Leeds Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures MS or. 72 [xix]

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Reference: MacDonald, J. Catalogue of Oriental Manuscripts. II: Arabic MSS 51–100. Leeds, 1958. 21–22; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek cod. Or. 11.066 [1265 ah] Reference: den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7, 231–232. Leiden, Universiteitsbiblioteek cod. Or. 12.050 [xix] Reference: den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7, 231–232. London, BL cod. Or. 5907 [1080 ah] Reference: Ellis, A.G., and Edwards, E. A Descriptive List of the Arabic Manuscripts Acquired by the Trustees of the British Museum since 1894. London, 1912. 41: “Works on portents from natural phenomena: (1) Mulhamat Dàniyàl alNàbi, 21 chapters, ascribed to the prophet Daniel”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4; den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7. Note: There appear to be several texts associated with Daniel in this MS. See Sezgin (infra), 314 re his no. 2 [on fols. 1v–44r] (“Ein Buch über Malhama in 22 Kapiteln, übersetzt aus dem syrischen . . .”), 315 re his no. 4 [on fols. 53r–73v], and 316 re his no. 16 [on fols. 44r–48r]. See also the list of the titles of the individual texts preserved in this MS in G. Furlani, “Eine Sammlung astrologischer Abhandlungen in arabischer Sprache,” ZA 33 (1921), 157–168; see also A. Mengozzi, Trattato di Sem e altri testi astrologici (Testi del Vicino Oriente antico 7.1; Brescia, 1998), 83–86. Oxford, Bod. cod. Hunt 456 (cod. arab. I.1005) Reference: Uri (supra), 218: “Tractatus Astrologicus, ex lingua Syriaca in Arabicam ab anonymo conversus, qui hunc prae se sert titulam: Signa et Argumenta de Impressionibus sublimibus, ex hermete, daniele et dhulcarnain, excerpta”; den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7. Oxford, Bod. cod. Hyde 32, fols. 63r–84r [SC 6405?] (cod. arab. II.284.3) Reference: Nicoll, A. Bibliothecae Bodleianae codicum manuscriptorum orientalium catalogi. Partis secundae, volumen primum: Arabicos complectens. Oxford, 1821. 277–279 at 279; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4; den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7. Oxford, Bod. cod. Marsh 513 (cod. arab. I.978) Reference: Uri (supra), 213: “Liber . . . danielis Prophetae Narratio. Continet per quindecim capita, et 56 folia, variarum rerum praedictiones ex Stellis, Planetis, Eclipsibus, Halonibus, annorum ingressu”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4; den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7. Oxford, Bod. cod. Or. 456 (cod. arab. II.332) Reference: Nicoll (supra), 332–333; den Heijer (infra), 224 note 7. Paris, BNF cod. arab. 2524, fols. 120r–127v Reference: MacGuckin, W., (Baron de Slane). Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris, 1883–1895. 2.450: “Notes et dissertations astrologiques et cabalistiques, dont l’une est intitulée le Livre de Daniel (fol. 124 v°)”; fa*gnan (supra), 418; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Paris, BNF cod. arab. 2593, fols. 94v–105r Reference: de Slane (supra), 2.469 [but citing fols. 94v–104v]: “. . . prédictions de Daniel le Sage, se rapportant aux positions de Sirius dans les diﬀérents signes du zodiaque”; Vajda, G. Index général des manuscrits arabes musulmans de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Paris, 1953. 445; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4; Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text. Paris, BNF cod. arab. 2633 Reference: de Slane (supra), 2.476: “Traité de divination, attribué au prophète Daniel, indiquant les pronostics qu’on peut tirer du tonnerre et des éclairs”; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Paris, BNF cod. arab. 4716, fols. 1r–35r Reference: Blochet, E. Bibliothèque nationale. Catalogue des manuscrits arabes des nouvelles

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chapter six acquisitions (1884–1924). Paris, 1925. 9: “Traité d’astrologie et de présages attribué au prophète Daniel”; Vajda (supra), 445; Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text. Sharfa [Charfet], Maronite Monastery MS 18/1 Reference: Armalet, I. Catalogue des manuscrits de Charfet: publié a l’accasion du 150 e anniversaire de l’installation du Siège patriarchal a Charfet, 1786–1936. Jounieh, 1937. 271–272 at 272; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4. Tunis, Bibliothèque Nationale MS 08910/3, fols. 67v–75v Reference: Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 9. Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. arab. 416, fols. 220r–227r Reference: Levi della Vida, G. Elenco dei manoscritti arabi islamici della Biblioteca Vaticani. Vaticani, Barberiniani, Borgiani, Rossiani. Città del Vaticano, 1935. S&T 67. 1.45: “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl 'alà “uhùr al-'àm al-'a¿amiyya wa’s-suryàniyya wa’l-qubtiyya”; Sezgin (infra), 316 re his no. 15: “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl.” Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. arab. 955, fols. 94v–107v Reference: Levi della Vida (supra), 1.98: “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl (v. Steinschneider, Die arab. Übs. aus. d. Gr. §109.5 [= ZDMG, L 190], Ruska, Arabische Alchemisten II, Heidelberg 1924, 34–5), presagi tratti de fenomeni astrali e meteorici nei 12 mesi siriaci, a partire da ti“rìn I, con appendice (f. 104v) su presagi analoghi riferti al capodanno musulmano, ai noviluni, alle eclissi, al Natale e capodanno siriaci (Ambr. N.F. E 100 IV; sembra simile a Alger 1517 1518, Paris N.A. 4716; è simile, ma con qualche diﬀerenza, a Berl. 5912 cf. 5915, Wien 1552.16, Sbath 71.1, Esc. 870.4, diverso da Bodl. Syr. 125.1 [kar“ùnì], Bodl. I 978.1, II 332.1 [che è eguale al 1° dei testi pubblicati da G. Furlani, ZDMG LXXV 122–4, RSO VII 885–9). Cf. anche Cpoli 'À“ir Efendi 1164b [ZDMG LXVIII 387] e n. 416.24”; Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text. Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. arab. 955, fols. 108v–126r Reference: Levi della Vida (supra), 1.98: “Opera senza titolo nè nome d’autore sui presagi tratti dalle congiunzioni dei pianeti e dei segni zodiacali . . . ed è in sostanza = Berl. 5912, quindi anch’esso una Mal˙amat Dàniyàl.” Città del Vaticano, BAV cod. arab. 1665, fols. 30–124 Reference: Levi della Vida (supra), 2.76; Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4; Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text. Note: Fahd (infra), 409 note 4, cites “Lâleli 1584” [cf. Sezgin (infra), 317 as an unassigned text] Note: Sezgin (infra), 315 re his no. 5, cites “Hekimo[lu 572/2 (ﬀ. 292–345),” and 316 re his no. 11, cites “Konya, Yusufa[a 6462/1 (S. 1–64).” Note: Ullmann (infra), 293 note 4, lists another Arabic text: “Ya'qùb Sarkìs nr. 122.” Note: Vajda (supra) also lists BNF copies of the Mal˙ama(t) which are unattributed or are attributed to others: codd. arab. 809, fols. 21r–22r [cf. de Slane (supra), 1.174: “Un feuillet d’un traité cabalistique”]; 2675, fols. 53v–57v [cf. de Slane (supra), 2.482: “Traité de divination”]; 2736 [cf. de Slane (supra), 2.494: “. . . livre de prédictions . . .”]; 4580, fols. 131r–138v [cf. de Slane (supra), 3.725: “Notes, ﬁgures et tableaux se rapportant à l’astrologie et à la divination”]; 4606, fols. 79r–80r and 81v–83r [not explicitly mentioned in de Slane (supra), 3.731–732; n.b. that it should be noted that this cod. 4606 cannot be confused with cod. arab. 4605 (on which see the Excursus on “Sundry Arabic Daniel Apocrypha,” no. iii, infra), which according to de Slane is only 35 fols. in length]; 5674, fols. 202r–205r; 6110, fols. 130r–134r; and 6400, fols. 49r–56r.

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Persian – London, BL cod. Or. 11044 [xviii] Reference: Meredith-Owens, G.M. Handlist of Persian Manuscripts, 1895–1966. London, 1968. 29: “Malhamat-i Dàniyàl. On signs and portents to be drawn from various natural phenomena by Shaikh Abù’l-Fazl Habash (Hubaish?) ibn Ibràhìm ibn Muhammad written for Kilij Arslàn ibn Mus'ùd.” – Paris, BNF cod. pers. 2406 Reference: Blochet, E. Catalogue des manuscrits persans. Tome quatrième: Nos 2018–2481. Paris, 1934. 332–333: “L’auteur ne se nomme point dans sa préface; il dit que le prophète Daniel composa un traité, qu’il nomma Moulhama . . .” Note: Sezgin (infra), 317: “Zu einer persischen Übers. und zu den persischen Bearbeitungen von Abu l-Fa∂l Óubai“ b. Ibràhìm at-Tiﬂìsì (gest. verm. 629/1232), s. RAAD 50/1975/392 s. Munzawì I, 355, 238.” Note: Y. 'Abd al-Masi˙ notes that one should refer to Graf for reference to “an analogical Weather calendar [to Cairo Coptic Museum MS 3808 (on which see supra)], attributed to Daniel the Prophet” (“A Fragmentary Farmer’s Almanac,” Les cahiers coptes 10 (1956), 5–9 at 5), while S.P. Brock remarks that Graf “mentions a related type of text attributed to Daniel” (review of J.H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, volume 1, JJS 35 (1984), 200–209 at 204). Hebrew The extent to which the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl is preserved in Hebrew is very unclear. Portions of Steinschneider’s two notes (infra) seem to apply to the Mal˙amat (note the reference to BNF cod. arab. 2633), while other portions appear to allude to Hebrew copies of the Somniale Danielis or the Lunationes Danielis (on which, Chapter Four, note 201). See M. Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher (Berlin, 1893), 905: “Der Bauernkalender, Wetterprophezeiungen. Ich vereinige hier eine Anzahl kleiner Stücke über diesen Gegenstand, als deren Vf. in christlichen mss. in syrischen und arabischer Sprache auch der Prophet Daniel oder Esra genannt ist [note 322: “Eine arab. hmjlm in hebr. Schrift hat Nb. 1145 übersehen, s.l.c. S. 162—Ueber ‘Erra Pater’ s. HB XV, 123”]. Die Muhammedaner führen dergleichen auf dem Adoptivvater alter Aberglaubens, Dja'afar al-'Siddik zurück [note 323: “Pertsch I, 141 n. 786, wo 3 von Daniel; ms P. Suppl. 1109, bei Slane 2633, über Donner u. Blitz (die anon. hmjlm ib. 2736 ‘für die 7 Wochentage des Muharrem,’ soll heissen je nach dem Wochent. des 1. Muh.); s. auch Cat. Hontsma 1886 p. 61 n. 3607 = 1889 p. 94 n. 547”]. In Namen des Daniel behandelt Meteorologisches ibn Arabschah (st. 658 H.) [note 324: “CL III, 174 K. 23; über das Werk s. HB. XIII, 139”] . . . a) Wetterprophezeiungen nach dem Anfange des Kalenderjahres an einem der Wochentage (Sonntagsbuchst): . . . Halb chald. laynd tmkj ms. Mn. 228 f. 101 = 289 f. 140 . . . b) Meteorologische Prophezeiungen je nach Gewittern in jedem Monate, als μym[rh ynmys von Daniel, ms. Mn 228 f. 43”; and idem, Die hebraischen Handscriften der K. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in Muenchen (München, 1895), 73 [re cod. 112]: “48 223 μym[r rps μyç[rw; s. N. 294 f.; cf. 228 f. 43”; 103 [re cod. 228]: “[fol.] 43 laynd ykwqtm μym[rh ynms; Hub. 905; cf. N. 11248”; 104 [re cod. 228]: “[fol.] 101”; 151 [re cod. 289]: “[fol.] 139 twygnfxyah tmkjm, Collectaneen . . . und laynd tmkj (s. N. 2286, Hub. 905) Nativitäten nach den Monaten . . . und Bauernregeln über die Jahre. . . .”; 235 [re cod. 418]: “1 laynd ls twmwlj [“interpretations of dreams”], Pseudo-Daniel (verbunden mit Pseudo-Hai?); HB. [viz., Steinschneider, Heb. Bibliographie (Berlin, 1858–64)] 6, 92, auch zu2–4.” See also Chapter Four note 284 for two further manuscript copies of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl.

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Printed Texts: Fodor, “Malhamat Daniyal” (infra), 86, mentions that as late as 1973 one could still ﬁnd among the traditional booksellers in Shi‘ite Iraq recently published printed copies of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl (indeed, his translation of the text is taken from one such edition). Whether or not this text still circulates there today is uncertain. Description of the Text: See Chapter Four, §5.

1. Texts and Translations 'Abd al-Masi˙, Y. “A Fragmentary Farmer’s Almanac.” Les cahiers coptes 10 (1956). 5–9. Text and translation, along with Coptic kalandalogion (Cairo, Coptic Museum MS 3808). He provides little comment on our text, but notes that “it recalls in a certain degree to an Arabic text in a work by Abû Ma'“ar, the great Astrologer, The Stars from which Omens of Men and Women Are Taken, etc.” (7).

Fodor, A. “Malhamat Daniyal.” The Muslim East. Studies in Honour of Julius Germanus. Ed. G. Káldy-Nagy. Budapest, 1974. 85–160. Translation and photographs of a modern printed Arabic version of the Mal˙amat Dàniyàl.

Furlani, G. “Di una raccolta di trattati astrologici in lingua siriaca.” RSO 7 (1917). 885–889. ———. “Astrologisches aus syrischen Handschriften.” ZDMG 75 (1921). 122–128. Partial translation, Or 4434: fols. 46v–47v; fols. 47v–54r (“Dieses Werk, das, wie wir gesehen haben, aus dem Arabischen ins Syrische übersetzt worden ist, ist also eine Rezension der Daniel-apokalypse (Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum VIII, 3, 171–179; RSO. VII, 885–889)); fol. 54r + fols. 54r–58v (“In der Überschrift werden zwar die nun folgenden Stücke dem Ezra zugeschrieben, doch dürften wohl kaum alle Stücke nach der Absicht ihres Verfassers die Pseudoepigraphie tragen. Die Überschrift sagt: Bedeutung des Ezra, des Schreibers, erstens über die Getöse im Nìsàn.”)

Tobi, Y. “A Judeo-Arabic Version of the Predictive Book Mal¢amat Dàniyàl.” The Jews of Yemen. ÉJM 21. Leiden/Boston, 1999. 242–254. 2. Auxiliary Studies Brock, S.P. Review of J.H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, volume 1. JJS 35 (1984). 200–209 at 204. Furlani, G. “Ancora un trattato palmomantico in lingua siriaca.” RRAL 27 (1918). 316–328 at 319–320. Notice of texts in Or 4434: “F. 46b: Questi prognostici sono diversi da quelli del codice or. 2084 del British Museum, fol. 23b–24b (v. Rivista degli studi orientali, VII, 885–889) . . . F. 54a: Questa raccolta di trattati astrologici è dunque diversa da quella del codice or. 2084, pure attribuita a Daniele . . . F. 54a: Non sono identici a quelli del cod. Or. 2084, fol. 30a–30b. Accanto a Daniele dunque anche Ezra! . . . F. 58b: Sono citati molti versetti dei Vangeli, corredati da un commento e da una spiegazione del loro senso recondito da parte di Daniele e gli apostoli.”

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Graf, G. Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur. I. S&T 118. Città del Vaticano, 1944. 216. “Unter dem Namen des propheten Daniel kursiert ein Wetterkalender für das ganze Jahr mit dem Titel Kitàb al-malhama “Buch des Schlachthauses.” Die Schrift gibt zuerst eine Deutung des Jahresanfangs je nach den Wochentagen, auf die er fällt; die folgenden Regeln für die Voraussage des Wetters knüpfen an bestimmte Lufterscheinungen an: Donner, Blitz, Regen bogen, Sonnenund Mondhof, usw.”

3. Secondary Studies Arjomand, S.A. “Islamic Apocalypticism in the Classical Period.” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture. Ed. B. McGinn. New York, 1996. 238–283 at 244.

“With the civil wars of 656–661 and 680–692, the term ﬁtan was soon to become synonymous with mal˙im—apocalyptic woes and tribulations on which a book is attributed to Daniel. I suspect that this tradition anachronistically renders mal˙im as ﬁtan, but its referent is most probably the apocalyptic battles of the kings of the South and the North, and especially the battles of the end of time against the earthly kings in which the archangels Gabriel and Daniel will lead the army of angels against earthly kings (Dan. 10:13–12:1). The use of the term mal˙ama for the woes and tribulations of the end of time is striking. Its derivation from the Hebrew cognate, mil˙àmâ (‘war’), has not been explored; nor has the possible inﬂuence of the apocalyptic ‘War Rules’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls. . . . But if my reading of this tradition on the content of the book of Daniel is correct, the original derivation of the mal˙im may be from the Danielic expression of the battles of the end of time. Others doubtless thought that the book also contained the eternal wisdom that the father of humanity, Adam, had hidden in the Treasure-Cave mentioned in the Syriac texts soon to be translated into Arabic (al-Bìrùnì. 1879 [= The Chronology of Ancient Nations (trans./ed. C.E. Sachau, London)], 300).”

Fahd, T. La divination arabe: études religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif de l’Islam. Leiden, 1966. 225, 227, 408–409. Fodor, A. “The Metamorphosis of Imhotep—A Study in Islamic Syncretism.” Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Ed. A. Dietrich. Göttingen, 1976. 155–181 at 169–170. den Heijer, J. “Mal˙amat Dàniyàl and Christian Arabic Literature.” Actes di Premier Congrès international d’Études arabes chrétiennes (Goslar, septembre 1980). OCA 218. Ed. K. Samir. Roma, 1982. 223–232. Sezgin, F. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Band VII: Astrologie— Meteorologie und Verwandtes bis ca. 430 H. Leiden, 1979. 312–317. Ullmann, M. Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam. HdO 6.2. Leiden/Köln, 1972. 293. Vajda, G. “Quelques observations sur la Mal˙amat Dàniyàl.” Arabica 23 (1976). 85–87.

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chapter six VI. The Book of Principles of Daniel the Sage (Kitàb al-ußûl li-Dâniyâl al-˙akîm) or The Principles of Interpretation [of Dreams] of Daniel (Usul al-Ta"bir li-Dâniyâl )

Manuscripts: The tradition and extent of this text (or texts) is very unclear. See also the Excursus: “Sundry Turkish Daniel Apocrypha” (infra), at no. ii. Description of the Text: See Chapter Four, §5.

Bland, N. “On the Muhammedan Science of Tâbír, or Interpretation of Dreams.” JRAS 16 (1856). 118–171 at 123, 153. Fahd, T. La divination arabe: études religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif de l’Islam. Leiden, 1966. 335.

“K. al-ußûl li-Dâniyâl al-˙akîm, ap. Ó-› [= Óâ[[i-›alîfa, Kaßf aΩ-Ωunûn . . .] I, 338; II, 311; Ahlwardt, n° 4289,24.” On the last text, see W. Ahlwardt, Verzeichniss der arabischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Zweiter Band (Berlin, 1889), 587–588 at 588.

d’Herbelot, B. “Danial.” Bibliothèque orientale, ou Dictionnaire universel. Paris, 1697. 283. “Les Orientaux attribuent à Daniel l’invention de la Geomantie qu’ils appellent Reml, & un livre qui a pour titre Oßoul al Tâbir, Les principes de l’Oneirocritique, ou de l’explication des songes . . . Il y a dans la Bibliothèque du Roy n°. 410. un livre intitulé Odhmat al mancoul ân Danial al Nabi, qui contient des predictions reçues par tradition du Prophete Daniel: c’est un ouvrage plein de faussetez, que les Musulmans ont fabriqué sur le fondement des veritable Propheties de Daniel.”

VII. Kitàb al-Jafar Manuscripts – London, BL cod. Or. 426 [Add. 7473], fol. 63r Reference: Catalogus codicum mansucriptorum orientalium. Pars secunda, codices arabicos amplectens. London, 1846. 206 [but citing fol. 64r]; Arjomand (infra), 278, note 37. Description of the Text: See Chapter Four, §5.

Arjomand, S.A. “Islamic Apocalypticism in the Classical Period.” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History

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and Culture. Ed. B. McGinn. New York, 1996. 238–283 at 265, 278, note 37. 265: “Numerology is an ancient technique for the calculation of the predetermined future. Its reception in Islam as the science of Jafr was quite early, that science being attributed to Daniel and also to the sixth Shi‘ite Imam, Ja'far b. Mu˙ammad, presumably on account of the red leather bag known as the jafr.” 278, note 37: “It is interesting to note that Ibn Abì Tàhir’s treatise in political astrology is followed, in the same manuscript, by the Book of Jafr, ‘extracted from the Books of Daniel and Solomon, son of David’.”

Seligson, M. “Daniel. In Arabic Literature.” The Jewish Encyclopaedia. A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times. Ed. I. Singer, et al. New York/ London, 1901–1905. 4.429. “Mas'udi says there were two Daniels: Daniel the Elder, who lived in the period between Noah and Abraham, and was the father of the aforementioned sciences; and Daniel the younger, who, according to a tradition, was the maternal uncle of Cyrus, whose mother was a Jewess. The Arabs attribute to him the book “Kitab al-Jafar” and many predictions relative to the Persian kings.”

VIII. Qur"at Dâniyâl Manuscripts See the references at Fahd (infra), 218. Description of the Text: See Chapter Four, §5.

Fahd, T. La divination arabe: études religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif de l’Islam. Leiden, 1966. 218. IX. Daniel Geomantic Texts See Excursus, “Daniel Geomantic Texts in the Persian, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Turkish Traditions,” above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Persian.”

Excursus: Sundry Arabic Daniel Apocrypha i. Cairo, Coptic Patriarchate Library cod. 776, fols. 99r–117r See G. Graf, Catalogue de manuscrits arabes chrétiens conservés au Caire (S&T 63; Città del Vaticano, 1934), 173, re MS Graf No. 457: “Récit sur Daniel, sans titre . . . Incipit: . . . l∏Iah. . . .” ii. Kitàb Hirmis In his survey of scientiﬁc MSS in the Egyptian National Museum, D. King notes the existence of a “compendium of astrological lore usually bearing a title relating

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to the ﬁrst treatise, which deals with the heliacal risings of Sirius and which is attributed to Hermes, but consisting mainly of sections attributed to Daniel” (A Survey of the Scientiﬁc Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library (American Research Center in Cairo, Catalogs 5; Winona Lake, 1983), 27). He lists ﬁve MSS, at least one of which is Christian, and notes that there are more copies extant. In addition, King warns that the Library has an especially rich collection of hermetic material and that much of what he records in his present compilation will have to be modiﬁed in the light of further research. For more on the connexion between Hermes and Daniel, see Chapter Four. iii. Paris, BNF cod. arab. 4605 The Baron de Slane describes the title of this text as “Livre de la Majesté divine, transmis à la postérité par le prophète Daniel” (Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris, 1883–1895), 3.731). For more on the importance of this text, see Chapter Four, note 152, and the text to which it refers. iv. München, BSB cod. arab. 148 (no. 894), fols. 15r–26r See J. Aumer, Die arabischen Handschriften der K. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in Muenchen (Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis 1.2 (Unveränderter Nachdruck); Wiesbaden, 1970), 409–410: “Gespräch zwischen Ka’bul-akhbâr und dem Imâm (Khalifen) Othmân b. 'Aﬀân, über die Frage, was Gott vor Adam geschaﬀen habe, arabisch, mit einer Qacîde: . . . angeblich vom Propheten Daniel in der Stadt Jathrib verfasst über künftige Geschichte Aegyptens. . . .” v. St. Athanasius of Alexandria and the Visions of Daniel There are at least two Arabic texts preserved among the manuscripts at the Library of the Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai that mention the vision or prophecies of Daniel in connexion with St. Athanasius of Alexandria. Both texts are mentioned in the standard catalogues: A.S. Atiya, The Arabic Manuscripts of Mount Sinai. A Hand-List of Arabic Manuscripts and Scrolls Microﬁlmed at the Library of the Monastery of Mount Sinai (Baltimore, 1955), and M. Kamil, Catalogue of All Manuscripts in the Monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai (Wiesbaden, 1970). Kamil cod. 495 [Atiya 448]: “Codex contains 50 miscellaneous articles which may be divided into the following categories: 1—Stories of Lives of Prophets and Saints . . . St. Athanasius of Alexandria and his vision of the Prophet Daniel . . .” Kamil cod. 548 [Atiya 539]: “Codex containing thirty-ﬁve tracts with an extensive selection of stories from the lives and acts of the Apostles and Evangelists and other contemporary Saints and their writings and testimonies . . . an account of the life of Melchisedek by St. Athanasius Patriarch of Alexandria, and three prophecies by Daniel, Elias [leg. Enoch?] and Elijah.” vi. Chiekho and Graf Catalogues Note that the catalogues of L. Cheikho (Catalogue des manuscrits des auteurs arabes chrétiens depuis l’Islam. (Beyrouth, 1924)) and G. Graf (Catalogue de manuscrits arabes chrétiens conservés au Caire (S&T 63; Città del Vaticano, 1934)) each preserve several references to texts with the name of Daniel attached beyond those which are recorded in the lists supra. Cf., e.g., Graf No. 457 at 173, re Cairo, Coptic Patriarchate Library cod. 776, fols. 99r–117r [script. saec. xvii–xviii]: “Récit sur Daniel, sans titre . . . Incipit: . . . l∏Iah. . . .”

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN TURKISH

I. Daniel Geomantic Texts See Excursus, “Daniel Geomantic Texts in the Persian, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Turkish Traditions,” under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Persian.”

Excursus: Sundry Turkish Daniel Apocrypha i. London, BL cod. Royal 16. B. xxi, fols. 13–19 See C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1888), 134: “A treatise in tabulated form showing the omens to be drawn from throbbings in various parts of the body. . . . It gives, in ﬁve columns, the import assigned to the throbbings by Ja"fer Íàdi˚, the prophet Daniel . . .” ii. Berlin, SBPK cod. Diez A. 4°. 47, fols. 31r–39v and cod. orient. 4°. 145 In his catalogue of the Turkish MSS of the Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, W. Pertsch identiﬁes two interesting MSS. The ﬁrst, cod. Diez A. 4°.47, fols. 31r–39v, he describes as “eine Abhandlung mit der Ueberschrift. . . . Der Prophet Daniel spielt bei der Punctierkunst der Orientalen überhaupt eine Rolle; vgl. die folgende Handschrift [i.e., cod. orient. 4°.145], Gotha Nr. 8,3 und Wien Nr. 1814,9. . . .” Regarding the second, cod. orient. 4°.145, he notes “Eine ziemlich ausführliche, in zehn Faßl eingetheilte Schrift über Punctierkunst. In der Ueberschrift . . . wird dieselbe dem Propheten Daniel zugeschrieben. . . . Es ist dies wohl so zu verstehen, dass die Prinzipien, nach welchen die Schrift gearbeitet ist, angeblich auf den Propheten Daniel zurückgehen sollen (vgl. Nr. 7 der vorigen Handschrift [i.e., cod. Diez A. 4°.47, fols. 31r–39v]), während die Abhandlung selbst in ihrer vorliegenden Form von dem genannten Schriftsteller, welcher ausserdem angiebt, aus dem Persischen übersetzt zu haben . . . herrüht.” See W. Pertsch, Verzeichniss der türkischen Handschriften (Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin 6; Berlin, 1889), 175–176, re Pertsch nos. 157 and 157. iii. Paris, BNF cod. turc supp. 245, fols. 355v–356r See E. Blochet, Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue de manuscripts turcs. Tome I er: Ancien fonds, nos. 1–396. Supplément, nos. 1–572 (Paris, 1932), 283: “. . . traité de prédictions d’après le prophète Daniel, en turc, disposé sous la forme de tableaux.”

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chapter six DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH

I. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

II. The Junius Daniel Manuscript: – Oxford, Bod. cod. Junius 11 [SC 5123], pp. 173–212 [x] inscr.: [wanting] incip.: Gefrægn ic Hebreos/eadge lifgean/in Hierusalem Text and Translation: many—see §1, infra. Description of the Text: Junius 11, a codex once thought to be the product of Caedmon but now understood to be the work of a tenth-century compiler, contains four Old English poems: Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and Christ and Satan. Daniel is a paraphrastic reworking of the episodes from the Vulgate Daniel chapters 1–5, although opinions diﬀer as to whether the poem is complete in its present form. Modern scholarship (but note the contrary and inﬂuential view of R.T. Farrell) has tended to accept the view that Daniel is composed of two documents: Daniel A and Daniel B, the latter a later interpolation consisting of verses 279–361 of Daniel and containing the Song of Azarias (verses 279–332, and which is not precisely the same work as the Exeter Azarias (on which, see infra)) plus some narrative material preceding the Song of the Three Children. For a full bibliography of sources on Junius 11 written prior to the mid-1970s, see J.L. Greene, “A Critical Bibliography of the Manuscript Junius 11 in the Bodleian Library, Oxford” (Diss: University of Texas at Austin, 1976).

1. Texts, Textual Issues, and Translations With few exceptions, not including partial texts or translations presented in anthologies.

Blackburn, F.A. Exodus and Daniel, Two Old English Poems Preserved in MS. Junius 11 in the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford, England. Boston/London, 1907. Text. See review by F. Klaeber, Englische Studien 41 (1909), 105–113.

Bouterwek, K.W. Caedmon’s des Angelsachsen biblische Dichtungen. Elberfeld/ Gütersloh, 1849–1854. Text and translation, with notes. Krapp (infra) explains the sometimes confusing publishing sequence of the volumes: “1. Theil, Gütersloh, 1854; 2. Theil, Elberfeld, 1851. The Text appeared as 1. Abth., Elberfeld, 1849, paged 1–149. 1. Theil was completed by 3. Abth., Gütersloh, 1854, paged i–ccxxxviii and 193–353, containing Kirchen- und literarhistorische Einleitung, Übersetzung, and Erläuterungen.” (xlvi)

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Brennan, F.C. “The Old English Daniel, Edited with an Introduction, Notes, and Commentary.” Diss: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1966. Craigie, W.A. Specimens of Anglo-Saxon Poetry. I. Biblical and Classical Themes. Edinburgh, 1923. Text, Daniel 104–162, 188–278, 335–354, 430–453, 495–588, 612–644, and 671–746.

Farrell, R.T. “Old English Daniel: A Translation Based on a Reconsideration of the Text.” Diss: Fordham, 1968. ———. Daniel and Azarias. London, 1974. With detailed introduction. See the review by C. Sisam, Review of English Studies 27 (1976), 324–326.

Gollancz, I. The Caedmon Manuscript of Anglo-Saxon Biblical Poetry, Junius XI in the Bodleian Library. Oxford, 1927. A 1:1 facsimile of the MS.

Gordon, R.K. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. London/Toronto, 1927. Translation, Daniel 1–45, 224–448a.

Grein, C.W.M. Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie. Göttingen, 1857. Text and translation. See also Grein’s “Zur Textkritik des angelsächsischen Dichter,” Germania 10 (1865), 416–429 at 417–420.

Hunt, T.W. Caedmon’s Exodus and Daniel Edited from Grein. Boston, 1883. 21885. 31888. Junius, F. Caedmonis Monachi paraphrasis poetica Genesios ac praecipuarum Sacrae paginae historiarum, abhinc annos M.LXX. Amsterdam, 1655. Editio princeps.

Kennedy, C.W. The Caedmon Poems, Translated into English Prose. London, 1916. Ker, N.R. Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford, 1957. No. 334. 406–408. Brief but important description of contents and characteristics of the MS, arguing that in its present form Daniel is incomplete.

Krapp, G.P. The Junius Manuscript. The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records: Collective Edition 1. New York, 1931. 21964. xxxi–xxxiii, 109–132, 218–230. Text, with notes.

Schmidt, W. “Die altenglische Dichtung ‘Daniel’ (Bearbeiteter Text).” Diss: Halle, 1907. ———. Die altenglische Dichtung Daniel und Azarias. Bearbeiteter Text mit metrischen, sprachlichen und textkritischen Bemerkungen, sowie einem Wörterbuche. Bonner Beiträge zur Anglistik 23. Bonn, 1907.

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Thorpe, B. Caedmon’s Metrical Paraphrase of Parts of the Holy Scriptures, in Anglo-Saxon. London, 1832. Text, with literal translation.

Wülker, R.P. Grundriss zur Geschichte der angelsächsischen Litteratur mit einer Übersicht der angelsächsischen Sprachwissenschaft. Leipzig, 1885. 2. Secondary Studies Including only those text-, historical-, or literary-critical studies that discuss Daniel itself or the place of Daniel in the Junius MS (rather than any of its other poems individually).

Anderson, E.R. “Style and Theme in the Old English Daniel.” English Studies 68 (1987). 1–23. [= The Poems of MS Junius 11: Basic Readings. Ed. R. Liuzza. London/New York, 2002. 229–260] Bjork, R.E. “Oppressed Hebrews and the Song of Azarias in the Old English Daniel.” Studies in Philology 77 (1980). 213–226. Bosse, R.B., and Wyatt, J.L. “Hrothgar and Nebuchadnezzar: Conversion in Old English Verse.” Papers on Language and Literature 23 (1987). 257–271. Examines Hrothgar’s conversion in Beowulf in the light of the forms of other Old English conversion accounts, especially Nebuchadnezzar’s public confession of God’s power in the Old English Daniel.

Bradley, H. “Daniel 266–7.” Archiv 99 (1897). 127. Caie, G.D. “The Old English Daniel: A Warning against Pride.” English Studies 59 (1978). 1–9. Cosijn, P.J. “Anglosaxonica II.” Beiträge 20 (1895). 98–116. Textual notes.

Craigie, W.J. “Interpolations and Omissions in Anglo-Saxon Poetical Texts.” Philologica 2 (1923). 5–13. Dethloﬀ, R. “Darstellung der Syntax im angelsächsischen Gedichte Daniel.” Diss: Rostock, 1907. Fanger, C. “Miracle as Prophetic Gospel: Knowledge, Power and the Design of the Narrative in Daniel.” English Studies 72 (1991). 123–135. Farrell, R.T. “The Unity of the Old English Daniel.” Review of English Studies 18 (1967). 117–135. ———. “The Structure of the Old English Daniel.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 79 (1968). 533–539. [= The Poems of MS Junius 11: Basic Readings. Ed. R. Liuzza. London/New York, 2002. 203–228]

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489

———. “A Possible Source for Old English Daniel.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 80 (1969). 84–90. Finnegan, R.E. “The Old English Daniel: The King and His City.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 85 (1984). 194–211. Frank, R. “Wordplay in Old English Poetry.” Diss: Harvard, 1968. 21–22, 80–100. Fulton, E. “The Anglo-Saxon Daniel.” Modern Language Notes 16 (1901). 61–62, 122–123. George, J.-A. “Daniel 416–429: An ‘Identity Crisis’ Resolved?” Medium Aevum 60 (1991). 73–76. ———. “Repentance and Retribution: The Use of the Book of Daniel in Old and Middle English Texts.” BJRL 77.2 (1995). 177–192. Götzinger, E. “Über die Dichtungen des angelsächsen Caedmon und deren Verfasser.” Diss: Göttingen, 1860. Hall, J.R. “The Old English Book of Salvation History: Three Studies on the Unity of MS. Junius 11.” Diss: Notre Dame, 1973. ———. “The Old English Epic of Redemption: The Theological Unity of MS Junius 11.” Traditio 32 (1976). 185–208. Harbus, A. “Nebuchadnezzar’s Dreams in the Old English Daniel.” English Studies 75 (1994). 489–508. [= The Poems of MS Junius 11: Basic Readings. Ed. R. Liuzza. London/New York, 2002. 261–286] Hofer, O. “Über die Entstehung des angelsächsischen Gedichtes Daniel.” Anglia 12 (1889). 158–204. Hough, C. “The Wife’s Lament 15B and Daniel Line 499B: Two Notes on Place-Name Evidence.” English Language Notes 35.4 (1998). 1–4 at 2–4. Huppé, B.F. Doctrine and Poetry: Augustine’s Inﬂuence on Old English Poetry. Albany, NY, 1959. Isaacs, N.D. “Daniel and the Change of Pace.” Structural Principles in Old English Poetry. Knoxville, 1968. 145–151. Ishiguro, T. “Daniel: The Old English Poem of Nebuchadnezzar against God.” Geibun Kenkyu 73 (1997). 462–478. Jones, A. “Daniel and Azarias as Evidence for the Oral Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.” Medium Aevum 35 (1966). 95–102. Jost, D.A. “Studies in the Structure of the Old English Daniel.” Diss: Harvard, 1975. ———. “Biblical Sources of Old English Daniel 1–78.” English Language Notes 15.2 (1978). 257–263.

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Keenan, H.T. “Daniel: An Object Lesson in Rewards in Punishments.” In “The Apocalyptic Vision in Old English.” Diss: Tennessee, 1968. 82–96. Kennedy, C.W. The Earliest English Poetry. New York/Oxford, 1943. Details unknown. Lucas, P.J. “On the Blank Daniel-Cycle in MS Junius 11.” JWCI 42 (1979). 207–213. Discussion of the intended illustrations to Daniel in the Junius MS.

———. “On the Incomplete Ending of Daniel and the Addition of Christ and Satan to MS Junius 11.” Anglia 79 (1979). 46–59. Contra Farrell’s view as to the completeness of the ending of Daniel and concentrating on the pages and quires of the Junius MS. Concludes that Daniel is missing about forty-eight lines.

———. “A Daniel Come to Judgement? Belshazzar’s Feast in Old and Middle English.” Loyal Letters. Studies on Mediaeval Alliterative Poetry & Prose. Edd. L.A.J.R. Houwen and A.A. MacDonald. Mediaevalia Groningana 15. Groningen, 1994. 71–91. Marsden, R. “The Death of the Messenger: The spelboda in the Old English Exodus.” BJRL 77 (1995). 141–164. Napier, A. “Zu Daniel 266–7.” Archiv 98 (1897). 397. Overing, G.R. “Nebuchadnezzar’s Conversion in the Old English Daniel: A Psychological Portrait.” Papers on Language and Literature 20 (1984). 3–14. Portnoy, P. “‘Remnant’ and Ritual: The Place of Daniel and Christ and Satan in the Junius Epic.” English Studies 79 (1984). 408–422. Raw, B. “The Construction of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11.” Anglo-Saxon England 13 (1984). 187–207. Remley, P. “Daniel and Greek Scriptural Tradition.” Old English Biblical Verse: Studies in Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel. Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 16. Cambridge, 1996. 231–333. A complex and complete study on the biblical text and traditions that stand behind Daniel. Its importance cannot be overestimated.

———. “The Renditions of Oratio Azariae and Canticum trium puerorum in Daniel.” Old English Biblical Verse: Studies in Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel. Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 16. Cambridge, 1996. 334–434. ———. “Daniel, the Three Youths Fragment, and the Transmission of Old English Verse.” Anglo-Saxon England 31 (2002). 181–140. Sievers, E. “Zur Rhythmik des germanischen Alliterationsverses. II.” Beiträge 10 (1885). 451–545 at 512–515. Textual and metrical notes.

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———. “Zur Rhythmik des germanischen Alliterationsverses. III.” Beiträge 12 (1887). 454–482 at 475–477. Textual and metrical notes.

Solo, H.J. “The Twice-Told Tale: A Reconsideration of the Syntax and Style of the Old English Daniel, 245–429.” Papers on Language and Literature 20 (1973). 347–364. “Thus the repetitions in Daniel, 245–429, are not without method and the twice-told tale not without purpose. Critics who see only a somewhat haphazard redundancy of details need instead to recognize two complete recountings of the miracle of the ﬁery furnace, told from two radically diﬀerent points of view. It was in order to contrast these viewpoints, the visions of the carnal and spiritual men, that the poet chose to repeat his account of the central event of the ﬁrst half of the Old English Daniel.” (363–364)

Spaeth, J.D. “Die Syntax des Verbums in dem angelsächsischen Gedicht Daniel.” Diss: Leipzig, 1893. Steiner, G. “Über die Interpolation im angelsächsischen Gedichte Daniel.” Diss: Leipzig, 1889. Argues that Daniel 279–408 is an interpolation.

Thomas, P.G. “Beowulf and Daniel A.” Modern Language Review 8 (1913). 537–539. Argues that Daniel A is older than Beowulf.

Watkin, C.J. “A Critical Study of the Old English Daniel.” Diss: London, 1968–1969. Whitney, R.L. “The Old English Daniel: Its Structure and Its Relation to the Latin Exegesis on the Book of Daniel.” Diss: Toronto, 1971. Wyss, R. “The Question of Interpolation in the Old English Poem Daniel.” M.A.: Dublin, 1979. III. The Exeter Azariah Manuscripts: – The Exeter Book, fols. 53r–55v [x] – London, BL cod. Add. 9067 [a copy of The Exeter Book] Description of the Text: The Exeter Book preserves a collections of poems, including a work commonly known as Azarias. This work is not the same as the section in the Junius Daniel (supra), verses 279–429, that contain the Song of Azarias and other material, including the so-called Daniel B (verses 279–332), which is often considered to be an interpolation. But the Exeter Azarias is not completely independent, either. Rather, as R.T Farrell (Daniel and Azariah, 41) remarks, “Though no deﬁnite statement can be made on the nature of the relation between Dan. 279–429 and Azarias, it is reasonable to suppose that they have been inﬂuenced by a common tradition, and that the Song of Azarias [in Daniel ] in particular is an indication of this, since there are only occasional diﬀerences marking the two oﬀ from one another in their versions of this passage.”

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492 1. Texts and Translations

Chambers, R.W., Förster, M., and Flower, R. The Exeter Book of Old English Poetry. 1933. A 1:1 facsimile of the MS.

Farrell, R.T. Daniel and Azarias. London, 1974. With detailed introduction.

Gollancz, I., and Mackie, W.S. The Exeter Book. EETS o.s. 104 + 194. London, 1895, 1958. Grein, C.W.M. Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie. Göttingen, 1857. Krapp, G.P., and Dobbie. The Exeter Book. The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records: Collective Edition 3. New York, 1936. Schmidt, W. Die altenglische Dichtung Daniel und Azarias. Bearbeiteter Text mit metrischen, sprachlichen und textkritischen Bemerkungen, sowie einem Wörterbuche. Bonner Beiträge zur Anglistik 23. Bonn, 1907. Thorpe, B. Codex Exoniensis. London, 1842. Text and translation.

Wülker, R.P. Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie. 3 vols. Göttingen, 1881–1894. 2. Secondary Studies Cosijn, P.J. “Anglosaxonica II.” Beiträge 20 (1895). 98–116. Textual notes.

Farrell, R.T. “Some Remarks on the Exeter Book Azarias.” Medium Aevum 41 (1972). 1–8. Hofer, O. “Über die Entstehung des angelsächsischen Gedichtes Daniel.” Anglia 12 (1889). 158–204. Jones, A. “Daniel and Azarias as Evidence for the Oral Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.” Medium Aevum 35 (1966). 95–102. Kirkland, J.W., and Modlin, C.E. “The Art of Azarias.” Medium Aevum 41 (1972). 9–15. Excursus: The Feast of Belshazzar in the Middle English Poem Cleanness One of four works attributed to the Gawain-Poet, Cleanness (or Purity) is a latefourteenth-century alliterative poem composed in the dialect of the West Midlands. As its title suggests, the focus of the poem is the freedom from vices that deﬁle the soul, communicated by a retelling of several biblical tales, including (vv. 1333–1804) the story of the Feast of Belshazzar from Daniel 5.

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Selected Sources on Cleanness: Bibliography to 1977: Andrew, M. The Gawain-Poet. An Annotated Bibliography 1839–1977. New York, 1979. Foley, M. “A Bibliography of Purity (Cleanness), 1864–1972.” Chaucer Review 8 (1973–1974). 324–334. Kottler, B., and Markman, A.M. A Concordance to Five Middle English Poems. Pittsburgh, 1966. Andrew, M, and Waldron, R. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscripts. London, 1978. [text] Ingledew, F. “Liturgy, Prophecy, and Belshazzar’s Babylon: Discourse and Meaning in Cleanness.” Viator 23 (1992). 247–279. Lucas, P.J. “A Daniel Come to Judgement? Belshazzar’s Feast in Old and Middle English.” Loyal Letters. Studies on Mediaeval Alliterative Poetry & Prose. Edd. L.A.J.R. Houwen and A.A. MacDonald. Mediaevalia Groningana 15. Groningen, 1994. 71–91. Morse, C.C. The Pattern of Judgement in the Queste and Cleanness. Columbia, MO, 1978. Spearing, A.C. “Purity and Danger.” Readings in Medieval Poetry. Ed. A.C. Spearing. Cambridge, 1987. 173–194. Twomey, M.W. “The Sin of Untrau“e in Cleanness.” Text and Matter: New Critical Perspectives of the Pearl-Poet. Edd. R.J. Blanch, et al. Troy, NY, 1991. 117–145. Wallace, D. “Cleanness and the Terms of Terror.” Text and Matter: New Critical Perspectives of the Pearl-Poet. Edd. R.J. Blanch, et al. Troy, NY, 1991. 93–104.

Excursus: Sundry Old and Middle English Daniel Apocrypha i. The Pistil of Swete Susan A poem composed in alliterative verse, The Pistil of Swete Susan is sometimes attributed to Huchown of the Awle Ryale. It dates from the mid- to late-fourteenth century and was composed in the North or Northwest Midlands. Also known as simply Susannah, the Pistil basically follows the story of Susannah, although in some places (e.g., the description of the garden), the author has inserted his own material or material derived from other sources. For the text of the Pistil, see A. Miskimin, Susannah: An Alliterative Poem of the Fourteenth Century (New Haven, 1969); n.b. also the study by J.-A. George, “Repentance and Retribution: The Use of the Book of Daniel in Old and Middle English Texts,” BJRL 77 (1995), 177–192. ii. London, BL cod. Cotton Vespasian D.xiv, fols. 158–159 N.R. Ker, Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon (Oxford, 1957), 275: “Beg. ‘We rædeä on bocan þæt Nabugodonosor geheregode Ierusalem.’ Pr. Warner 139–140/17; Förster 19251, 199/1–25. For the Latin source see Förster 1920, 60.” iii. Oxford, Balliol College cod. 354, fol. 89v H.O. Coxe, Catalogus codicum MSS. qui in collegiis aulisque Oxoniensibus hodie adservantur. Pars I (Oxford, 1852): “The tale of Nabegodhonosor, howe he dremid of the gret tree . . . Beg. ‘Ther was a kynge of myche myght’.”

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN IRISH

I. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

II. The Mors Danielis in the Deaths of the Chief Prophets Manuscripts: – Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, MS 23 P16 (the Leabhar Breac), p. 181b Reference: McNamara, M. The Apocrypha in the Irish Church. Dublin, 1975. 30. – Oxford, Bod. cod. Rawlinson B.502 [SC 11849], p. 75a Reference: McNamara, M. The Apocrypha in the Irish Church. Dublin, 1975. 30. Description of the Text: This short text, a better name for which might be The Deaths and Burials of the Chief Prophets, provides brief descriptions surrounding the circ*mstances of the death and burial of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel.

1. Texts and Translations Herbert, M., and McNamara, M. “The Deaths of the Chief Prophets.” Irish Biblical Apocrypha. Selected Texts in Translation. Edinburgh, 1989. 25, 170.

daniel apocrypha preserved in icelandic

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN ICELANDIC

I. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

Excursus: Rauäúlfs þáttr Rauäúlfs þáttr, or the Tale of Rauäúlfs—the name means “Red-Wolf ”—is preserved in various versions and among nine manuscripts. The central ﬁgures in the tale are Rauäúlf (who is also known simply as Rauä) and his sons, all of whom have the ability to foretell the weather, interpret dreams, and the like. Diﬀerent versions of the tale highlight the prognostic powers of either Rauäúlf or his sons. The ﬁgures of Rauäúlf and his sons clearly owe a debt to the character of the wise man who is skilled in foretelling the future on the basis of past or present action (dreams, weather, etc.), and in particular the Daniel-type of wise man (and, to a lesser degree, the Ezra-type) that appears throughout so many of the other ancient and mediaeval texts and in so many languages. The link with the ﬁgure of Daniel is made even more explicit in the second half of Rauäúlfs þáttr, which tells how Rauäúlf describes the dream of the King Olaf. Olaf ’s dream is based on King Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of the great statue at Daniel 2, but adapts the basic imagery to ﬁt a Christian theology and a Scandinavian historical context. King Olaf dreams of a great green cross that stands upon the earth and upon which there is a ﬁgure. The head of the ﬁgure (which is surrounded by an aureole and from which ﬂow golden locks down to the breast) is made of red gold; the neck of the ﬁgure is made of copper; its breast of reﬁned silver; its girdle of iron; its belly of electrum; its groin unreﬁned silver; its thighs of ﬂesh; and its lower legs and feet of wood. Each portion of the body, Rauäúlf tells Olaf, represents a kingdom, from Olaf himself, who is the head of red gold, through his successors. Selected sources on Rauäúlfs þáttr: Argüelles, A. “Viking Dreams: Mythological and Religious Dream Symbolism in the Old Norse Sagas.” Diss: Chicago, 1994. 389–391. Johnsen, O.A., and Helgason, J. “Rauäúlfs þáttr úr Óláfs saga konungs hins helga.” Den Store Saga om Olav den Heilige. Oslo, 1941. Turville-Petre, J.E. The Story of Rauä and His Sons. Viking Society for Northern Research, Payne Memorial Series 2. London, 1947. [rep. New York, 1982] [translation]

496

chapter six DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN THE MEDIAEVAL GERMAN TRADITION

I. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

Excursus: “König Tyro von Schotten und Fridebrand sin Sun” The poem “König Tyro von Schotten und Fridebrant sin Sun” (“King Tyro of Scotland and Fridebrand His Son”) is preserved in fols. 8r to 9v of Heidelberg’s Universitätsbibliothek cod. Pal. germ. 848 [script. saec. xiii-xiv], a stunningly beautifully collection of illuminated thirteenth-century poems composed in the Minnesang tradition. The codex is known oﬃcially as the Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift but is often referred to simply as the Manesse Manuscript. It was most likely was compiled in Zürich in the ﬁrst quarter of the fourteenth century. The ﬁrst four stanzas function as the introduction to the poem and concern Daniel the Prophet [fol. 8r (title and miniature), 8va (text)]. Selected Sources on “König Tyro” (including texts of the Codex Manesse but only those studies that discuss the text of the poem or its illustration rather than the Codex as a whole, the literature on which is quite extensive): da Costa, R. “Codex Manesse: quatro iluminuras do Grande Livro de Canções manuscritas de Heidelberg (século XIII)—análise iconográﬁca.” Brathair 1 (2001). 7–8. Goldast, M. Paraeneticourum veterum. Pars I. In qua produc*ntur scriptores VIII: S. Valerianus Cimelensis, S. Columbanus Abbas, Dinamius Grammaticus, S. Basilius Episcopus, Anneus Boetius, Tyrol Rex Scotorum, Winsbekius Eq. Germanus, Winsbekia, nobilis Germana. Cum notis. Bremen, 1604. 272–287. Reproduced and edited = M. Zimmermann. Paraeneticorum veterum. Pars I. Litterae: Göppinger Beiträge zur Textgeschichte 64. Stuttgart, 1980. [See the four Daniel stanzas at 273–274, with commentary at 354–355. Three of the four Daniel stanzas and Goldast’s commentary are reproduced in J.A. Fabricius, “CCXXIV. Conjectorius Danielis, sive somniorum interpretatio sub Prophetae illius nomine jactata,” Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti (Hamburg, 21722–1723), 1130–1136 at 1133–1135] Günzberger, A. “Die Rezeption der Texte. L. 1–12: Das siebzehnte und achtzehnte Jahrhundert.” Codex Manesse. Katalog zur Ausstellung. Edd. E. Mittler and W. Werner. Heidelberg, 1988. 372–387. [in part, on the Paraeneticourum veterum of Goldast (supra)] Koschorreck, W., and Werner, W. Codex Manesse, Die Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift. Kommentar zum Faksimile des Cod. Pal. Germ. 848 der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. Frankfurt/Kassel, 1981. [Facsimile of the Codex Manesse] Leitzmann, A. Winsbeckische Gedichte nebst Tirol und Fridebrant. Third, revised ed. I. Reiﬀenstein. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek 9. Tübingen, 1962. 76–96. Mittler, E., et al. Codex Manasse. Die Miniaturen der Großen Heidelberger Liederhandschrift. Frankfurt a.M., 1988. Pfaﬀ, F. Die Grosse Heidelberger Liederhandschrift (Codex Manesse). Second revised ed. H. Salowsky. Heidelberg, 1984.

daniel apocrypha in the medieaval german tradition 497 Excursus: The Figure of Susanna in the Medieval German Tradition As was true in other languages, the ﬁgure of Susanna was a popular one in medieval and renaissance German literature. For example, there are several Susanna plays of the ﬁfteenth to the seventeenth centuries, including a Viennese Fastnachtspiel, Paul Rebhun’s Susanna, and the Nuremberg-Magdeburg Susanna. In addition, the Susanna tale appears in the fragments of MS B of the early twelfth-century Central Franconian Rhyming Bible that were found at Hall, Tyrol (and that were subsequently again lost). Selected Sources on the Figure of Susanna in the Medieval German Tradition: Casey, P.F. The Susanna Theme in German Literature. Abhandlungen zur Kunst-, Musikund Literaturwissenschaft 214. Bonn, 1976. von Kraus, C. Mittelhochdeutsches Übungsbuch. Heidelberg, 21926. 1–27, 273–274. [editions of the Central Franconian Rhyming Bible after Kraus’ work are all based on it] Schatz, J. “Eine Reimbibel des 12. Jahrhunderts. Neue Bruchstücke des sog. Mittelfränkischen Legendars.” Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 59 (1922). 1–22. [text of the fragments of the Central Franconian Rhyming Bible (the Susanna tale appears at B 4r–v)] Wells, D.A. “Susanna and Nebuchadnezzar: The Susanna Fragment of the Central Franconian Rhyming Bible.” Modern Language Review 84 (1989). 77–82.

Excursus: Die drei Jünglinge im Feuerofen Found in the Vorau Manuscript (Vorau, Stiftsbibliothek cod. 276, fols. 99va–100va), Die drei Jünglinge im Feuerofen retells the story of the three youths and the ﬁery furnace of Daniel 3. Selected Sources on Die drei Jünglinge im Feuerofen: Curschmann, M., and Glier, I. Deutsche Dichtung des Mittelalters. München/Wien, 1980. 1.176–191. [text and translation] Diemer, J. Deutsche Gedichte des XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts. Aufgefunden im regulierten Chorherrenstifte zu Vorau in der Steiermark und zum ersten Male mit einer Einleituing und Anmerkungen heraus gegeben. Wien, 1849. 115–123. [text] Haug, W., and Vollmann, B. Frühe deutsche Literatur und lateinische Literatur in Deutschland, 800 –1150. Bibliothek des Mittelalters I. Frankfurt a.M., 1991. 718–727. [text and translation] Henschel, E., and Pretzel, U. Die kleinen Denkmäler der Vorauer Handschrift. Tübingen, 1963. 78–93. [text] Maurer, F. Die religiösen Dichtungen des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts. 3 vols. Tübingen, 1964–1970. 1.402–407. [text] Schröder, W. “‘Die Ältere Judith’ und ‘Die drei Jüngelinge im Feuerofen’.” Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters: Verfasserlexikon. Berlin/New York, 21978. 1, cols. 288–294. [see the bibliography] Waag, A. Kleinere deutsche Gedichte des XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek 10. Halle, 1890. 21916. 36–43. New edition = Schröder, W. 2 vols. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek 71–72. Tübingen, 1972. 1.60–67. [text]

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN FRENCH

I. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

Excursus: Sundry French Daniel Apocrypha i. Moses ben Abraham, Chronique de la Bible [xiii] Cod. 131 A 3 of the Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum/Museum van het Boek at ’s-Gravenhage contains the Chronique de la Bible of a certain Moses ben Abraham. From the description of the codex in the catalogue, we observe that the text “begint bij de stamboom van Noach en eindigt abrupt bij een ontmoeting tussen koning Herodes en Archelaus van Cappadocië (ca. 10 v. Chr.).” The author, however, seems to pay special attention to Daniel and his visions; indeed, although the manuscript is only sporadically illuminated, the visions of Daniel are richly illustrated. I have not seen this manuscript, which does not appear to exist elsewhere, nor am I aware whether it has been edited. From the description in the catalogue, it seems that the text is less a commentary and much more a free reworking of the Biblical narrative perhaps akin in spirit to the Sogdian Daniel fragments (see supra, “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved in Persian”). For more information on the Chronique de la Bible, consult the catalogue: Schatten van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek: Acht eeuwen verluchte handschriften. Tentoonstelling in het Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum/Museum van het Boek, 17 December 1980 – 15 Maart 1981 (’s-Gravenhage, 1980), 66–67 (n.b. 66, where there is a photograph of fol. 26r, showing the four beasts and the four winds of Dan. 7:1–9). ii. French “Visions de Daniel” There is a reference to a manuscript in the Bibliothèque royale des Ducs de Bourgogne to a text called the “Visions de Daniel” (cod. 11016). According to the catalogue, the text is in French and is composed in both prose and verse: “Les vers sur les visions de ce Prophète commencent: Danieauls I sains homme / Trouva ceste lechons.” It does not appear to be a French version of the Somniale Danielis. See the Catalogue des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Royale des Ducs de Bourgogne (3 vols.; Bruxelles, 1842), 1.221 and 2.162. Note: On the French dream manual, Cy commence le livre des exposicions et signiﬁcacions des songes, see the Excursus of the same name following the Somniale Danielis in the section on “Daniel Apocrypha Primarily Preserved in Latin,” above.

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DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED IN ARMENIAN On the Armenian version of the Book of Daniel—beyond those many studies that discuss the Armenian version of the Hebrew Bible in general and in addition to the information presented in the standard editions and commentaries—see S.P. Cowe, The Armenian Version of Daniel (Atlanta, 1993).

I. The Vita Danielis in the Lives of the Prophets See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

II. Somniale Danielis See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Latin.”

III. The Seventh Vision of Daniel Manuscripts: – London, Lambeth Archiepiscopal Library cod. armen. 1209 [xii] Text and Translation: Kalemkiar (infra). Translation: Macler (infra) [from Kalemkiar]. – Venezia, S. Lazzaro cod. 935 [1341] Text: Josepheanz (infra), 378–399. – Venezia, S. Lazzaro cod. 1635 [xv] Text: Josepheanz (infra), 237–250. Translation: Issaverdens (infra) [employing variants from S. Lazzaro cod. 935 (supra)]. Note: According to Issaverdens, 235–236, this MS is a copy of the one in the Lambeth Library. – Wien, Mechitaristenkongregation cod. armen. 14 [1375] Text and Translation: Kalemkiar (infra). Translation: Macler (infra) [from Kalemkiar]. – Wien, Mechitaristenkongregation cod. armen. 39 [1337] Text and Translation: Kalemkiar (infra). Translation: Macler (infra) [from Kalemkiar]. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.3.

1. Texts and Translations Issaverdens, J. The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament Found in the Armenian Manuscripts of the Library of St. Lazarus. Venezia, 1901. 2 1934. 235–236, 249–265. [rep. 1967] Translation.

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Josepheanz, S. Ankanon girk‘ Hin Ktakaranac‘. Venezia, 1896. 237–250, 378–399. Text. Noted by M.R. James, Apocrypha Anecdota II (T&S 5.1; Cambridge, 1897), 165. [rep. Nendeln, 1967]

Kalemkiar, G. “Die siebente Vision Daniels.” WZKM 6 (1892). 109–136, 227–240. Text (edited from three MSS) and translation.

Macler, F. “L’Apocalypse arménienne de Daniel.” Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. Paris, 1895. 56–88. [slightly revised = “Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel. IV. L’Apocalypse arménienne de Daniel.” RHR 33 (1896). 288–309.] Translation, apud Kalemkiar, “Die siebente Visions Daniels.”

2. Auxiliary Studies Charlesworth, J.H. The Pseudepigrapha and Modern Research. SCS 7. Missoula, 1976. With a Supplement. SCS 7. Ann Arbor, 1981. 180. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 333–335. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 264. 210. Sinker, R. Testamenta XII Patriarcharum. Appendix Containing a Collation of the Roman and Patmos MSS and Bibliographical Notes. Cambridge, 1879. viii. Note on the existence of the Armenian MS Bible that contains the Seventh Vision.

Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. No. 117.4–5. Stone, M.E. “The Armenian Apocryphal Literature. Translation and Creation.” Il Caucaso: cerniera fra culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia (secoli IV–XI), 20–26 aprile 1995. Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull’Alto Medioevo. Spoleto, 1996. 2.611–643 at 618. Voicu, S.J. “Gli apocriﬁ armeni.” Augustin 23 (1983). 161–180 at 170. 3. Secondary Studies Bousset, W. Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche. Göttingen, 1895. 41–45 at 41–43. [rep. Hildesheim, 1983] [= The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore. Trans. A.H. Keane. London, 1896. 66–72 at 66–69. [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter. AART&T 24. Atlanta, 1999]]

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Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 310. Denis, A.-M. Introduction aux pseudépigraphes grecs d’Ancien Testament. SVTP 1. Leiden, 1970. 309–314 at 312. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 150–151. Survey-style overview. No mention that this text, which “[goes] back to a lost Greek original,” is preserved in any other version but Armenian.

James, M.R. The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament. TED 1, Palestinian Jewish Texts 14. London/New York, 1920. 59, 70. Brief but curious note asserting that the “Seventh Vision” exists in “versions in Greek, Coptic, Armenian and other tongues” (70). James, of course, was intimately familiar with most of the libraries and manuscripts of his age, and thus his statement cannot be dismissed without reason. Does the mention of a Coptic version mean that James had in mind the Coptic (and Arabic) “Fourteenth Vision of Daniel”? See also the assertion of M.E. Stone, infra.

Oegema, G.S. Zwischen Hoﬀnung und Gericht. Untersuchungen zur Rezeption der Apokalyptik im frühen Christentum und Judentum. WMANT 82. Neukirchen, 1999. 130 note 87. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3; Roma, 1988. 22–23, 62–63, 111–127 passim. Schmoldt, H. “Die Schrift ‘Vom jungen Daniel’ und ‘Daniels letzte Vision.’ Herausgabe und Interpretation zweier apokalyptischer Texte.” Diss: Hamburg, 1972. 264–269. In comparison with the Greek Last Vision of Daniel.

Stone, M.E. “Daniel, Books of (Apocryphal).” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Edd. C. Roth, G. Wigoder, et al. New York, 1971–1972. 5, col. 1289. Brief notice. Notes, pace M.R. James (supra), that “texts are known in Armenian, Greek, Coptic, and Slavonic. The Greek and Armenian forms diﬀer from one another in many respects, but their common source is quite apparent. The Slavonic represents the same text form as the Greek. A Persian work called the History of Daniel also contains similar materials . . .”

———. “The Armenian Apocryphal Literature. Translation and Creation.” Il Caucaso: cerniera fra culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia (secoli IV–XI), 20–26 aprile 1995. Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull’ Alto Medioevo 43. Spoleto, 1996. 611–643 at 618–619.

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“This apocalypse is clearly allied with the Greek and Hebrew medieval Daniel apocalypses” (618).

Weinel, H. “Die spätere christliche Apokalyptik.” EUXARISTHRION. Studien zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Hermann Gunkel zum 60. Geburtstag, dem 23. Mai 1922 dargebracht von seinen Schülern und Freunden. Ed. H. Schmidt. FRLANT 36. Göttingen, 1923. 141–173 at 160–161. Discussed in conjunction with the Greek Last Vision of Daniel, which Weinel understands to be a version of the same work.

Zahn, T. “Paralipomena. 4. Über einige armenische Verzeichnisse kanonischer und apokrypher Bücher.” Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons und der altkirchlichen Literatur V. Ed. T. Zahn. Erlangen/Leipzig, 1893. 109–157 at 115–116, 118–121. Notes appearance of a “Seventh Vision of Daniel” in the c. 1290 CE list of apocryphal books of Mechithar of Aïrivank (115–116), and brieﬂy discusses the Vision, along with a few other Daniel texts (118–121).

IV. The Mors Danielis in the Names, Works, and Deaths of the Holy Prophets Manuscripts: – Erevan MS Mat. 562, fols. 28v–30r [< 1711] Text and Translation: Stone (infra). – Paris, BNF cod. armen. 198 [olim ancien fonds armen. 98], pp. 41–44 [xviii] Text and Translation: Stone (infra). Reference: Macler, F. Catalogue des manuscrits arméniens et géorgiens. Paris, 1908. 110: “Sur les prophètes, leurs noms, leurs actes et leur mort.”

1. Texts and Translations Stone, M.E. Armenian Apocrypha relating to Patriarchs and Prophets, Edited with an Introduction and Commentary. Jerusalem, 1982. 158–173 at 164–166. V. The Vita of the Three Children 1. Texts and Translations Stone, M.E. “An Armenian Tradition Relating to the Death of the Three Companions of Daniel.” Mus 86 (1973). 111–113. ———. Armenian Apocrypha relating to Patriarchs and Prophets, Edited with an Introduction and Commentary. Jerusalem, 1982. 154.

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2. Secondary Studies Garitte, G. “L’Invention géorgienne des Trois Enfants de Babylone.” Mus 72 (1959). 69ﬀ. ———. “Le texte arménien de l”invention des Trois Enfants de Babylone.” Mus 74 (1961). 91–108. Stone, M.E. “Jewish Apocryphal Literature in the Armenian Church.” Mus 95 (1982). 285–309. ———. “The Armenian Apocryphal Literature. Translation and Creation.” Il Caucaso: cerniera fra culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia (secoli IV–XI), 20–26 aprile 1995. Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull’ Alto Medioevo 43. Spoleto, 1996. 611–643 at 618. VI. Daniel Geomantic Texts See the Excursus, “Daniel Geomantic Texts in the Persian, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian, and Turkish Traditions,” under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Persian.”

Excursus: Sundry Armenian Daniel Apocrypha i. London, BL cod. Egerton 708, fols. 174r–v [xviii] F.C. Conybeare describes this text as “The vision of Nabogodonosor, and Daniel’s interpretation thereof. Daniel’s death.” (A Catalogue of Armenian Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1913), 221). This text does not appear to be a copy of the Somniale Danielis. Is it another copy (or a diﬀerent version) of the Mors Danielis in the Names, Works, and Deaths of the Holy Prophets? ii. Paris, BNF cod. armen. 194 [olim suppl. armen. 39], fols. 45v–47v [xvii] F. Macler describes this text as an “Extrait de Daniel sur le banquet de Balthasar” (Catalogue des manuscrits arméniens et géorgiens (Paris, 1908), 109). Given that Macler was quite familiar with the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses known in his day, including the Armenian Seventh Vision of Daniel, we must assume, then, that this Armenian text is either a copy of a portion of the Armenian version of Daniel 5 or a reworking (in whatever form) of that chapter. iii. Portion of Daniel the Prophet M.E. Stone notes that several other Daniel apocrypha in Armenian exist: “One is titled Portion of Daniel the Prophet, while other works are related to dream interpretation. The character of all these is unknown.” (“The Armenian Apocryphal Literature. Translation and Creation,” Il Caucaso: cerniera fra culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia (secoli IV–XI), 20–26 aprile 1995 (Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull’ Alto Medioevo 43; Spoleto, 1996), 611–643 at 633).

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chapter six DANIEL APOCRYPHA PRESERVED PRIMARILY IN THE SLAVONIC LANGUAGES

The full extent of the corpus of biblical apocrypha preserved or composed in the Slavonic languages is still unknown, and much work remains to be done, even at the most fundamental level of the identiﬁcation of text and manuscript. To be sure, much was done, particularly by the great pre-Revolutionary Russian scholars, but this work is relatively unknown today. This situation is changing, however. The rekindling of the spirit of the academy following the fall of the Soviet Union and the lifting of the Iron Curtain has precipitated much new scholarship, and Western scholars are rediscovering the breadth and depth of the old Russian and Eastern European collections of manuscripts. Note now the new collection of essays: Old Testament Apocrypha in the Slavonic Tradition: Continuity and Diversity (Edd. L. DiTommaso and C. Böttrich; JSPSup; London/New York) [forthcoming]. All the same, it cannot be stressed strongly enough that the section below on the Daniel apocrypha preserved in the Slavonic languages very much represents a preliminary eﬀort at cataloguing these texts. See also my comments in the introductory paragraphs to the list of the Greek apocalyptic texts attributed to Daniel, supra.

I. The Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors Manuscripts: – Beograd, Narodna Biblioteka Srbije cod. 651, fols. 243r–249r [xiii–xiv] Text: SreÆkovic (infra); Istrin 182 (infra), 260–263 [partial text, in parallel with part of the text from the Athos cod.]; Kaìmakamova (infra); Angelov (infra), 65–86; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 118–124 [with translation and commentary]. Translation: Pertusi (infra) [based on both MSS]. Reference: StojanoviÆ, L. KaÚaÎoÚ Hapo‰Ìe ·Ë·ÎËoÚeÍe y öeo„pa‰y. IV. PyÍoÔËcË Ë cÚape ¯ÚaÏÔaÌe ÍøË„e. Beograd, 1903. 290–294 at 293; Bonwetsch (infra), 916; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 40. Note: This MS, a copy of the Zbornik Popa Dragolia, is now lost. I have reproduced the foliation as it is listed by StojanoviÆ; others record it diﬀerently. – Beograd, SANU cod. 56, fols. 185r–188r, 189r–v [xv–xviii] Text: Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 118–124 [variants in apparatus]. Reference: StojanoviÆ, L. KaÚaÎoÚ pyÍoÔËca Ë cÚapËı ¯ÚaÏÔaÌËı ÍÌË„a. á·ËpÍa CpÔcÍe KpaÎe‚cÍe AÍa‰eËje. Beograd, 1901. No. 111; Tupkova-Zaimova/ Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 40; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍoaÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 109–110. – Mount Athos, Monastery of Hilandarion 24, fols. 68ra–69vb [xii–xiii] Text: Istrin 184 (infra), 156–158; Lavrov (infra) [with variants from the lost Beograd MS]. Translation: Alexander (infra) [with variants from the lost Beograd MS]; Pertusi (infra) [based on both MSS]. Reference: “Rukopisy a starotisky Chilandarské.” Vîstnik královske ‘eské spole‘nosti nauk 1896. Praha, 1897. 20–21 [apud Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 40 note 9]; M. Matej‘, Hilandar slavik codice. Columbus, 1976. 32; Bogdanovich, D. KaÚaÎo„ ÃËpËÎcÍËı pyÍoÔËca ÏaÌacÚËpa XËÎeÌ‰apa . Beograd, 1978. 150–151; Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 40.

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– Soﬁa, Tsentùra za slavìàno-vizantiìski prouchvaniìà ‘Ivan Duìchev’ cod. 17, fols. 15r–19r, 109r–110v [xviii] Text: Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 118–124 [variants in apparatus]. Reference: Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 40; TupkovaZaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 110. – Soﬁa, Narodna biblioteka “SS. Kiril i MetodiÆ” cod. 309, fols. 154r–155v, 90r–v [xvi] Reference: Tupkova-Zaimova/Miltenova, Palaeobulgarica (infra), 40; TupkovaZaimova/Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ (infra), 110. Note: This text is incomplete. Note: See also the note on the Interpretation of Daniel in the Excursus on “Sundry Slavonic Daniel Apocrypha,” infra. Description of the Text: See Chapter Three, §2.13.

1. Texts, Textual Issues, and Translations Alexander, P.J. “Appendix: English Translation of Slavonic Daniel.” The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. Ed., with intro. by D. deF. Abrahamse. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 1985. 65–72. Apud, for the most part, the text of P.A. Lavrov, SORYSAStP 67.3, infra.

Angelov, B.S., et al. CÚapa ·˙Î„apcÍa ÎËÚepaÚypa. 3. ècÚopË˜ecÍË c˙˜ËÌeÌËﬂ. Soﬁa, 1983. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. B. TeÍcÚ˚. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 184 (1898.1). Moskva, 1898.

135–162 at 156–158. Kaìmakamova, M. “Ñ‚e cÚapo·˙Î„apcÍË ÎeÚoÔËcÌË Ò˙˜ËÌeÌËﬂ oÚ XI ‚.” àcÚopË˜ecÍË Ôpe„Îe‰ 5 (1976). 86–96. Lavrov, P.A. “BË‰©Ìie ÑaÌiËÎa.” AÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍie ÚeÍcÚ˚. SORYSAStP 67.3. Sankt Petersburg, 1899. 1–5. Miltenova, A. “Ho‚ooÚÍpËÚ ‘·ÎËÁÌaÍ’ Ìa ÅeÎﬂÍo‚ÒÍËﬂ aÔoÍpËÙeÌ c·opÌËÍ.” Palaeobulgarica 13.3 (1989). 61–73. Pertusi, L. “Visione del profeta Daniele sugli imperatori, sugli ultimi giorni e sulla ﬁne del secolo.” Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 95–102. SreÆkoviÆ, P.S. á·opÌËÍ ÔoÔa ‰pa„oÎa. Spomenik 5. Beograd, 1890. 10–11. Sreznjevskii, J. “èaÏﬂaÚÌËÍË ﬂÁ˚Ía Ë ÒÎo‚ecÌocÚË, Ëı˙ cÔËcÍË, ˜ÚeÌiﬂ Ë o·˙ﬂcÌeÌiﬂ.” ì˜eÌ˚ﬂ ÁaÔËcÍË ‚Úopa„o àÏÔepaÚopcÍoÈ AÍa‰eÏiË ÌayÍ˙ 1. Sankt Petersburg, 1854. 135–136.

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Tupkova-Zaimova, V., and Miltenova, A. “BË‰eÌËﬂÚa Ìa èpopoÍ ÑaÌËËÎ ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ Ë ‚ cpe‰Ìo‚eÍo‚Ìa Å˙Î„apËﬂ.” Palaeobulgarica 14.4 (1990). 39–46. ———. àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ Ë ‚ cpe‰Ìo‚eÍo‚Ìa Å˙Î„apËﬂ. Soﬁa, 1996. 109–138. 2. Auxiliary Studies Bonwetsch, N. “Die christliche vornicänische Litteratur (mit Einschluss der jüdisch-hellenistischen und apokalyptischen) in altslavischen Handschriften.” In A. Harnack, Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur bei Eusebius. I. Der Überlieferung und der Bestand. Berlin, 21913. 886–917 at 916–917. DiTommaso, L. A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research, 1850–1999. JSPSup 39. Sheﬃeld, 2001. 332–333. Haelewyck, J.-C. Clavis apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti. Turnhout, 1998. No. 265. 210–211. Kozak, E. “Bibliographische Uebersicht der biblisch-apokryphen Literatur bei den Slaven.” JbPT 18 (1892). 127–158 at 139. Stegmüller, F. Repertorium biblicum medii aevi. Madrid, 1950. No. 117.13–15. 3. Secondary Studies Alexander, P.J. “Medieval Apocalypses as Historical Sources.” AHR 73 (1968). 997–1018. [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire. London, 1978] ———. “Les débuts des conquêtes arabes en Sicile et la tradition apocalyptique byzantino-slave.” Bollettino del Centro di Studi ﬁlologici e linguistici siciliani 12 (1973). 7–35. [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire. London, 1978] ———. “Historical Interpolations in the Zbornik Popa Dragolia.” Actes du XIV Congrès international des Études Byzantines, Bucarest, 6–12 September 1971. Bucarest, 1976. 23–38 [rep. = Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire. London, 1978] ———. The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. Ed., with intro. by D. deF. Abrahamse. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 1985. 62–64. Bousset, W. Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche. Göttingen, 1895. 41–45 at 43. [rep. Hildesheim, 1983] [= The Antichrist Legend. A Chapter in Jewish and Christian Folklore. Trans. A.H. Keane. London, 1896. 66–72 at

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69–70. [rep., with introduction by D. Frankfurter. AART&T 24. Atlanta, 1999]] ———. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eschatologie.” ZKG 20 (1900). 103–131, 261–290 at 262–281, 287–290, passim. Brandes, W. “Die apokalyptische Literatur.” Quellen zur Geschichte des frühen Byzanz (4.–9. Jahrhundert). Bestand und Probleme. Edd. F. Winkelmann and W. Brandes. BBA 55. Amsterdam, 1990. 304–322 at 317 note 2. García Martínez, F. “4QPseudo Daniel Aramaic and the PseudoDanielic Literature.” Qumran and Apocalyptic. Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. STDJ 9. Leiden, 1992. 137–161 at 151–152. Istrin, V.M. “OÚÍpo‚eÌie MeÙo‰iﬂ èaÚapcÍa„o Ë aÔoÍpËÙË˜ecÍiﬂ ‚Ë‰©Ìia ÑaÌiËÎa ‚˙ ‚ËÁaÌÚiÈcÍoÈ Ë cÎa‚ﬂÌopyccÍoÈ ÎËÚepaÚypaı˙. A. àÁcÎ©‰o‚aÌie. II. BË‰©Ìiﬂ ÑaÌiËÎa.” COIDRMoskva 182 (1897.3).

Moskva, 1897. 253–329 at 260–268. Olster, D. “Byzantine Apocalypses.” The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. Volume 2: Apocalypticism in Western History and Culture. Ed. B. McGinn. New York, 1996. 48–73 at 67. Pertusi, L. Fine di Bisanzio e ﬁne del mondo. Signiﬁcato e ruolo storico delle profezie sulla caduta di Costantinopoli in Oriente e in Occidente. Istituto storico Italiano per medio evo n.s. 3. Roma, 1988. 42–43, 95–109 passim, 111–127 passim. Treadgold, W. “The Prophecies of the Patriarch Methodius.” Revue des études byzantines [forthcoming]. Argues that the Greek original of the Slavonic Vision of Daniel was composed by the future patriarch Methodius in the spring of 829.

II. The Vision and Revelation of the Prophet Daniel See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

III. The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel See above, under “Daniel Apocrypha Preserved Primarily in Greek.”

Excursus: Sundry Slavonic Daniel Apocrypha i. The “Interpretation of Daniel” Many of the manuscripts which preserve the Slavonic Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (supra) also contain a composition titled the Interpretation of Daniel. Among other places, this text appears embedded in P.S. SreÆkoviÆ’s edition of the

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Zbornik Popa Dragolia (á·opÌËÍ ÔoÔa ‰pa„oÎa, Spomenik 5 (Beograd, 1890, 12–13), with a partial Slavonic copy of the Greek Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (12) separating it from the Slavonic Vision on the Emperors (10–11). Cf., e.g., L. StojanoviÆ, KaÚaÎoÚ Hapo‰Ìe ·Ë·ÎËoÚeÍe y Åeo„pa‰y. IV. PyÍoÔËcË Ë cÚape ¯ÚaÏÔaÌe ÍøË„e (Beograd, 1903), 293, re Beograd, Narodna Biblioteka Srbije cod. 651[xiii–xiv], fols, 251r–256v. See also P.J. Alexander, “Historical Interpolations in the Zbornik Popa Dragolia,” Actes du XIV Congrès internationale des Études Byzantines, Bucarest, 6–12 September 1971 (Bucarest, 1976), 23–38 at 25 note 6 [= Religious and Political History and Thought in the Byzantine Empire (London, 1978)]), B.S. Angelov, et al., CÚapa ·˙Î„apcÍa ÎËÚepaÚypa. 3. ècÚopË˜ecÍË c˙˜ËÌeÌËﬂ (Soﬁa, 1983), 68–71, and now, especially, V. TupkovaZaimova and A. Miltenova, àcÚopËÍo-aÔoÍaÎËÔÚË˜ÌaÚa ÍÌËÊÌËÌa ‚˙‚ BËÁaÌÚËﬂ Ë ‚ cpe‰Ìo‚eÍo‚Ìa Å˙Î„apËﬂ (Soﬁa, 1996), 109–138, which presents a list of manuscript copies, editions and translations of both the Vision on the Emperors and the Interpretation, and a discussion of their transmission history. ii. Slavonic Legenda Concerning the Three Youths and the Fiery Furnace In the ﬁrst volume of his monumental AÔoÍpiÙË i Îe„eÌ‰Ë ìÍpaªÌÒ¸ÍÁı PÛÍoÏËci‚ (Lvov, 1896), I. Franko lists three texts related to the story of the three youths: “CÚpacÚ¸ c‚. Úpeı˙ oÚpoÍ˙ AÌaÌiË, AÌaÌiË, AÁapiË, MËcaËÎa Ë ÑaÌiËÎa ÔpopoÍaz (307–312), “èaÏﬂÚ¸ c‚. Úpex oÚpoÍ˙ Ë c‚. ÔpopoÍa ÑaÌËËÎa [sic]” (312–315), and “C‚. oÚpoÍ AÌaÌiË, AÁapiË, åËcaËÎa” (315–319). iii. Daniel Apocrypha in the Palaea interpretata F.J. Thomson observes that many apocrypha are extant in full or extensively quoted in the Slavonic Palaea interpretata, including the “Apocalypsis Danielis (BHG 1873–1874d)” (“The Nature and Reception of Christian Byzantine Culture in Russia in the Tenth to the Thirteenth Centuries and Its Implications for Russian Culture,” Slavica Gandensia 5 (1978), 107–139 at 108). I have not yet had occasion to examine the Palaea interpretata—which is to be distinguished from the Palaea historica—in any detail. In the ﬁrst volume, however, of his monumental AÔoÍpiÙË i Îe„eÌ‰Ë Á ìÍpaªÌÒ¸ÍËı PyÍoÌËci‚ (Lvov, 1896), I. Franko lists several texts that are drawn from the Palaea, including one titled “èpo‚Ë‰eÌie ÔpopoÍa ÑaÌËËÎa o Ha‚ıo‰oÌocope” (319–320).

INDEXES References in the footnotes to the ancient and mediaeval sources, manuscripts, modern authorities, and subjects are only cited when there is no explicit corresponding reference in the text to which the note refers. 1. Ancient and Mediaeval Sources Hebrew Bible (MT) Genesis 6:1–4 20:3, 6–7 31:10–13, 24 40–41

217 note 537 245 note 55 245 note 55 241

Exodus 7:11 22:17 33:2

249 note 71 249 note 71 251 note 81

Deuteronomy 18:14–15

305

Joshua 9:1

251 note 81

1 Samuel 28:6

245 note 55

Jeremiah 14:14 25:11–12 27:9–10 29:10 29:21–23 41:1–15 52:29

305 212 305 212 63 39 note 3 70 note 113

Ezekiel 1:1 1:3 2:9–10 10:15 10:20 10:22 14:14, 20 43:3

119 163; 449 163; 449 177 163; 449 163; 449 163; 449 50 note 30 449

Joel 1 Kings 3:5–15 9:20 2 Kings 24:6 25:8 25:11–13 25:25–26

245 note 55 251 note 81 58 70 39 39

note note note note

66 113 3 3

3:1

245 note 55

20:8 33:15

245 note 54 245 notes 54–55

Job

Proverbs 8:22–26 Daniel

Isaiah 29:7 29:11 39:7 44:25 44:28–45:7 45:1

245 note 54 177 65 305 213 note 518 213

1–6

119 note 118 1–6; 10; 80–81; 85; 177; 308–309 2; 9 note 32; 13–14; 39–50; 68 note 105; 83; 114; 170; 215; 218 note 539; 248 notes 68–69;

indexes

510

1–4 1

1:1 1:1–2 1:2 1:3–4 1:3–5 1:5 1:6–7 1:6 1:7 1:8–10 1:11–13 1:14–16 1:17–18 1:17 1:19–20 1:20 1:21 2–6 2

2:1 2:2–6 2:2 2:4b 2:7–9 2:10–12 2:10 2:13–15

252 note 85; 253 note 87; 255; 300; 303 note 273; 310; 312 255; 256 39–41; 46 note 20; 57–65; 66; 70; 76; 248–249; 470 39 39 note 3; 59; 60; 63; 69 40; 66 3 note 6 40; 60 70 40 213 40 note 4 40 40 40 40–41; 57 note 59 248; 251 41 249 57; 61; 69; 76; 213 note 517 57; 62; 68 note 105; 80–81; 110; 208; 251 note 82 27; 41–42; 45 note 18; 63; 65–66; 67 note 102; 69–70; 74; 162 note 310; 208; 214 note 523; 219; 223; 229; 245; 249; 252; 253; 275; 303 note 273; 308 note 1; 310; 312; 449; 470; 495 41; 69–70 41 249 211 note 510 41 41 249 41

2:13–15 2:16–18 2:19–23 2:19–20 2:24–26 2:26–28 2:26 2:27 2:29–33 2:34–36 2:37–40 2:41–45 2:44–45 2:46–49 2:48 2:49 3–6 3

3:1–7 3:8–12 3:12 3:13–18 3:19–23 3:23–24 3:24–25 3:25 3:26–27 3:28–30 3:31–6:29 3:31–33 3:31 4–6 4

4:1–2 4:3–4 4:4

41 41 41–42 251 note 82 42 42 40 note 4; 42 note 11 249; 274 42 42 42 42 217 note 535 42 251 43 note 13; 48 note 23 210 note 502 4 note 13; 42–43; 48 note 23; 63; 70–71; 80; 86; 250 note 79; 446; 497 42–43 43 43 note 13 43 43 7 43 46 note 20 43 43 10 note 33 43 251 note 33 4 8; 39 note 2; 43–45; 51; 53; 67 note 102; 80 note 148; 214 note 523; 215 note 528; 245 note 54; 247 note 62; 249; 251–252; 275; 303 note 273; 308 note 1; 339 43–44 44 249; 274

indexes 4:5–6 4:5 4:6 4:7–14 4:15 4:16 4:17–22a 4:17–18 4:22b–24 4:25–27 4:27 4:28–30 4:31–33 4:34 5–9 5

5:1 5:2–4 5:5–6 5:7–9 5:7 5:8 5:10–12a 5:11 5:12b–16 5:17 5:18–23 5:21 5:24 5:25–28 5:29–31 6

6:1 6:2–4 6:5–6 6:7–10 6:11–14 6:15–16 6:17–18 6:19–21

44 40 note 4 40 note 4; 46 note 20; 251 44 40 note 4; 44 40 note 4; 44 44 44 note 18 44 45 44 note 18 45 45 45 69 45–47; 53; 66–67; 69; 86; 245 note 54; 246 note 57; 250; 252–253; 255; 256; 275; 308 note 1; 446; 492; 503 45 45 45 45–46 250; 274 250 46 251; 274 46 46 46 250 46 46 47 47–48; 53; 64; 69; 71–74; 80; 86; 212; 213 note 519; 247 note 62; 255; 377; 446; 448 47; 73 47 47 47 47 47 47 47

511

6:22–25 6:26–28 7–12

7–8 7

7:1 7:2–9 7:10 7:11–12 7:13–14 7:14–15 7:17–18 7:18 7:19–24 7:21 7:25–27 7:25 7:27 7:28 8–10 8

8:1–2 8:1 8:2 8:3–7 8:5 8:8–12

47–48 48 2; 9 note 32; 13; 45 note 18; 57 note 59; 83; 87 note 1; 94; 110; 134 note 185; 168; 197 note 458; 199–201; 208; 209–224 passim; 251 note 82; 253; 255–256; 303 note 273; 308 note 1; 310–311; 312 71; 255 27; 39 note 1; 69; 74–75; 162 note 310; 180; 199 note 462; 209; 210–211; 223; 229; 245 note 54; 449 210 210 210 210 210 210 210–211 216 note 529 211 211 note 508 211 211 note 508; 216 note 529 216 note 529 88 note 5; 211; 257 note 100 107 note 67 39 note 1; 53 note 42; 69; 78; 83 note 154; 199 note 462; 211–212; 223; 245 note 54 39 note 1; 211 211 note 509 76 note 134 211 112 211

indexes

512 8:8 8:13–14 8:15–17 8:18–19 8:20–25 8:21 8:25 8:26–27 8:26 9

9:1–2 9:1 9:3–19 9:20–22 9:23–24 9:25–27 10–12

10–11 10 10:1 10:1–5 10:2–3 10:2 10:4 10:5–11:2a 10:5–11:2a 10:5–9

112; 162 note 310 211 211 211–212 212 112 216 note 529 212 87; 257 note 100 39 note 1; 45 note 18; 55 note 53; 58 note 66; 72; 199 note 462; 200 note 469; 208; 212–213; 216 note 529; 218; 223; 255 212 39 note 1; 72 212 212 212 212–213 39 note 1; 78; 199 note 462; 213–215; 223 note 556; 255 223 213–214 3 note 6; 57 note 59; 69; 76; 102; 213 180 213 213 note 520 213 214 note 524 214 note 524 213

10:10–13 10:10 10:13 10:14 10:15 10:16–11:2a 10:20 11–12 11 11:1

12:11–13 12:11–12 12:13

213 163 216 note 529 214 214 214 214 note 524 10 note 33 107 note 67; 214 72 note 118; 214 note 524 214 214 note 524 214 214 216 note 530 45 note 18; 214 62; 214–215; 223 214; 216 note 529 214–215 216 note 530 87; 215; 257 215 216 note 529 215; 216 note 530 215 3 note 7 213

1:1–3 1:1–4 4:5–6 5:13–15 6:3–5

80 note 147 213 note 518 72 note 121 213 note 518 213 note 518

11:2b–20 11:2b 11:21–31 11:32–39 11:32 11:40–45 12 12:1 12:2–3 12:3 12:4 12:5–7 12:7 12:8–10

Ezra

2 Chronicles 36:8 36:22–23

58 note 65 80 note 147; 213 note 518

Septuagint (OG and yÄ) Deuteronomy 32:20 Ezekiel 25:16–17 1 Esdras 2:1–7

2 Esdras

q.v. 4 Ezra

Baruch 1:3

152 note 266

Tobit 8:5

6 note 20

132; 143 97 80 note 147

indexes Daniel

1:20 3:1 4 4–6 4:1 5:30–31 5:7 5:8 5:21 9:1 10:1 Additions (collectively)

40 note 4; 50; 59 note 69; 62–63; 69–71; 81–82; 85; 274; 308–309 249 note 70 70 80 note 148; 247 note 62; 249 note 73; 251–252 49 70 note 113 72–73 250 note 74 250 notes 75 and 77 250 note 78 72 76; 213 note 517 6–7; 14; 32; 34; 48–49; 64; 81; 110; 114; 310; 312; 331–334

513

Bel and the Dragon

48–49; 52; 61; 72; 210 note 503; 331–334; 335; 470 Prayer of Azariah 52; 53; 79; 331–334; 334–335 Song of the Three 6 note 20; 52; 79; 331–334; 334–335 Susanna 4 note 12; 48–49; 52; 59–64; 86; 210 note 503; 302; 331–334; 335–338 1 Maccabees 2:59–60 4 Maccabees

4 note 13; 6 note 20 84

Other Versions or Translations Daniel Ethiopic Old Latin Papyrus 967 Pesh*tta

455 59 note 69 63 note 84; 69; 70 note 110 121–122; 451

Syro-Hexaplaric Vulgate

62 62

Susanna Syro-Hexaplaric Vulgate

62 62

Ancient Near Eastern Texts Iqqur Ìpu“

290 Classical Texts

Cicero De re publica Somnium Scipionem

244–246 q.v. De re publica

Macrobius, Commentary on the Somnium Scipionem 246–247

Herodotus Histories

85 79 note 146

Virgil Georgics

Hesiod Works and Days

264

indexes

514

Ancient Jewish Literature Apocalypse of Abraham 219 notes 543–544 Apocalypse of Moses

219 note 543

Aristeas, Letter of 2 Baruch

52 27 note 81; 77 note 135; 119; 140; 220 77 note 135

4 Baruch Dead Sea Scrolls Genesis Apocryphon War Scroll Hodayot 4Q116 4Q174 4Q242–246 (4QPseudo-Daniel, collectively) 4Q242

4Q243/244

4Q245 4Q246 4Q548 4Q551 4Q552/553 Temple Scroll

35 106 note 66; 292 note 232 54 note 46 3 note 9; 10 note 33 1 note 1; 87 note 1 27; 28; 30; 206–209 7–8; 49; 51; 52; 53; 80 note 134; 81 note 150; 206; 318–322 7–8; 46 note 20; 52; 81 note 150; 206–208; 312; 322–325 7, 8–9; 208–209; 322–325 8; 209; 325–330 8 note 26 4 note 12 7 note 24 54 note 46

1 Enoch

27 note 81; 50 note 30; 106; 107 note 67; 119 note 117; 217 note 537

4 Ezra

27 note 81; 74–75; 106; 107 note 67; 119–120; 140; 177; 213 note 516; 220

Questions of Ezra

54 note 47

Josephus Antiquities

1 note 1; 9–10; 40; 51; 53 note 42; 58; 61; 64–65; 72–73; 76; 83 note 154; 84–85; 253–254; 269; 338

Jubilees

50 note 30; 51; 53

Letter of Aristeas

282

Psalms of Solomon

54 note 46

Pseudo-Philo, LAB

Sibylline Oracles (original Jewish oracles)

140; 219 note 544

New Testament Matthew 1:20–24 2:13–15 24:15 24:15–16

Acts 245 note 55 245 note 55 1 note 1 87 note 1

John 9:1–12

9:10 16:16–19 Revelation 5:1

245 note 55 274; 305 140 177

indexes

515

Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Authors and Texts For pre-modern commentaries, scholia, and postilla on the Book of Daniel, q.v. under the authors’ names in Index 4, infra, “Subject Index.” Acta Pauli “Andrew Salos Apocalypse” Apocalypse of Adam (NHC)

85 note 159 q.v. Life of St. Andrew the Fool 219 notes 543–544

Apocalypse of Elijah (Hebrew)

“Apocalypse of Enoch”

173

Apocalypse of Shenute II

183

Azariah (Old English) 79; 486; 491–492 Book of the Bee

342

Book of Medicines

278 note 181; 284 note 204; 290

Cave of Treasures

268

Christ and Satan

486

Chronicles of Jera˙meel 46 note 19; 58; 63; 77; 85; 344; 461–462

Le livre des expositions et signiﬁcacions des songes

Genesis (Old English) 486 Historia de Daniel representanda

65; 79; 446–448

Interpretation of Daniel

507–508

Kitàb al-Fitan

174

Kitàb al-malà˙im

170

König Tyro von Schotten und Fridebrand sin Sun

21; 496

Leonis Constantinopolitani de ﬁne mundi homilia 144–145 Life of St. Andrew the Fool

492–493

Daniel (Old English)

53; 59; 65; 486–491

Die drei Jünglinge im Feuerofen Dies Aegyptiaci

150

Ludus Danielis

52; 54 note 48; 66; 79; 446–448

Malalas, John Chronography

Mors Danielis (Armenian) Mors Danielis (Irish)

79; 497 258; 263 note 124; 270

Exodus (Old English) 486

132 note 179; 170; 192; 228

Life of St. Euthymius

Mansions of the Moon Cleanness

402

Oracles of Leo the Wise

21; 53; 73; 79 257; 287; 298 note 265; 299 53; 502; 503 53; 59; 76–77; 494 95; 97–98; 145 note 222; 203; 348–349; 352

indexes

516 Ordo prophetarum

Palaea historica

53; 377

Palaea interpretata

508

Sibylline Oracles (including collections attributed to the various Sibyls) 219–220 note 544; 314

Passion of Daniel and the Three Children

78–79

Sogdian Daniel fragment

53; 498

Pistil of Swete Susan

493

Storia Lune

402

Portion of Daniel the Prophet

Supputatio Esdrae 503

232; 260 note 111; 263 note 124; 299

Povest’o Car’grade

190 Syriac Alexander Legend 118

Prophecy of Constantine the Great 124 Qur"àn

Babylonian Talmud b. Sanhedrin

79; 119 note 113

2 Targum Esther

Testament of Adam

268

Testaments of the XII Patriarchs

220 note 545

Treatise of Shem

236 note 15

Vitae of the Three Children

78; 502–503

172

Revelations/Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius (translation/recension non-speciﬁc) 28; 98 note 32; 108; 116–119; 125; 133 note 183; 134; 136; 142; 149–150; 161; 203; 205; 223; 224–230 passim; 348 Rauäúlfs þáttr

495

Sefer ha-Yashar

Sefer Yosippon

58 note 61; 461–462

Vitae prophetarum (including the Vita Danielis)

Zbornik Popa Dragolia

9; 12; 40 note 4; 53; 59; 65; 76; 79; 87; 339–345; 451; 455 146–147

Daniel Apocalypses and Apocalyptic Oracles These texts are listed in the order in which they are discussed in Chapter Three (identiﬁed by section and sub-section). (Greek) Apocalypse (or Vision) of Daniel (as a generic term) 130; 224–230

The Vision of Daniel on the Blond Race (§2.2) 96; 99–100; 126; 205; 351

The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Cyprus (§2.1) 95 note 28; 96; 97–99; 100; 127 and 127 note 151; 128 note 153; 129; 178; 189 note 417; 205; 226; 348–350

The Seventh Vision of Daniel (§2.3) 6 note 18; 92 note 22; 93 note 24; 96; 99; 100–108; 116; 137 note 194; 142; 155 note 274; 200; 204 notes 481–482; 205; 207

indexes note 491; 225–228 passim; 230; 499–502; 503 The Vision of the Young Daniel (§2.4) 10 note 33; 24; 28; 93 notes 23–24; 96; 108; 108–113; 121–123; 177; 204 note 481; 22 note 553; 226; 451–452 The Revelation of Daniel the Prophet in the Land of Persia and Elam (§2.5) 28; 29; 34; 39 note 1; 53; 66; 73; 77–78; 80; 83; 95 note 28; 96; 110–113; 113–123; 141 note 207; 150 note 251; 152; 177; 184; 204 note 481; 218 note 540; 222 note 553; 452–453 The Visions of Daniel and Other Holy Men (§2.6) 96; 123–125; 191 note 435; 224 note 558; 351–353 The Oracle of the Prophet Daniel on Byzantium (§2.7) 96; 125–126; 201 note 471; 206; 353 The Proclamation of the Prophet Daniel (§2.8) 96; 126; 200 note 467; 353–354 The Vision of Daniel on the Seven-Hilled City (§2.9) 95 note 28; 96; 97; 124; 125; 126–130; 144 note 220; 192; 351–352; 354–356 Diegesis Danielis (§2.10) 24; 93 note 24; 95 note 28; 96; 105; 118 note 107; 120 note 121; 130 note 165; 130–141; 141–144; 145; 151; 154 note 272; 166 note 324; 167; 223; 226; 243; 347; 356–359 The Vision and Revelation of Daniel (§2.11) 96; 102; 131; 133 note 183; 134 note 184; 135; 140; 141–144; 145 note 226; 151; 166 note 324; 204 note 482; 359–360 The Word of Daniel on the End of the World (§2.12) 96; 139; 144–145; 155 note 276; 360–361 The Vision of the Prophet Daniel on the Emperors (§2.13) 92 note 22; 96;

118 note 107; 145–151; 157; 191 note 435; 230; 504–507;

517 125 note 139; 141; 161 note 306; 189; 204 note 482; 226; 508

Qissa-yi Dàniyàl (§2.14) 39 note 1; 52; 58; 66–67; 73; 78; 83; 96; 113; 119; 151–154; 218 note 540; 227; 228; 463–466; 501 Discourses of John Chrysostom Concerning the Vision of Daniel (§2.15) 96; 118 note 107; 144 note 217; 149; 155–158; 159; 161–162; 225–228 passim; 360; 362–363 The Vision of Daniel On the Last Times and the End of the World (§2.16) 96; 125 note 139; 142; 149 note 250; 155; 158–162; 187 note 410; 187–188 note 412; 191 note 435; 225–228 passim; 364–365 The Vision of Daniel by the River Kebar (§2.17) 88 note 5; 93 note 23; 96; 162–170; 218 note 539; 228; 449; 459–461 The Apocalypse of Daniel on the Events after al-Mu'tamid (§2.18) 34; 89 note 11; 96; 171–174; 204 note 481; 292; 471 The Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil (§2.19) 96; 102; 173; 174–177; 185; 204 note 481; 229; 471–472 The Vision of Daniel on the Island of Crete (§2.20) 95 note 28; 97; 129; 178–179; 365–366 The Fourteenth Vision of Daniel (§2.21) 88 note 5; 90 note 11; 97; 177; 179–184; 204 note 481; 227; 456–458 Nevu’ot Daniel (§2.22) 87 note 2; 93 note 23; 97; 154; 184–185; 200; 461 The Last Vision of the Prophet Daniel (§2.23) 91 note 14; 97; 98 note 34; 108; 125 note 139; 141 note 212; 147–148; 155; 159–160; 178;

indexes

518

186–192; 200; 201; 225–228 passim; 230; 243; 281; 347; 366–374; 502

Dàniyàl-nàma (§2.24) 97; 114; 193; 201 note 471; 466–468

Daniel Prognostica Daniel geomantica (collectively) 293–295; 468–469 Kitàb al-Jafar

Praedictiones Danielis 18; 92 note 20; 114 note 96; 174; 205 note 483; 233; 254; 279–283; 315; 345–347

296–297; 482–483 Praedictiones Danielis as possibly Mal˙amat Dàniyàl 282–283; 286; 289; 292; 307 note 284; 472

Kitàb al-ußûl li-Dàniyàl al-˙akîm 295–296; 482 Lunationes Danielis 14 note 43; 18; 19; 32–33; 87–88; 114 note 96; 174; 232–233; 254; 258; 259–279; 280; 283–285; 286; 295 note 247; 297; 298–307 passim; 312; 347; 472; 479 Mal˙amat Dàniyàl 18; 173; 174; 208; 233; 236 note 15; 268–269; 282–283; 285–293; 294; 298–307 passim; 312; 453; 472–481

Qur"at Dàniyàl

295; 483

Somniale Danielis 12; 14 note 43; 18; 19; 32–33; 34; 87–88; 114 note 96; 174; 188 note 412; 232–233; 236–259; 260 note 111; 259–277 passim; 280; 283–285; 286; 295–296; 298–307 passim; 312; 313; 347; 449; 479; 498

Modern Texts The Book of Mormon 15 note 45

Science and Health

15 note 45

The Divine Principle 15 note 45

Testament of Alexander 15 note 45; 149 note 248 2. Manuscripts Cited

For the list of abbreviations of major libraries, museums, and other manuscript repositories, see the section in the Introduction on “Abbreviations,” xvii–xx at xviii. Aberystwyth Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru cod. Llanstephan 27 391; 438 cod. Llanstephan 88 439 cod. Peniarth 26 277 note 178; 405 cod. Porkington 10 439

Alger Bibliothèque Publique cod. arab. 1517 291 note 229; 474 cod. arab. 1518 291 note 229; 474 Andros Hagia MS 9

360

Ankara MS Is. Saib Sincer I, 312

474

indexes Athínai Bibliothecae Societatis Historicae cod. 115 404 cod. 211 404 Ethnikè Bibliothèkè tès Hellados cod. 1265 404 cod. 1275 244 note 47; 404 cod. 1350 280 note 191; 281 note 193; 346; 404 cod. 2187 126 note 146; 144 note 220; 155 note 276 cod. 2605 155–156; 362 Bamberg Staatsbibliothek cod. L.III 38

439

Bangor University Library (cod. ?)

439

Basel Universitätsbibliothek MS B VII 4 244 note 47; 265 note 13; 405 MS D I 10 405 Beograd Narodna Biblioteka Srbije cod. 312 369 cod. 313 369 cod. 651 146–148; 369–370; 504; 508 SANU cod. 56 504 Berlin DSB cod. Phillipps 1479 237 note 19; 379 cod. Phillipps 1574 279 note 186; 346 cod. Phillipps 1790 264 note 129; 405–406 cod. Phillipps 4156 q.v. New Haven, Yale University Beinecke cod. 395

519

SBPK cod. arab. 4289 cod. arab. 5912 cod. arab. 5913 cod. arab. 5914 cod. arab. 5915 cod. Diez A. 4° 47 cod. fr. 4° 968 cod. germ. 2° 103 cod. germ. 8° 101 cod. germ. 8° 121 cod. germ. 8° 477 cod. gr. 173 cod. lat. 2° 186

296 note 252 474 474 474 474

485 402 392 391–392 439 439 346 260 note 108; 406 cod. lat. 4° 70 267 note 143; 277 note 175; 379; 392; 406 cod. lat. 8° 44 406 cod. lat. 8° 93 278 note 181; 406 cod. orient. 4° 145 485 cod. theol. 4° 10 379 Turfan MS C22 10 note 33; 470

Bern Burgerbibliothek MS 441

264 note 129; 406 Stadtbibliothek Bongarsiana cod. 556 380

Bernkastel-Kues St. Nicolaus Hospital MS 203 407 Bethesda National Library of Medicine MS 49 436 Birmingham Selly Oak (Mingana) Arabic (Islamic) 323 Arabic (Islamic) 891 I Christian Arab. Add. 204 Christian Arab. Add. 135 Syriac 22 Syriac 191

475 474 474 474 453 473

indexes

520 Syriac 311 Syriac 436 Syriac 567

473 473 342

Boston Public Library cod. G.401.12

380

Brugge [private]

439

Bruxelles Bibliothèque Royale cod. 10574–85 392 Bibliothèque royale des Ducs de Bourgogne cod. 2367 380 cod. 11016 498 Budapest Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum cod. 59 380 cod. 405 380 Országos Széchényi Könyvtár cod. germ. 5 439 cod. germ. 56 439 cod. lat. 59 407 cod. lat. 405 407 Caen Bibliothèque Municipale MS 589 393 Cairo Coptic Patriarchate Library cod. 776 cod. Theol. 260

483; 484 288; 290 note 225

Dàr màqàt 132 475 Egyptian National Library MS K 3862 475 MS S 4467 475 MS TJF 12 473 Sbath MSS q.v. Città del Vaticano Calcutta Asiatic Society MS J.9 MS J.16

294 note 242; 468 294 note 241; 468

Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal MS 1506 293–294; 302; 475 Cambridge CCC cod. 37 cod. 301 cod. 391 cod. 422 cod. 466 cod. 481 Gonville and Caius College cod. 457/395 Magdalene College cod. Pepys 1236 PC cod. 103 Peterhouse MS 222 St. John’s College cod. L.10 TC cod. O.1.13 cod. O.1.57 cod. O.7.23 cod. O.8.21 cod. O.8.33 cod. cod. cod. UL cod. cod. cod.

O.9.37 R.3.20 R.14.15 Gg.i.1 Ii.vi.17 Ll.4.12

cod. Oriental 1258 T-S H12.8 T-S H12.9

278 note 181 380 407; 432 407; 432 255; 272 note 157; 380; 407 380; 407 436 436 380; 408 380 436 408; 436 380 266 380 144–145; 360 390 436 436 380 381; 449 281 note 194; 346 475 459 459

Cambridge, MA Harvard University cod. syr. 42 cod. syr. 161

113; 452 297; 454

Cardiﬀ Public Library cod. 3.242 + 5.99

408

indexes Carpentras MS lat. 337

402

Coburg Landesbibliothek cod. 5

392

Crete Brontisi Monastery cod. (?)

178; 365

Dimashq Zàhirìya Library MS 3585 MS 5039 MS 5600 MS 6263 MS 6271 MS 6860 MS 7845

475 475 476 476 476 476 476

Donaueschingen Hofbibliothek cod. 793

381

Dresden Öﬀentliche Bibliothek cod. Da 53 128; 354 Dublin Royal Irish Academy MS 23 P16 494 Trinity College cod. H.3.17 391 Durham University Library cod. Or./Arab. 10 476 Edinburgh Royal Observatory cod. Cr.4.6 University Library MS 329

439 439

Einsiedeln cod. 321

408

Erevan MS Mat. 562

502

Erfurt WBS cod. Amplonian 2° 276

408–409

521 cod. Amplonian 4° 21 cod. Amplonian 4° 186 cod. Amplonian 4° 330

381 381 277 note 178; 409

Erlangen Universitätsbibliothek cod. 90 381 cod. 673 381 cod. 674 409 Firenze BML cod. Ashburnham 130 cod. Ashburnham 204 cod. Ashburnham 1724 cod. Strozzi 70

267 note 143; 409 267 note 143; 277 note 176; 409 381 264 note 129; 409–410

Biblioteca Riccardiana cod. 859 381; 393 cod. 1258 393 Gent Universiteitsbibliotheek MS 5 (416) 265 note 134; 410 MS 697 439 Göteborg MS X

410

Gotha Herzoglichen Bibliothek cod. 1464 476 cod. 1465 476 Landesbibliothek cod. chart 2° 439 Gottweig Stiftsbibliothek cod. 429 (207)

381

Hamburg Staatsbibliothek cod. Hans. IV.15

410

indexes

522 Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek cod. germ. 1 439 Heidelberg UB cod. Pal. 575 cod. Pal. 644 cod. Pal. 796 cod. Pal. 832 cod. Pal. 848

germ. 392; 439 germ. 440 germ. 440 germ. 392 germ. 497

Herten Bibliothek des Grafen Nesselrode-Reichenstein cod. med. Hertensis 192 278 note 181; 410 Hildesheim Dombibliothek MS 749 Huntington Huntington Library cod. HM 64 cod. HM 83

410

436 439

Istanbul Atif Mustafa Efendi Kütüphanesi MS 1164 476 MS 1722 476 Aya Sofya MS 2684 476 Ba[datli Vehbi Kütüphanesi MS 2234 295 note 251; 476 Hekim O[lu [Hekimo[lu] Ali Pasha MS 572 476 MS 574 476 Nuruosmaniye Külliyesi MS 2796 476 Suleymaniye bib. “ehit Ali MS 2002 476 Veliüddin Efendi MS 2281 476 MS 2294 476

Jerusalem Hebrew University Ben-Zvi Institute 3203

307 note 284 MS H2680 193; 466 Patriarchikè Bibliothèkè cod. Sabaitikos gr. 128 126 note 146; 144 note 220; 155 note 276; 366 cod. Sabaitikos gr. 697 375 cod. S. Sepulcri 121 375 cod. 244 375

Karlsruhe Badische Landesbibliothek cod. Aug. CLXXIII 410–411 cod. St. George 73 440 Kassel Landesbibliothek cod. 2° iurid. 25 cod. 4° iurid. 36 cod. 4° iurid. 37

381 381 381

København Det kongelige Bibliotek cod. 1653 411 cod. 1664 440 cod. Thott. 675 440 UB cod. Arnamagnaenus 45 411 cod. Arnamagnaenus 194 441 cod. Arnamagnaenus 245 441 cod. Arnamagnaenus 434 441 cod. Arnamagnaenus 764 391 Konya Kitapligi Yûsuf A[a [Yusufa[a] 476 MS 5006 MS 6462 476

indexes Krakow Biblioteka Jagiello[ska cod. 813 381

cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvi

Leeds MS syr. 4 342 University of Leeds, Department of Semitic Languages MS or. 72 476–477

cod. Cotton Titus D.xxvii

Leicester Old Town Hall Library cod. 4 381 Leiden Universiteitsbibliotheek cod. Or. 11.066 477 cod. Or. 12.050 477 cod. Vossiani lat. O.52 381 cod. Vossiani chy. Q.33 261 note 113 Leipzig U-B cod. 936 London BL cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod.

Add. Add. Add. Add. Add. Add. Add.

381

7473 9067 9702 12178 14536 14614 15236

cod. Add. 17193 cod. Add. 18715 cod. Add. 25881 cod. Arundel 60 cod. Cotton Caligula A.xv cod. Cotton Tiberius A.iii

296–297; 491 293; 468 342 342 343 267 note 277 note 381–382; 342 108; 451 188 note 190 note 366 432

523

482

143; 175; 411 418; 431;

411; 432–433 239; 262 note 122; 273 note 164; 382; 389; 411–413; 433–435

234 note 94; 258 note 107; 382–383; 413–414 258 note 107; 414–415

cod. Cotton Vesp. D.xiv 493 cod. Cotton Vesp. E.x 415 cod. Egerton 82 383 cod. Egerton 708 503 cod. Egerton 821 262 note 112; 277 note 175; 415 cod. Egerton 827 436 cod. Egerton 847 383; 415 cod. Egerton 2615 446 cod. Egerton 2852 415 cod. Harley 978 416 cod. Harley 1735 436 cod. Harley 2253 243 note 47; 391 cod. Harley 2320 436 cod. Harley 2558 383; 416 cod. Harley 3017 232 note 6; 237 note 19; 239; 273 note 162; 383; 416 cod. Harley 3271 416–417 cod. Harley 3725 436 cod. Harley 5632 366 cod. Harley 5686 283 note 201 cod. Harley 5734 188; 366; 375 cod. Lansdowne 388 391 cod. Or. 426 q.v. cod. Add. 7473 cod. Or. 496 12 note 38; 455 cod. Or. 1314 179–180; 183 note 395; 456 cod. Or. 1325 458 cod. Or. 2084 473 cod. Or. 2313 453 cod. Or. 2624 284 note 202 cod. Or. 4434 473 cod. Or. 4743 193; 466 cod. Or. 5907 477 cod. Or. 11044 479

indexes

524 cod. Royal 8.E.x cod. Royal 12.C.xii cod. Royal 12.E.xvi cod. Royal 13.D.i cod. Royal 16.B.xxi cod. Royal 16.C.ii cod. Royal 16.E.viii cod. Royal 17.A.iii cod. Royal 17.C.xv cod. Sloane 122 cod. Sloane 213 cod. Sloane 282 cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod.

Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane Sloane

297 475 635 783b 963 989 1009 1315 1609 2030 2561 2641

383 383; 441 391; 437 383 297–298; 485 262 note 119; 348; 404 441 437 437 417 437 267 note 143; 277 note 178; 417 417; 437 383; 417–418 437 418 437 437 384 437 391 418 384 267 note 143; 277 note 175; 278; 418–419 384; 393 419 384

cod. Sloane 3281 cod. Sloane 3285 cod. Sloane 3542 India Oﬃce MS 129 470 MS 596 470 Lambeth Archiepiscopal Library cod. arm. 1209 101 note 50; 499 Royal College of Physicians cod. 229 384 cod. 358 419 Royal Society of Antiquaries cod. 306 384 Wellcome Medical Library cod. 411 437 cod. 508 384 cod. 517 384 cod. 588 392

Lucca Biblioteca Governativa cod. 296 419 Lvov Narodna Biblioteka cod. A.C. Petrushevich Madrid Biblioteca Nacional cod. 4616 cod. 10063 Escorial MS I.R.14 Manchester Chetham’s Library cod. 11380 JRUL cod. 419 cod. Eng. 404 Melk Benediktinerstift cod. 728 Milano BA cod. D.137 sup. cod. E.11 sup cod. E.16 sup. cod. T.81 sup. cod. X.201 sup. Modena Biblioteca Estense cod. lat. 697 cod. Stranieri 32

370

404 384; 404; 419 404

273 note 164; 384; 419–420 179; 456 437

241 note 41; 384; 419–420

346 346 280 note 191; 404 384; 420 344

267 note 143; 277 note 175; 384; 420 442

Montpellier Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine cod. 405 130–141 passim; 356 Moskva Chudov Monastery cod. 62

370

indexes Gos. istoricheskiì muzeì cod. Khludov 241 370 Rossiîskaìà Gos. biblioteka “MS 43” 145 note 222 cod. Undolskiî 1 370 Graf Tolstoy (?) I.56 141; 359 Mount Athos Monastery of Dionysos cod. 159 375 cod. 167 375 Monastery of Hilandarion cod. 24 141 note 209; 146; 148; 504 Monastery of Iviron cod. 181 cod. 207 cod. 383 cod. 604 cod. 686 cod. 751

128; 355; 376 366; 376 377 377 375 376

Monastery of Koutloumousion cod. 217 188; 366; 376 cod. 220 100; 351; 376 Monastery of Panteleimon cod. 97 190; 370 Monastery of Vatopedion cod. 754 100; 351 Monastery of Xiropotamos cod. 248 128; 355; 376 Mount Sinai Monastery of Saint Catherine cod. 495 484 cod. 548 484 München BSB cod. arab. 148 cod. germ. mon. 270 cod. germ. mon. 597 cod. germ. mon. 725 cod. germ. mon. 5250/26

484 392 392 440 440

525 cod. gr. 154 cod. lat. mon. cod. lat. mon. cod. lat. mon. cod. lat. mon. cod. lat. mon. 4622 cod. lat. mon. 4636 cod. lat. mon. 5005 cod. lat. mon. 5032 cod. lat. mon. 5125 cod. lat. mon. 6382 cod. lat. 7520 cod. lat. 7746 cod. lat. 7806 cod. lat. 10172 cod. lat. 14111 cod. lat. 14377 cod. lat. 14506 cod. lat. 14706

317 658 666 849

351 420 420 384 440 420 420–421 384 384 385 232 note 6; 421

mon. 385 mon. 385 mon. 385 mon. 421 mon. 421 mon. 385 mon. 421 mon.

cod. lat. mon. 15613 cod. lat. mon. 16521 cod. lat. mon. 17188 cod. lat. mon. 18921 cod. lat. mon. 25005 cod. lat. mon. 26639 cod. lat. mon. 26713 cod. lat. mon. 27305 UB cod. 4° 649 cod. 4° 808

277 note 175; 421 385 421–422 440 385 385 393; 422 440 422 385; 422 422

indexes

526 cod. 8° 179 cod. 8° 339

392 277 note 175; 422

Napoli Biblioteca nazionale cod. II.C.3

New York Jewish Theological Seminary Schechter Genizah 162–164; 459 Public Library MS Spencer pers. 49 78 note 140 Union Theological Seminary MS syr. 16 342 Unidentiﬁed 175–176 Nürnberg Germanisches Nationalmuseum cod. 6284 392; 440 cod. 6285 392

440

Oxford All Souls College cod. 81 cod. 332 Balliol College cod. 354 Bod. cod. armen. e.12 cod. armen. f.10 cod. cod. cod. cod.

Ashmole Ashmole Ashmole Ashmole

189 342 346 361

Ashmole 391 Ashmole 1444 Ashmole 1481 Auct. T.V.8 Barocci 145

404

New Haven Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library cod. 163 255 note 96; 272 note 158; 273 note 163; 393; 422 cod. 395 267 note 143; 422; 441

Oudenaarde Stadsarchief MS 5556/13

cod. cod. cod. cod. cod.

237 note 17; 239; 385 422

cod. Barocci 148 cod. Barocci 170 cod. Bodley 177 cod. Bodley 579 cod. Bodley 581 cod. Bodley 591 cod. Bodley 2797 cod. Canonicianus gr. 19 cod. Copt. 2 cod. Digby 67 cod. Digby 81 cod. Digby 86 cod. Digby 88 cod. Douce 84 cod. Douce 381 cod. Hatton 115 cod. Heb. 2642 cod. Holkham gr. 26 cod. Hunt 456 cod. Hyde 32 cod. Junius 11 cod. Junius 43 cod. Junius 44

493

cod. Laudianus gr. 27

469 283–284 note 202 437 422; 442 437 267–268; 270; 423

cod. Lyell 35 cod. Lyell 36 cod. Marsh 513 cod. Or. 456 cod. Rawlinson B.502 cod. Selden superius 15

437–438 438 438 346 98–99 and note 34; 123–124; 127–128; 178 note 369; 188–189 note 417; 191 note 434; 348; 351–352; 354; 367; 374 187 note 407; 374 98 385 423 385 438 344 130–141 passim; 356 284 note 203 438 385 385; 442 438 438 438 390; 435 162 note 310 376 477 477 486 423; 435 423–424; 435–436 123–124; 128; 352; 354 386 424 477 477 494 453

indexes cod. Selden Supra 74 cod. Whinﬁeld 8 cod. Syr. 115 cod. Syr. 116 cod. Syr. 118 St. John’s College MS 17 Palermo Biblioteca nazionale cod. I.E.8

386 297; 470 473 473 q.v. cod. Selden superius 15 424

98; 348–349; 355

Paris Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal cod. 873 386; 424 cod. 2872 298 note 265; 424; 450 Bibliothèque Mazarine cod. lat. 3599 386 cod. lat. 3642 386 cod. lat. 3915 448 cod. lat. 3920 448 BNF cod. a.f. lat. 1007 386 “cod. arab. 107” 175–176 cod. arab. 150 175–176; 471 cod. arab. 2524 477 cod. arab. 2593 477 cod. arab. 2633 477; 479 cod. arab. 4605 269; 484 cod. arab. 4716 477–478 cod. armen. 194 503 cod. armen. 198 502 cod. armen. 307 283 note 202 cod. fr. 1317 259 note 107; 402 cod. fr. 1553 393 cod. fr. 2043 442 cod. fr. 7693 442 cod. fr. 12786 393 cod. fr. 24432 402 cod. gr. 947 98; 159–160; 186–187; 187 note 412; 348; 367 cod. gr. 1115 339 cod. gr. 1295 374 cod. gr. 1884 404 cod. gr. 2180 159–160;

187 note 367 cod. gr. 2316 281–282; cod. gr. 2494 346 cod. gr. 2511 237 note 379 cod. héb. 128 151; 463 cod. héb. 326 344 cod. lat. 1845 386 cod. lat. 2113 425 cod. lat. 2825 425 cod. lat. 3660 267 note 277 note 425 cod. lat. 4147 267 note 277 note 425 cod. lat. 6882 425 cod. lat. 7349 386; 426 cod. lat. 7453 426 cod. lat. 11218 264 note 426 cod. lat. 11331 446 cod. lat. 14068 386 cod. lat. 15173 386 cod. lat. 16208 242 note cod. lat. 18415 387 cod. n.a. lat. 299 278 note cod. n.a. lat. 356 426 cod. n.a. lat. 456 278 note cod. n.a. lat. 1616 264 note 426 cod. pers. 2406 479 cod. supp. gr. 82 128; 354 cod. supp. gr. 467 367 cod. supp. gr. 1148 346–347 cod. turc supp. 245 298; 485 fonds Coislin 224 340 Saint-Germain-des-près MS 21 179; 456 Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève cod. fr. 2255 393

527 412; 346 19;

143; 177; 143; 175;

129;

43 182 182 129;

Patmos Monastery of St. John cod. 529 188; 369 cod. 548 374 Praha Archivium Capituli Metropolotani cod. 503 387

indexes

528 ’eském Krumlovî cod. A 17 Národního Musea cod. IX.A.44 cod. XIV.A.12 Princeton University Library Garrett MS 141

387 190; 370 426

265 note 136; 438

Sankt Petersburg Academicus Musaei Paleographici cod.? Biblioteka AkademiÆ Nauk cod. 13.3.19 Bib. Publicae cod. 575 Unknown

Private cod. Cron cod. Bute Petroneller ‘Circa-instans’ Prof. A. Conrady of Leipzig Qumran 4Q116 4Q174 4Q242 4Q243/244 4Q245 4Q246 4Q548 4Q551 4Q552/553

389 98; 137 note 193; 349 392

cod. 304 cod. 751 cod. 756 cod. 878 cod. 1050

370 279 note 187; 347 461

Seo de Urgel MS 4 (?)

449

Sharfa [Charfet] Maronite Monastery MS 18/1

478

389 3 note 9; 10 note 33 1 note 1; 87 note 1 318 322 322 322 8 note 26 4 note 12 7 note 24

Roma Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele cod. 1511 387 St. Gallen SB cod. 44

347

264 note 129; 426 387; 426–427 264 note 129; 273 note 161; 427 427 278 note 183 387

Salamanca Biblioteca Universitaria cod. 2262 387

’s-Gravenhage Rijksmuseum M.-W. cod. 131 A 3

498

Soﬁa Narodna biblioteka “SS. Kiril i MetodiÆ” cod. 309 505 Tsentùra za slavìàno-vizantiîski prouchvaniìà ‘Ivan Duîchev’ cod. 17 505 Stockholm Kungliga Biblioteket MS D4

387

Stuttgart Württembergische Landesbibliothek cod. hist. 2° 415

278 note 183

Toledo Librería del Cabildo cod. 378 Torino Biblioteca nazionale cod. M.IV.11

241 note 41; 387

393

Tunis Bibliothèque Nationale MS 08910/3 478

indexes Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek cod. B.48 cod. C.664 cod. C.679

387 237 note 19; 264 note 129; 387; 427–428 387

Utrecht Universiteitsbibliotheek 16° MS 1355 440 Città del Vaticano BAV cod. Barb. gr. 284 cod. Barb. gr. 284 cod. Barb. pers. 533 cod. Ottob. gr. 260 cod. Ottob. gr. 415 cod. Ottob. gr. 418 cod. Pal. gr. 319 cod. Pal. gr. 363 cod. Pal. lat. 235

cod. Pal. lat. 485 cod. Pal. lat. 834 cod. Pal. lat. 1030

cod. Pal. lat. 1080 cod. Pal. lat. 1234 cod. Pal. lat. 1321

cod. Pal. lat. 1449 cod. Pal. lat. 1880 cod. Reg. lat. 567

155; 362 159–160; 364 294; 469 100; 351 367 155; 187; 362; 367 237 note 19 281 note 192; 347; 368; 379 232 note 6; 260 note 108; 271; 276 note 172; 387; 428 264 note 129; 428 278 note 183 272 note 157; 276 note 172; 277 note 174; 388; 429 429 429 237 note 18; 272 note 157; 276 note 173; 388; 429 429 388 260 note 108; 276 note 172; 388; 429

529 cod. Reg. lat. 846 cod. Reg. lat. 1420 cod. Urb. lat. 1398 cod. Urb. lat. 1439 cod. Vat. arab. 416 cod. Vat. arab. 955 cod. Vat. arab. 1106 cod. Vat. arab. 1665 cod. Vat. heb. 285

429 276 note 172; 388; 429 278 note 181 429 478 478 294; 469 478

283 note 394 cod. Vat. gr. 695 191 note 368 cod. Vat. gr. 1700 189 note 368 cod. Vat. gr. 1865 144–145; cod. Vat. gr. 2125 340 cod. Vat. lat. 642 429–430 cod. Vat. lat. 687 430 cod. Vat. lat. 1548 430 cod. Vat. lat. 3101 430 cod. Vat. lat. 6297 276 note 277 note 388; 430 cod. Vat. lat. 12107 388 cod. Vat. pers. 107 294; 469 cod. Vat. syr. 217(?) 284 note [MSS Paul Sbath (Cairo (?)] MS 71 475 MS 560 469 MS 771 475 MS 1050 475 MS 1085 475 Vendôme cod. 245

388

201; 434; 420; 361

172; 174;

204

indexes

530 Venezia BM cod. gr. II.101 cod. gr. II.125

cod. gr. III.12 cod. gr. IV.38 cod. gr. VII.3 cod. gr. VII.22

cod. gr. VII.38 cod. cod. cod. cod.

gr. XI.19 gr. XI.25 ital. XI.124 lat. VIII.33

cod. lat. XII.248 cod. lat. Z.478 S. Lazzaro cod. 935 cod. 1635

cod. arm. 39 361 159–160; 186–187; 187 note 412; 190–191; 368 368 97; 126; 349; 353 97, 127–128; 349; 354 98; 128; 131; 141–142; 178; 349; 354; 356; 359; 363–364 159; 187; 190 note 432; 368 178; 364 156; 362 124 note 137 267 note 143; 277 note 175; 388; 430–431 388 388 102 note 52; 499 102 note 52; 499

Vercelli Biblioteca Capitolare cod. LXII 388 Vorau Stiftsbibliothek cod. 276

497

Warchester Cathedral Chapter Library cod. 4° 61

442

Warminster Longleat Library MS 176 MS 333

438 438

Wien Mechitaristenkongregation cod. 345 392 cod. arm. 14 101 note 50; 499

ÖNB cod. germ. 2817 (M. 92) cod. germ. 2967 (M. 136) cod. hist. gr. 110 cod. hist. prof. 576 cod. iur. gr. 6

cod. lat. 271 cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod. cod.

lat. 545 lat. 1878 lat. 2245 lat. 2532 lat. 2723 lat. 5154 lat. 5239 lat. 5307 lat. 14303 or. 1552 phil. gr. 58

cod. phil. gr. 162 cod. phil. gr. 211 cod. phil. gr. 220 cod. rec. 3010 cod. suppl. gr. 89 cod. suppl. gr. 172 cod. suppl. gr. 1601 cod. theol. gr. 40

101 note 50; 499 440 440 368–369 393 91 note 14; 188; 190–191 note 432; 369 254 note 65; 388 388; 431 389 389; 431 431 389 389 389 431 389 474 160; 187 note 410; 188 note 417; 300 187; 369 160 376–377 393 376 125; 191 note 432; 353; 369; 376 369 340

Wolfenbüttel Herzoglichen Bibliothek cod. 2715

389

Worchester Cathedral Chapter Library 4° MS 61

267 note 143

York Minster cod. XVI.E.32

391

indexes Zürich [private] “Schüpfheimer Codex”

Zentralbibliothek cod. C. 101 cod. C. 102 b cod. Car. C. 176

441

531 389; 431 440–441 431

3. Modern Authorities 'Abd al-Masi˙, Y. 288 note 220; 475; 479; 480 Abrahamsem, D. DeF. 25–26 Ackerman, S. 320 Adams, J.Q. 446 Aerts, W.J. 117 note 105 Ahlwardt, W. 296 note 252; 474–478 passim; 482 Albertz, R. 3 note 5; 332 de Aldama, J.A. 363 Alexander, P.A. 51 note 38 Alexander, P.J. 17; 25–26; 92 note 22; 98 note 32; 103 note 61; 104–105; 116 note 102; 117–118 notes 107 and 109; 138; 145; 146 notes 228–229 and 232; 148; 149 notes 246–248, and 250; 150; 155; 157–158; 158; 159 note 295; 160–162; 186; 195 note 449; 216 note 532; 227; 347; 363; 364–365; 504–506 passim; 508 Amundsen, P. 318; 332 Amusin, I.D. 318 Anastos, M.V. 139 note 202 Anderson, E.R. 488 Anderson, G.A. 36 Andersson-Schmitt 387 Andrew, M. 493 Angelov, B.S. 504; 505; 508 Arberry, A.J. 475 Archer, G., Jr. 11 note 36 Argüelles, A. 391; 397; 495 Argyriou, A. 225 note 560; 226 note 567 Arjomand, S.A. 33 note 103; 174 note 348; 285–286 note 210; 291–292; 296–297; 480; 482–483 Armalet, I. 478 Arnold, M. 410 Asmussen, J.P. 152; 463; 464 Assemanus, J.S. 11 note 36; 88 note 7; 284 note 204 Astruc, C. 346 Atiya, A.S. 484 Atkinson, K. 327 Attema, D.S. 320

Aumer, J. 484 Avalos, H.I. 250 note 79 Baars, W. 332 Bachmann, J. 343 Baethgen, F. 176; 342; 471 Bal, M. 336 Ball, C.J. 331 Barbier de Maynard 296 note 254 Bardelli, J. 180; 456 Baron, S. 166 note 324 Baronian, S. 283 note 202; 300 note 268; 469 Barthélemy, D. 332 Barton, J. 1 note 1; 34 note 106; 1.121 Bartoniek, E. 380; 407 Bartsch, K. 442 Bashear, S. 105 note 64; 292 note 233 Baskins, C. 81 note 152 Bassi, D. 346; 404; 443; 444 Bauckham, R. 29 note 90; 95 note 29 Bauer, W. 274 note 168 Baumgartner, W. 60 note 72; 336 Baumstark, A. 473 Beatrice, P.F. 56 note 53 Beaujouan, G. 387 Beaulieu, P.A. 320 Beccaria, A. 262; 403–431 passim Becker, C.H. 179 note 373, 180; 181–182; 456 Becking, B. 216 note 531; 217 note 535 Beckwith, R.T. 4 note 14 Beer, R. 449 Bées, N. 365 Beeston, A.F.L. 297 note 260; 470 Begg, C.T. 9 note 32; 338 Bennett, W.H. 334 Ben Sasson, M. 461 Berger, K. 17; 24–25; 91; 92; 95; 97; 100; 108; 112; 126; 128–129; 130–141 passim; 141–142; 145; 147; 151; 155; 158; 160 note 301; 162;

532

indexes

174; 179; 186; 192 note 438; 193; 220; 227 note 569; 347; 356–357; 358; 359; 452 Bergren, T. 37 note 122 Berriot, F. 259 note 107; 386–387; 393; 397; 402 Best, R.I. 391; 397 Bevington, D. 447 Beyer, K. 318; 323; 325 Bjork, R.E. 488 Black, W.H. 422–423; 437; 439; 442 Blackburn, F.A. 486 Bland, N. 283 note 200; 295 note 249; 296 note 252; 482 Blochet, E. 298 note 263; 477–478; 479; 485 Bludau, D. 332 Bodenmann, R. 10 note 35; 56 note 53; 332 Boeren, P.C. 261 note 113 Böttrich, C. 146 note 227; 504 Bogaert, P.-M. 332 Bogdanovich, D. 504 Bohn, B. 82 note 152; 449 Boitani, P. 336 Boll, F. 279 note 186; 280 note 190; 346; 379 Bondar, K. 37 note 123 Bonﬁl, R. 164; 459–460 Bonwetsch, N. 11 note 36; 110 note 75; 369; 370; 372; 506 Bosse, R.B. 488 Boudreaux, P. 261 note 113, 281 note 196; 346; 347; 404; 443 Bousset, W. 22–23; 25; 31 note 100; 88 note 6; 92 note 22; 98 notes 32 and 34; 103 note 62; 110 note 75; 134 note 185; 137 note 194; 155; 158; 160 note 299; 161 note 308; 186; 187 note 410; 188; 192 note 440; 226; 228; 348; 350; 357; 363; 365; 366–369 passim; 372; 374; 452; 458; 464; 500; 506–507 Bouterwek, K.W. 486 Bradley, H. 488 Braekman, W. 293 note 237; 410; 439; 443 Brandes, W. 26 note 76; 89 note 10; 92; 94 note 25; 97 note 31; 102 note 54; 127 note 151; 131 note 171; 136 note 192; 150 note 253; 155 note 274; 182 note 386; 189 note 419; 202 note 475; 229 note 575; 358; 361; 372–373; 452; 458; 461; 464; 467; 472; 501; 507

Braswell, L. 445 Braverman, J. 11 note 36; 55 note 49; 58 notes 62–63 and 65; 63 note 86; 65; 70 notes 111–112 and 114 Bregman, M. 37 note 122 Brennan, F.C. 487 Briggs, C.A. 274 note 166 Brock, S.P. 112; 3.109, 236 note 15; 451; 479; 480 Brooke, G.J. 51 note 36; 53 note 39; 2.46; 320; 324; 327; 336 Brooks, E.W. 341 Brown, F. 274 note 166 Browne, E.G. 464–465 Bruce, F.F. 332; 338 Brüll, N. 60 note 72; 336; 462 Buchanan, G.W. 29 note 91, 152; 163 note 312; 164; 165 note 324; 169; 459; 460; 463 Budge, E.A.W. 278 note 181; 284 note 204; 342 Bühler, C. 384; 391; 397 Bulst, W. 447 Bulst-Thiele, M. 447 Bundy, D. 451 Burckhardt, M. 244 note 47; 405 Burnett, C.S.F. 242 note 43 Busto Saiz, J.R. 332; 336 Buttenwieser, M. 87 note 2; 167 note 332; 465 Cahn, S. 151 Caie, G.D. 53 note 44; 83 note 154; 488 Cameron, A. 403; 389–390; 432–436 passim Cameron, M.L. 262 note 122 Camus, J. 442; 443 Canart, P. 361 Caragounis, C.C. 221 note 550 Carlini, A. 332 Carmignac, J. 318 Carroll, M.P. 336 Casey, M. 56 note 53 Casey, P.F. 497 Casey, P.M. 10 note 35; 11 note 36; 327 Cazzinga, E. 336 Ceriani, A.M. 342 Chabot, J.-M. 342 Chambers, E.K. 446; 448 Chambers, R.W. 492 Champollion-Figeac 447 Chaparro Gomez, C. 341 Charles, R.H. 20 note 52

indexes Charlesworth, J.H. 20 note 51; 29; 30 note 93; 52; 53 note 40; 131; 236 note 15; 309; 357; 500 Charmasson, T. 293 note 236 Chaytor, H.J. 442; 443 Chazon, E. 37 note 122 Cheikho, L. 484 Chiesa, P. 89 note 10 Clanton, D.W., Jr. 6 note 20; 336 Clarisse, J. 441 Classner, C. 420 Clemons, J.T. 113; 297 note 259; 452; 454 Cloward, R.A. 320; 324; 327; 357 co*ckayne, O. 238 note 25; 389–390; 397–398; 432–435 passim; 443 Cohen, L. 379 Cohen, S.J.D. 336 Collin, S. 401 Collins, F., Jr. 446; 447; 448 Collins, J.J. 3 note 5; 6–7 notes 20–22; 8–9 notes 27–29; 10 notes 33–35; 29–30; 31 note 99; 39 note 1; 41 note 7; 42 note 12; 46 note 21; 48 note 24; 30 note 34; 55 note 53; 57 note 57; 60–62; 69–70 notes 107–110; 70; 71 notes 115–116; 72 note 120; 74 notes 127 and 130; 83 note 153; 115; 195–199 passim; 206–209 passim; 210 note 506; 213 note 516; 214 note 524; 235 notes 13–14; 241 note 40; 244–245; 248 notes 62 and 69; 249 note 72; 250 note 80; 253 note 87; 276; 318–328 passim; 335 Concasty, M.-L. 346 Conybeare, F.C. 283 note 202; 300 note 268; 469; 503 Cook, D.B. 171–172; 471 Cook, E.M. 328 Copinger, W.A. 394–397 passim Cosijn, P.J. 488; 492 da Costa, R. 496 Cothenet, E. 318 de Courtelle, P. 296 note 254 de Coussemaker, E. 447 Coxe, H.O. 98 note 33; 128 notes 157–158; 346; 348; 351; 353; 356; 367; 493 Coxon, P.W. 332 Cowe, S.P. 334 Craig, H. 260 note 110; 4.136; 404; 411–418 passim; 430; 432–436 passim; 438; 443 Craigie, W.A. 487; 488

533

Cron, B. 389; 398 Cross, F.M. 320; 328 Crum, W.E. 10 note 33; 179 notes 374–375; 182 note 387; 456; 458 Cuissard, C. 258 note 104 Culianu, I.P. 293 note 236 Cumont, F. 264 note 130; 445 Curschmann, M. 497 Dadkhah, H. 152; 463 Danjou, F. 447 Darmesteter, J. 151; 154 note 271; 463; 464 Daubney, W.H. 331 Davidson, A.E. 448 Davila, J. 29 note 90; 95 note 29 Dawkins, R. 205 Day, J. 50 note 30 Deisser, E. 98 note 36 Delatte, A. 346; 404; 443 Delcor, M. 320 Delehaye, H. 375 Delisle, L. 387 Delling, G. 30 note 93 Denis, A.-M. 17; 27–28; 91; 92; 93; 100; 103 note 62; 108; 111; 118 note 109; 133 note 180; 145; 147 note 238; 151; 154 note 273; 162; 174–175; 176 note 361; 179; 183 note 397; 186; 189 note 425; 3.567; 324; 340; 373; 458; 461; 465; 472; 501 Derenbourg, H. 176 Deschamps, A.-M. 447 Dethloﬀ, R. 488 Diakonoﬀ, I.M. 318 Diemer, J. 497 Diepgen, P. 401 Díez Macho, A. 29 note 87 DiLella, A.A. 49 note 28; 333 Dimant, D. 8 note 26 DiTommaso, L. 5 note 17; 6 note 18; 8 note 28; 17; 19 note 49, 20 note 51; 29 note 89; 30–31; 34 note 105; 45 note 18; 57 note 59; 59 note 68; 68 note 105; 72 note 119; 75 note 132; 81 note 150; 87 note 2; 90 note 13; 92; 97; 100; 106 note 65; 108; 117 note 104; 126; 130; 145; 146 note 227; 147 note 238; 151; 154 note 270; 155; 158; 162; 174; 176 note 360; 179; 186; 189 note 418; 193; 203 note 478; 208; 213 note 515; 218 note 538; 235 note 14; 242 note 42; 254 note 91;

534

indexes

263 note 126; 268 note 146; 272 note 157; 277 note 174; 283 note 201; 313 note 7; 320; 324; 325; 327; 347–377 passim; 379; 387–388; 394; 398; 428–430 passim; 443; 451; 457; 460; 467; 472; 500; 504; 506 Dolbeau, F. 341 Dommershausen, W. 320 Doran, R. 335 Dowd, S.E. 357 Drexl, F. 238 note 27; 295; 379; 398 Driver, S.R. 274 note 166 Dronke, P. 447 Dunn, J.D.G. 328 Dunn, R. 336 Dupont-Sommer, A. 29 note 87; 320 Dutschke, C.W. 436; 449 Duval, R. 452 Ebied, R.Y. 342 Edwards, E. 477 Ehrlich, E.L. 244 notes 48–49 Eisenman, R. 7 note 24; 323; 325 Eisenstein, J.D. 151; 463 Ellis, A.G. 477 Emmerson, R.K. 203 note 478; 448 Endlicher, S. 388 Engel, H. 336 L’Engle, S. 305 note 277 Epe, A. 239; 261 note 115; 378–393 passim; 398 Eriksson, S. 445 Ethé, H. 468; 470 Evans, C.A. 30 note 93; 328; 357 Evans, G.J. 439 van den Eynde, C. 342 Fabricius, J.A. 20–21; 27 note 81; 89 note 10; 90–91; 238 note 24; 369; 379; 392; 398 Fabry, H.-J. 328 fa*gnan, E. 474; 477 Fahd, T. 285–287; 289; 293 note 239, 295; 296 note 252; 474–478 passim; 481; 482; 483 Fairclough, H.R. 264 note 128 Fanger, C. 488 Farrell, R.T. 486; 487; 488–489; 490; 492 Fassler, M.E. 448 Feldman, L.H. 64; 65 note 93; 78; 253–254; 269 note 147; 338 Fenz, A.K. 335

Le Fèvre, M. 11 note 36 Finnegan, R.E. 489 Fiolek, P.A. 448 Fisch, H. 336 Fischel, W.J. 467 Fischer, B. 10 note 34; 56; 334; 462 Fischer, H. 381 Fischer, S.R. 238; 243 note 47; 244 note 50; 254 note 95; 383; 393; 398; 401 Fitzmyer, J.A. 8 note 26; 319; 323; 325; 329 Flanigan, C.C. 448 Flint, P.W. 3 note 9; 7 note 24, 8–9 notes 28–29; 49 note 28; 206–209 passim; 319; 321; 323; 325; 329 Flower, R. 492 Flusser, D. 329; 377 Fodor, A. 269 note 149; 287 note 216; 288–290; 292; 306; 480; 481 Förster, M. 237 notes 19 and 23; 238; 243 note 47; 262; 306 note 282; 378–393 passim; 399; 403–442 passim; 443; 492 Fohrer, G. 321 Folco, E. 141–142; 359 Folda, J. 258 note 106 Foley, M. 493 Follan, J. 439 Fontenrose, J.E. 275 note 168 Forderer, M. 334 Frank, R. 403; 389–390; 432–436; 489 Franko, I. 189 note 423, 190; 371; 508 Freedman, D.N. 321 Fritzsche, O.F. 331 Fuller, J.B. 447 Fulton, E. 489 Furlani, G. 477; 480 Gallé, A.-F. 55 note 49 Gallée, J.H. 440; 443 Gammie, J. 10 note 35 García Martínez, F. 7 note 24, 17; 26–27; 28; 90; 92; 93; 97; 98 note 32; 100; 108; 110; 112; 123; 125; 126; 127 note 150; 129 note 162; 130; 144; 145; 147; 151; 155; 157; 158; 162–163; 167; 174–175; 179; 180; 182 note 390; 186; 187 note 408; 190 note 425; 191; 192 note 440; 193; 196; 201; 207 note 490;

indexes 209; 229; 319–329 passim; 347–377 passim; 452; 458; 461; 465; 467; 472; 501; 507 Garitte, G. 503 Gaster, M. 58 note 60; 63 note 85; 462 Gaster, T. 332; 337 Geerard, M. 357 Gehman, H.S. 455 Geiger, A. 465 Gejrot, C. 399 George, J.-A. 82 note 152; 489; 493 Gerz-von Buren, V. 386 Gevaryahu, H.M.I. 321 Giermann, R. 410 Giessen, A. 332 Gilbert, M. 334 Gilson, J.P. 383; 391; 404; 437; 441 Ginzberg, L. 1 note 1; 23; 34–35; 56; 57 note 56; 58 note 62; 65 note 94; 65 note 97; 67; 73 note 123; 76; 77 notes 136 and 138; 119 note 113; 163–164; 165 note 323; 169; 459; 460 Glancy, J. 337 Glassner, C. 241 note 41; 384 Glauche, G. 420 Gleye, C.E. 117 note 105; 141 note 209 Glier, I. 497 Glorie, F. 11 note 36 Gneuss, H. 408; 432 Gnuse, R. 302 Götzinger, E. 489 Goldast, M. 496 Goldingay, J.E. 29 note 91 Gollancz, I. 487; 492 Goold, G.P. 264 note 128 Gordon, R.K. 487 Goshen-Gottstein, M. 113; 297; 343; 452; 454 Gotthardt, O. 401 Gottheil, R.J.H. 175–177; 471 Gottschalk, H.L. 474–475 Gouda, Y. 283 note 200 Grabbe, L.L 245 note 54 Graf, A. 344; 472; 479; 481; 483; 484 Graﬀunder, P. 391; 399 Grattan, J.H.G. 265 note 131 de Gray Birch, W. 254 note 94; 259 note 107; 382; 383; 399; 413; 414; 443

535

Green, R.B. 55 note 50 Greene, J.L. 486 Greene, J.T. 36 note 118 Greenﬁeld, J.C. 321 Grein, C.W.M. 487; 492 Grelot, P. 321; 332–333 Griﬃths, B. 390; 435; 446 Gronewald, M. 333 Grub, J. 239; 387; 399 Gruber, C. 298 note 261 Günzberger, A. 496 Günzel, B. 383; 413–415 Gundel, H.G 280 note 190; 346 Gundel, W. 280 note 190; 346; 446 Gunneweg, A.H.J. 321 Haag, E. 252 note 84 Hadermann-Misguich 88 note 8; 95 note 28; 99; 124 note 136; 137 note 193; 349; 350; 351–352; 359; 373 Haelewyck, J.-C. 17; 28; 31–32; 92; 97; 100; 108; 126; 127 note 150; 130; 141; 145; 146; 148; 151; 155; 156 note 277; 158–160; 174–175; 179; 186; 187 notes 410–412; 188–189 notes 417–418; 193; 320; 324; 327; 347–377 passim; 451; 457; 464; 466; 472; 500; 506 Härtel, H. 410 Hafemann, S.J. 36 note 120 Hain, L. 394–397 passim Haldon, J.F. 204 Halkin, F. 17; 25 note 72; 30; 92; 97; 98 note 34; 125; 126; 127 note 149; 128 note 159; 130; 144; 155–156; 158; 159 note 290; 160; 186; 188–189 notes 413, 415, and 418–419; 226; 340; 347–377 passim Hall, I.H. 176; 341; 343 Hall, J.R. 489 Hall, T.N. 225 note 560 Halpern-Amaru, B. 337 Hamm, W. 333 Hannick, H. 125; 353; 376 Hansen, O. 470 Harbus, A. 82 note 152; 489 Hare, D.R.A. 40 note 4; 65 note 95; 345 Harle, G.C. 20 note 54 Harrington, D.J. 319; 323 Hartman, L.F. 49 note 28; 111 Harvey, G. 321 Haug, W. 497

536

indexes

Hauke, H. 421; 422 Hauréau, B. 425 Hauser, A.J. 4 note 14 Hawking, S.W. 301 den Heijer, J. 286 note 212; 287 note 216; 288 note 219; 290–291; 473; 477; 481 von Heinemann, O. 389 Helgason, J. 495 Hélin, M. 394–397 passim; 399 Heller, B. 337 Helssig, R. 381 Heltzer, M. 337 Henel, H. 411; 432; 444 Hennecke, E. 85 note 159 Henschel, E. 497 van Henten, J.W. 60–61; 337 Henze, M. 10 note 34; 28; 66 note 99; 73 note 125; 92; 94 note 25; 96; 102 note 54; 112; 113; 115 note 98; 116–123 passim; 127 note 147; 140; 141 note 208; 175; 184 note 398; 196–197; 201; 202–203; 229 note 575, 252 note 84; 321; 329; 453; 461 d’Herbelot, B. 293 note 239; 295 note 249; 296 note 252; 469; 482 Herbert, M. 494 Hickes, G. 238 note 24 Hill, C.E. 230 note 577 Hirscher, R. 240 note 37 Hofer, O. 489; 492 Hoﬀmeister, G. 394; 401 Hogan, L. 37 note 122 Høgenhaven, J. 333 Holder-Egger, O. 88 note 8 Hough, C. 489 Hoyland, R. 33 note 103; 132 note 180; 136–137; 154 note 269; 173–174; 181 notes 384–385; 182 note 390; 183–184; 358; 458; 461; 465 Hübner, W. 258 note 103; 278 notes 180 and 183; 279 note 185 Huet, G. 337 Humphries, W.L. 2 note 2; 80 note 149 Hunger, H. 125; 160; 187 note 411; 353; 368–369; 376–377 Hunt, D.W. 487 Huppé, B.F. 489 Hus, B. 37 note 122 Husser, J.-M. 244 note 49; 245 note 54

Ìàtsimirskiî, I.A. 370–371 Ibn-Shmuel, Y. 151; 163–164; 165 notes 323–324; 459; 460; 463 Idel, M. 168 note 332 Ilan, T. 337 Ingledew, F. 493 Isaacs, N.D. 489 Ishaque, M. 475 Ishiguro, T. 489 Issaverdens, J. 87 note 4; 101 note 48; 102; 103 note 59; 499 Istrin, V.M. 22; 98; 99–100; 117 note 105; 123–124; 127–128; 130; 141–142; 143 note 215; 145 note 222; 146; 169 note 299; 188; 189 notes 418–419; 190 notes 428 and 430; 226; 347–377 passim; 504; 505; 507 Ivanow, W. 294 notes 241–242; 468 Jahn, J. 333 James, M.R. 27 note 81; 28 note 82; 78–79; 102 note 52; 108; 144; 227; 255 note 96; 360; 377; 380; 383; 390; 407–408; 465; 500; 501 Jansen-Sieben, R. 440; 444 Jastrow, M., Jr. 275 note 169 Jeﬀreys, E. 73 note 124 Jellinek, A. 33 note 103; 87 note 2; 151; 152; 167 note 332; 463 Jenks, G.C. 31 note 100; 35 note 107; 329 Jenner, K.D. 451 Johnsen, O.A. 495 Jones, A. 489; 492 Jones, C.W. 265 note 138 Jones, P.M. 383; 415 de Jonge, M. 29 note 87 Jongeling, B. 319 Josepheanz, S. 102; 344–345; 499; 500 Jost, D.A 489 Julius, C. 331 Junius, F. 487 Kaîmakamova, M. 504; 505 Kalemkiar, G. 101; 102–103 notes 52, 56, 59–60 and 62; 499; 500 Kallarakkal, A.G. 451 Kålund, K. 411; 441; 444 Kamil, M. 484 Kampers, F. 226 note 565; 363; 365; 366; 373 Kamphausen, H.J. 401

indexes Kautzsch, E. 20 note 52 Kay, D.M. 336 Keenan, H.T. 490 Kennedy, C.W. 487; 490 Ker, N.R. 273 note 164; 381; 382; 384; 407–408; 412–419 passim; 423; 424; 432–436 passim; 437; 439; 487; 493 Kern, P. 74 note 128 Kibre, P. 261 note 113; 262; 378–389 passim; 403–431 passim Kinberg, L. 283 note 200 King, D. 290 note 226; 474; 475; 483–484 Kirkland, J.W. 492 Kister, M.J. 283 note 199 Klaeber, F. 487 Klebs, A.C. 394–397 passim Klein, M.L. 459 Klemming, G.E. 441; 444 Klijn, A.F.J. 36 note 116 Klostermann, E. 22; 97; 98 note 36; 127–128; 160 note 298; 187–188; 226; 347; 348; 350; 354; 355; 368; 369; 371 Kmosko, M. 117 note 104 Knibb, M.A. 344; 345 Knohl, I. 329 Koch, K. 1 note 1; 4 note 11; 4 note 13; 4 note 16; 6 note 21; 49 note 28; 62 note 83; 309 note 2; 321; 331; 333 Koenen, K. 337 van der Kooij, A. 333 Koopmans, J.J. 319 Kornrumpf, G. 392 Korschorrek, W. 496 Kortekaas, G.A.A. 117 notes 104–106 Kottler, B. 493 Kourgeas, S.B. 400 Kowalczyk, M. 381 Kozak, E. 141 note 211; 147; 189 note 423; 190 note 425; 369–372 passim; 506 Kraft, R.A. 35–36; 57 note 56 Krapp, G.P. 487; 492 Kratz, R.G. 3 note 5, 48 note 24 von Kraus, C. 497 Kraus, W. 322 Krauss, S. 65 note 94; 166; 170; 460 Kremer, M. 381 Kresten, O. 187 note 411; 369 Krumbacher, K. 33 note 103; 155 note 274; 372; 379

537

Kuhl, C. 334 Kuhn, H.-J. 329 Kurvinen, A. 438; 444 Labonté, C.G. 241 note 40 Labuschagne, C.J. 319 Lachs, S.T. 337 Ladegaillerie, F. 338 de Lagarde, P. 465; 470 Lambros, S.P. 126 note 145; 128–129 note 159; 351; 354; 355; 366; 375–377 Lamoreaux, J.C. 174 note 349; 240 note 38; 242 note 42; 283 note 200; 285 note 209; 294 note 246; 296 Landersdorfer, S. 335 Lange, A. 319 van Lantschoot, A. 294 note 244; 469 Laourdas, B. 95 note 28; 366 Larsen, S. 401 Lataix, J. 11 note 36 Lattanzi, A.D. 348 Lavrov, P.A. 146; 504; 505 Lauer, P. 386; 387; 425 Laux, R. 444 Lazard, G. 465 Lebram, J.C.H. 333 Lee, J.A.L. 333 Legrand, E. 98 note 36 Lehnardt, A. 30 note 93 Leibovici, M. 257 note 99 Leitzmann, A. 496 van Lent, J.M. 181 note 384; 183; 458 Lentz, W. 470 Levi della Vida, G. 294 note 243; 469; 478 Levy, I. 193; 338; 462 Lévy, I. 162 note 310 Levy, R. 466 Lewis, N. 244 note 48 Lietaert Peerbolte, L. 32 note 100; 329 Lightfoot, J.B. 110–111 Lignée, H. 318 Lilly, W. 4.282 Lindgren, A. 440; 444 van Lint, T.M. 37 note 122 Liuzza, R. 82 note 152; 259 note 107; 305–306; 383; 389–390; 403; 407–408; 412–419 passim; 423; 432–436 passim; 446 Löfgren, O. 344; 455

538

indexes

Loewe, H. 66 note 98; 85 note 158 Logeman, H. 412 Loiseleur, J. 258 note 104 Lolos, A. 117 note 105 Lorens-Nény, D. 447 Lorien, G.W. 32 note 100 Lucas, P.J. 490; 493 Lust, J. 333 MacDonald, J. 477 MacGuckin, W. 176 note 363; 269 note 152; 471; 477; 484 MacKenzie, R.A.F. 338 Mackie, W.S. 492 Macler, F. 17; 22; 101; 102–103 notes 56–59 and 61; 131; 152; 174–176; 180; 182; 188; 192 note 440; 283 note 202; 357; 371; 373; 457; 465; 471; 499; 500; 502; 503 Macray, W.D. 385; 438; 442 Maheuz-ul Haq, M. 475 Mai, A. 11 note 36 Maisano, R. 144–145; 360–361 Majus, J. 400 Makushev, V. 147; 189; 371 Mango, C. 98 note 36; 130 note 167; 132 note 179; 133 note 181; 135 note 188; 136–137; 140 note 203; 358 Marcus, R. 9 note 32 de la Mare, A. 386; 424 Margoliouth, G. 453; 466; 473 Markman, A.M. 493 Marsden, R. 490 Martin, L.T. 232 notes 4 and 6; 238–239; 240; 241 note 41; 378–393 passim; 400 Martínez, F.J. 117 note 104; 118 note 109 Martini, A. 346; 404; 444 Marx, J. 407 MatejÆ, M. 504 Mathews, K.A. 46 note 19 Mattila, S.L. 329 Maurer, F. 497 McCrystall, A.P.J. 333 McDonald, L.M. 4 note 14 McGinn, B. 31 notes 99–100; 93 note 24; 135 note 190; 203 note 478, 312 note 6; 358 McGurk, P. 384; 420 McLay, R.T. 3 note 8; 4 note 10, 49 note 26; 333 McNamara, M. 391; 494

Meadowcroft, T.M. 333 Means, L. 262; 403; 436–438 passim; 44 Mearn, J. 82 note 152 Meier, G. 408 Meinardus, O. 180 note 383; 182; 457 Meinel, C. 410 Mengozzi, A. 236 note 15; 477 Mentré, M. 81 note 152 Méon, D.-M. 442; 444 Meredith-Owens, G.M. 466; 479 du Méril, E. 447 Merriam, A.C. 293 note 237 Mertens, A. 319; 324 Meyer, G. 244 note 47; 405 Meyer, P. 265 note 135 Meyer, R. 319; 325 de Meyier, K.A. 381 Migne, J.-P. 11 note 36; 22; 27 note 81; 28; 79 note 145; 89 note 10; 145 note 222; 187 note 407; 266; 340; 341; 374; 400; 408; 464 Milik, J.T. 4 note 12; 60 note 74, 207; 322; 325; 338 Miller, P.C. 244 note 49 Miltenova, A. 147; 148; 190; 224; 347; 369–371 passim; 504–506 passim; 508 Mingana, A. 453; 473; 474–475 Mioni, C. 98 note 36; 128 note 156; 156; 159–160; 178 notes 367 and 370; 349; 353; 354–355; 359; 361; 362; 365; 368 Miskimin, A. 493 Misrahi, J. 447 Mittler, E. 496 Modlin, C.E. 492 Mohlberg, L.C. 389; 431 Molinier, A. 386; 449 Monteﬁore, G. 66 note 98; 85 note 158 Montgomery, J.A. 29 note 91; 333 Mooney, L. 390 Moorat, S.A.J. 384 Moore, C.A. 4 note 12; 6 note 20; 49 note 25; 331 Moreira, I. 305 note 278 Morgan, G. 178–179; 365–366 Morini, E. 26 Morse, C.C 493 Mozley, J.H. 449 Mras, K. 246 note 56 Müller, F.W.K. 470

indexes Müller, U. 439; 444 Munk, S. 151 note 255; 465 Munnich, O. 331; 333 Napier, A. 490 Negoiﬂâ, A. 340 Neigebaur 388 Nestle, E. 340; 343 Netzer, A. 193; 466–468 Nickelsburg, G.W.E 52 note 41; 53–54; 338 Nicol, D.M. 90 note 12; 3.248 Nicoll, A. 477 Niehoﬀ, M. 36 note 119 Nogara, B. 430 Norrbom, S. 439; 440; 444 Oberhelman, S.M. 32 note 102; 240 note 36; 379; 400 Octavio de Toledo, J. 241 note 41; 387 Oegema, G.S. 27 note 79; 92 note 22; 97; 98 note 32; 100; 103 note 60; 108; 112 note 82; 127; 128; 130; 139 note 199; 145; 151; 155; 158; 162; 166; 168 note 332; 174; 177; 179; 186; 193; 326; 373; 452; 458; 461; 465; 468; 472; 501 Önnerfors, A. 237 note 19; 385; 401 Ogden, D.H. 448 Olster, D. 93 note 24; 116 note 102; 130 note 166; 136; 197 note 195; 139 note 201; 196; 223; 358; 507 Orlandi, T. 457 Overing, G.R. 490 Pace Jeansonne, S. 333 Pack, R.A. 240 note 37 Paliouras, A.D. 95 note 28 Palmer, N. 392; 400 Papadopoulos-Ker., A. 360; 375 Paradis, A. 401 Parkes, M.B. 385; 442; 445 Pasini, C. 4.190; 346 Pastè, R. 388 Paul, A. 338 de Pauw, N. 440; 444 Pertsch, W. 298 note 264; 476; 485 Pertusi, A. 17; 26; 92 note 22; 97; 100; 123–125; 125 note 140; 126; 127; 141; 143 note 215; 144 notes 220–221; 145 and 145 note 225; 147; 148; 149 note 248; 151; 155;

539

156 note 277; 157 note 284; 158; 175 note 356; 179; 186; 190; 224; 347–377 passim; 501; 504; 505; 507 Petavius 340 Pfaﬀ, F. 496 Philonenko, M. 29 note 87 Pickering, O.S. 391 Piper, A.J. 391 Plöger, O. 331 Podskalsky, G. 56 note 53; 88–89; 223 note 555; 312 note 6 Polak, F.H. 3 note 4 Politès, M.L. 360 Politis, N.G. 155 note 274; 3.289; 362 Pollard, A.W. 448 Popov, A.N. 147–148; 189; 370 Portnoy, P. 490 Powell, N. 306 note 282 Powell, S. 391 Prêtre, J.-C. 81 note 152 Pretzel, U. 497 Puech, É. 319; 325; 326; 330 Quatremère, E. 179 notes 372–373; 456 Rahlfs, A. 331 Rappaport, S. 65 note 92; 269 note 148; 338 Raw, B. 490 Reif, S.C. 315 note 9 Reiner, J. 461–462 Reinink, G.J. 116–117 notes 103–104; 118 note 110 Remak-Honnef, E. 421 Remley, P. 59 note 69; 83 note 154; 490 Reuter, M. 385; 422 Rexine, J.E. 89 note 10 Ri, A.S.-M. 268 note 146 de Ricci, S. 380 Richard, M. 11 note 36 Rieu, C. 293 note 240; 298 note 262; 468; 485 Rigo, L. 95 note 28; 99 notes 38–39; 348; 366 Robbins, R.H. 444 Roca-Puig, R. 333 Rose, A. 335 Rose, V. 379; 392 Rossi, E. 294 note 245; 469 Rothstein, J. 332 Rouillard-Bonraisin 322

540

indexes

Rydén, L. 89 note 10; 92 note 22; 94 note 25; 101; 130; 132 note 179; 137 note 195; 146; 155; 158; 159 note 290; 161 notes 303 and 307; 161–162 note 309; 162; 170; 186; 191 note 436; 192 note 440; 227; 228; 365; 373 Sacchi, P. 29 note 87 Sachau, E. 4.150 Sackur, E. 117 note 106 Salemann, C. 465 Sanders, J.A. 4 note 14 ”angin, M.A. 279 note 187; 347 Satran, D. 10 note 34; 37; 59; 87 note 3; 344; 345 Sbath, P. 469; 475 Schattner-Rieser, U. 327 Schatz, J. 497 Schermann, T. 340; 343 Scherrer, G. 387; 427 Schipke, R. 405 Schlosser, H. 338 Schmidt, W. 487; 492 Schmitt, A. 333 Schmitz, B. 78 note 140 Schmoldt, H. 17; 24; 92 note 22; 97; 99–100; 109–112 passim; 122 note 128; 123; 125; 126; 127–129; 140; 144–145; 155–156; 158–159; 160 note 298; 186; 187 note 411; 188 note 417; 189; 192 note 439; 224; 227; 347; 347–377 passim; 451; 501 Schnorr v. Carolsfeld, F. 128 note 155; 354 Schönbach, A.E. 241 note 41 Scholz, A. 336 Schröder, W. 497 Schuba, L. 388; 429 Schüpphaus, J. 334 Schulte, A. 457 Schum, W. 381 Schwartz, J. 334 Schwemer, A.M. 339 Scott, E.J.L. 384; 391; 393 Segert, S. 8 note 26; 322 Seligson, M. 295 note 249; 469; 482; 483 Semeraro, M. 387; 400 Setton, K.M. 90 note 12 Sezgin, F. 285; 287; 295 note 251; 296 note 254; 474–479 passim; 481 Shailor, B. 393; 422

Sharf, A. 163–70 passim; 459–461 Sieker, M. 319 Sievers, E. 490–491 Siggel, A. 269 note 150 Simaika Pasha, M. 475 Sims-Williams, N. 470 Singer, C. 265 note 131 Singer, D.W. 449 Sinker, R. 500 Slabczyk, M. 28 note 84; 113; 115; 119 note 115; 121; 453 de Slane, Baron q.v. MacGuckin, W. Smith, R.P. 453; 473 Smith-Christopher, D. 234 note 11 Smith Lewis, A. 343 Södergard, O. 258 note 104 Solo, H.J. 491 Spaeth, J.D. 491 Sparks, H.D.F. 29 note 87 Spearing, A.C. 199 note 463; 246 note 58; 493 Speckenbach, K. 391–392; 400 SperanskiÆ, M. 147–148; 3.425; 370; 371 Spunar, P. 387 SreÆkoviÆ, P.S. 146–147; 149 note 247; 189; 369; 371; 504; 505; 507–508 SreznevskiÆ, I. 190; 370; 371; 505 Starr, J.A. 164; 165 note 324; 166 note 329; 460 Stauﬀer, E. 334 Steele, R.S. 258 note 104 Stegmüller, F. 17; 25 note 72; 30; 92; 101; 146; 147; 151; 155; 158–160; 174; 175 note 352; 179; 180 note 376; 186; 187 notes 407, 411–412; 189; 190 notes 425–426; 363; 364; 367–370 passim; 372; 374; 400; 457; 464; 472; 500; 507 Stein, S.J. 31 note 99 Steiner, G. 491 Steinmeyer, K. 401 Steinschneider, M. 241 note 39; 283 note 201; 295 note 249; 380; 401; 479 Stengel, E. 385; 441 Steudel, A. 329 Steussy, M.J. 332 Stevenson, H., Sr. 347; 368; 428 Stewart, C. 468; 470 StojanoviÆ, L. 146 note 229; 369; 504; 508

indexes Stone, M.E. 24–25; 36; 37; 79 note 143; 101 notes 47 and 49; 108; 120 note 119; 131 note 174; 228; 345; 357; 461; 465; 500–503 passim de Stoop, E. 238 note 27; 254 note 93; 295; 400 Stornajolo, C. 429 Studemund, W. 379 Suchier, W. 392–393; 444; 446 Sudhoﬀ, K. 410; 444 Suermann, H. 181 note 384; 182–183; 457 Svenberg, E. 258 note 103; 263; 278 notes 180 and 184; 403–431 passim; 444; 446 Swete, H.B. 332 Swoboda, M. 447 Taavitsainen, I. 260 note 109; 262; 403; 417; 436–438 passim; 445 Tattam, H. 179 note 373; 180; 457 Taylor, R.A. 451 Telle, J. 445 Thomas, P.G. 491 Thomson, F.J. 4–5 note 14; 508 Thorndike, L. 231 note 2; 232 note 6; 261 note 113; 262; 266 note 142; 267 note 144; 291 note 229; 378–389 passim; 402; 403–431 passim; 446; 473 Thorpe, B. 488; 492 Tigchelaar, E.J. 7 note 24; 319; 324; 326 von Tischendorf, K. 147 note 238; 169 note 298; 186–187; 341; 367; 368; 371 Tkacz, C.B. 83 note 154 Tobi, Y. 307 note 284; 480 Tomasino, A.J. 329 van der Toorn, K. 250 note 80 Torijano, P.J. 37–38; 232 note 5; 242; 244 note 47; 246 note 60 Torinus, A. 341 Torrey, C.C. 341 Tov, E. 334 Trapp, E. 203 note 479; 225 note 559 Treadgold, W. 107 note 68; 137 note 196, 139 note 200; 150; 194; 507 T®í“ka, J. 387 Tromp, J. 219 note 543 Tschann, J. 385; 442; 445

541

Tupkova-Zaimova, V. 147; 148; 190; 224; 347; 369–371 passim; 504–506 passim; 508 Turville-Petre, E.O.G. 391; 400; 402; 495 Twomey, M.W. 493 Ulama, M. 287 note 215; 475 Ullmann, M. 288; 474–478 passim; 481 Ulrich, E. 3 note 9; 4 note 13; 48 note 24; 50 note 31; 309 note 2 Uri, J. 284 note 203; 473; 477 Vaccari, A. 341 Vajda, G. 290; 477; 478; 481 Vajs, J. 190 note 429; 370 Valentinelli, J. 388 VanderKam, J.C. 36 note 117 Va“ica, J. 190 note 429; 370 Vasiliev, A. 196; 226; 356; 359; 362; 373; 374 Vassiliev, A. 22; 155–156; 158–160; 161 notes 304–306; 187; 188 note 417; 190 notes 427 and 430; 226; 227 note 567; 347; 362; 364; 367; 368; 371; 377 Vattasso, M. 430 Vegas Montaner, L. 322 Vereecken, J. 88 note 8; 95 note 28; 99; 124 note 136; 137 note 193; 349; 350; 351–352; 359; 373 Vermes, G. 23 note 67; 35; 51 note 35; 53 note 39; 64 notes 88 and 90–91; 85 note 160; 209 note 500; 327; 338 van der Vin, J.P.A. 446–447 Völker, P.-G. 392 Vogt, E. 322 Voicu, S.J. 500 Voigts, L.E. 438 Vollmann, B. 497 Waag, A. 497 Wacholder, B.Z. 8 note 26; 322; 330 Wäckerlin-Swiagenin 441; 445 Waldron, R. 493 Wallace, D. 493 Wallis, F. 231 note 2; 424 Walz, D. 388 Wanley, H. 403; 412; 413; 423–424; 432–436 passim

542

indexes

Warner, G.F. 383; 391; 404; 437; 441 Watkin, C.J. 491 Watson, A.G. 385 Watson, D.F. 4 note 14 Weber, J. 387 Weinel, H. 373; 502 Weinstock, S. 258 note 105; 264 note 127; 281 note 195; 346; 347; 379 Weißer, C. 260 notes 108 and 111; 263; 267 note 145; 403–442 passim; 445 Wells, D.A 63 note 87; 497 Wenthe, D.O. 334 Werner, W. 496 Wertheimer, S. 162 note 310 Wesselius, J.W. 338 White, L., Jr. 302 White, R.J. 240 note 37 Whitney, R.L. 491 Wickersheimer, E. 425; 426; 445 van Wiederholt, T. 338 Wikgren, A.P. 334 Wilhelm, F. 431; 440; 445 Wills, L.M. 252 note 84; 322 Wilson, R.D. 1 note 1 Wilson, W.J. 380 Wise, M.O. 7 note 24; 323; 325 Wistrand, E. 263; 446 de Wit, M. 378–393 passim; 400–401 Wittmer-Butsch, M.E. 239 note 34; 240; 378–393 passim; 401 Woide, C.G. 180; 457 Wooden, R.G. 251 note 82; 303 note 273

Wortley, J. 89 note 11; 192; 219 note 542, 227; 374 van der Woude, A.S. 319; 322 Wright, B.G. 37 Wright, J.E. 37 note 122; 38 Wright, K. 37 note 122 Wright, T. 243 note 47; 391 Wright, W. 108–109; 343; 451; 455; 473 Wülker, R.P. 488; 492 Wünsche, A. 87 note 2; 152; 167 note 332; 463; 464 Wunderle, E. 421 Wurmbrand, M. 338 Wyatt, J.L. 488 Wyngarten, M.J. 451 Wyss, R. 491 Yarbro Collins, A. 10 note 35; 30; 55 note 53 Young, K. 447 Zahn, T. 88 note 6; 108; 111; 226; 374; 502 Zehner, J. 341 Zervos, G.T. 29; 93 note 24; 130 notes 166–167; 131; 133 note 181; 135; 137 note 194; 139–141; 141–142; 356–357; 359 Ziegler, J. 334 Zijlstra, A.M.J. 447 Zimmerman, J. 327 Zimmermann, F. 335; 338 Zinner, E. 404; 406; 409 Zuretti, C.O. 404; 445 Zotenberg, H. 58 note 64; 151; 153 note 267; 463; 464

4. Subject Index Aaron 185 'Abbasids 171 Abraham 35; 185; 219–220; 309 Achmet ben Sirin 240 Achradina 157 Adam 12; 36; 54 note 56; 77; 174; 208; 219–220; 232 note 3; 240; 243; 246–247; 257; 265; 267–270; 277; 290–291; 309; 311; 313 Adba 59 Aemilianus Scipio q.v. Scipio Ahab 63 Ahasuerus 72

“Akrodunion” 148 Alexander III, the Great 74–75; 86; 470 Alexandria, Egyptian 102; 191 Alexios of Byzantium 282 Anatolia 107; 115 Andronicos 285 note 215 Angels (including the angelus interpres) 43; 67; 78; 88 note 5; 114; 115; 121; 149; 153; 161; 180–181; 191; 200–202; 210–215 passim; q.v. also Apocalypse, as genre; Gabriel; Michael

indexes Antichrist, 87 note 2; 93 note 24; 103; 109; 115; 129; 133–135; 143; 150; 157; 172; 181; 183; 192; 203; 226; 449; q.v. also Armilus; Gigit from Dan 133; 143 physiology of 103; 121; 133–134 Antioch, Syrian 102 Antiochus IV Epiphanes 74; 81; 197 note 460; 208; 212 note 512; 221; 222; 313 Apocryphal literature 34–38 Apocalypse, and prognostica 234–236; 244–245; 279–280 as genre 115; 152; 195–206; 244–245 q.v. also Angels; Antichrist; History, reviews of Apostles 86 Apuleius 232 Arioch 41–42 Armilus 87 note 2; 185 Artaxerxes 72 Artemidorus 240; 244 note 50 Assyrians 99 Asia (Minor) 191 Astrampsychos 240; 244 note 50 Astyages 72 Athens 139 Attalia 157–158 Atticus 78–79 Attribution, of apocrypha passim, but n.b. 217–224 Axiaphar 132; 154 note 272 Ayyabids 181 note 384 Babylon 72–73; 184; 213; 248; q.v. also Wise Men of Babylon Balaam 36; 287 note 215 Bardas 166 note 324 Bar Hebraeus 58 Baruch 38; 220 Basil I, the Macedonian 165; 166 note 326 Bede 232; 243; 265–266; 294 Belial, son of 185 Belshazzar 45–47; 66; 70–73; 77–78; 210–211; 246 note 57; 250; 252–253; 255–256 Belteshazzar q.v. Daniel, as Belteshazzar Bessarion, Cardinal 90 al-Bîrûnî 269 Bithynia 107

543

“Blond Race” 88 note 8; 125 and 125 note 139; 126; 149; 203 Bulgars 136 Byzantine Empire 99; 100; 103; 116–117; 132; 166–167; 172; 180 Byzas 157 Caesar, C. Iulius 86; 138 Cairo (Fustat) Genizah 162–163; 184; 315 note 9 Cappadocia 102; 142; 191 Carpathia 102 Carthage 102; 107 Cave of Treasures 77; 174; 208; 246 note 59; 257; 288; 290 Ceriani, A.M. 90 Charlemagne 135; 136 Charles, R.M. 90 Chebar, River q.v. Kebar, River Chelidonian Islands 158 Cicero, M. Tullius 244–245 Classiﬁcation q.v. Terminology and Classiﬁcation of Texts Chronology, biblical 67–75 Comestor, Peter 341; 344 Commodus 112 Constantine, the Great 102; 162 Constantine IV 136 Constantine V 135; 137; 140 Constantine VI 135 note 189; 138–140 Constantinople (city), 88; 89; 102; 107; 129; 132; 136; 139; 145 note 225; 148; 157; 161; 191; 205; q.v. also Byzantine Empire; “Seven-Hilled City” fall of (1204) 139; 166; q.v. also Crusade, Fourth fall of (1453) 90 Cornelius Pompeius, Cn. q.v. Pompey Croesus 79–80 Crusade, First 192 Crusade, Third 182 Crusade, Fourth 88; 139; 205 Cusheth 157 Cyriacus, Bishop 173 Cyrus, the Great 57; 67 note 100; 71–74; 76; 79–80; 142; 164; 180; 213; 255 Damascus 185 Dan, Tribe of, q.v. Antichrist Daniel, and dreams q.v. Dreams

544

indexes

and visions q.v. Visions apocalyptica 17; 87–230 passim, but n.b. 87–97; 195–209; 217–224; 308–315 apocrypha, passim, but n.b. 6–14; 20–34, 80–86; 87–97; 308–315 scholarship 20–34; 87–92 as Belteshazzar 40 note 4; 42 note 11; 48 note 23; 248; 310 Book of, q.v. Index 1, supra, “Ancient and Mediaeval Sources” commentaries 29–30; 55 note 49 “books” of 9–10; 77; 87–90; 174 q.v. also Fitan; “Little Daniel” ﬁgure of, 80–86 as youth 39–41; 57–67 as old man 58; 68–69; 76–80; 213 birth 58 death and burial 68–69; 76–80 from “Danel” 50; 80 in Bible passim, but n.b. 39–50 of royal stock 58; 152 in art 12 note 39; 55 note 50; 83 note 154 legenda 39–86 passim, but n.b. 16; 80–86; 308–315 prognostica 16 note 47; 18; 32–33; 216–217 note 533; 219 note 541; 220; 231–307; 308–315 tomb of 76–77; 174; 292; q.v. also Susa Darius I (the Great) 71; 73; 77–78 Darius the Mede 47–48; 71–74; 114; 152; 212; 213; 214 note 524; 255 David 220; 243–244 note 47; 277; 309 Delphi 79; 274–275 note 168 Dijlah (Diyàla), River 78 Dillmann, A. 90 Dreams 67 note 102; 231–307 passim, but n.b. 236–259 Ebed-Jesu q.v. “Little Daniel” Eddy, Mary Baker 15 note 45 Edom 184 Egypt 102; 107; 185 Elijah 134 note 185; 143; 150; 154; 157; 181; 185; 203 Emperors, Byzantine 94 note 26; 194–195; Table II at 194–195; q.v. also the names of speciﬁc Emperors “Enna” 148

Enoch 36; 134 note 185; 143; 150; 157; 181; 203; 208; 220; 232 note 3; 276; 313 Epiphanius 339 Ethiopia 142; 172; 191 Eschatological Events q.v. Antichrist; Gog and Magog; Final Judgment; Invasions, eschatological; Pilgrimage of the Nations; Resurrection; Second Coming; Woes, eschatological Euphemius 150 Euphrates, River 172 Eve 268 Ezekiel 37; 65–66; 308; 494 Ezra (Esdras) 12 note 39; 35–36; 54 note 56; 177; 185; 220–221; 232; 243; 265; 285 note 215; 297; 495 Fâtimîds 181 notes 384–385; 182–183 Final Judgment 103 Firkovich, Abraham 184 note 398 Fitan 89 note 11; 174; 291–292 Flavian Emperors 10 “Foul (and/or Foreign or Wicked) Woman” 133; 135; 136; 137 note 195; 138–139; 143; 145; 191 q.v. also Irene Franks 191 Gabriel 88 note 5; 102; 142; 148–149; 153–154; 164–165; 168–169; 171; 211–212; 291 Galatia 102; 191 Garden of Eden 268–269 Gemath 73; 77 Genre q.v. Terminology and Classiﬁcation of Texts Gigit 87 note 2 “Good (or Strong) Emperor” 125; 129; 133; 230 note 577; 136; 142; 149; 161–162; 191; 203; 228; 230 note 576; q.v. Last Roman Emperor Gog and Magog 119; 145 note 225; 153–154; 172; 181; 203; 449 Greece 74–75; 212 Hagar 132; 135 Halley, Edmund 265 note 136 Hàrùn al-Rashìd 154 Óasanì 171–172 Heliopolis 148 Henna 150 Heraclius 103 note 62; 137 note 194

indexes Hermes 261; 269; 287 note 215 Hermetic corpus 290 Hervagius, John 265–266 Hezekiah 65 Hilarius 448 Hippocrates 232 Hippolytus of Rome 11; 69 note 108; 110; 111 History, periodisation of 73–75; 210–212; 216–224 passim; 275–276 History, reviews of 59; 104–107; 216–224 passim; 235; q.v. also History, periodisation of Huns 99 Hurmuzàn 174 Iberia 160 Ibn al-Munàdì 171 Iconoclasm 136–137; 139; 167; 314 Idris 285 note 215 Invasions, Arab Muslim 104; 129; 136; 143 note 215; 166–167; 197 note 460; 221; 290; 313 Invasions, eschatological q.v. Assyrians; “Blond Race”; Gog and Magog; Huns; Persians (mediaeval); Scythians Irene 135–137; 138–140; 143 note 216; 145; 191 note 437 Isadore of Seville 341 Isaiah 242 note 45; 308; 313; 494 Israel 102 Iulius Caesar, C. q.v. Caesar, C. Iulius Ivan III 89 note 9 Ivan IV, the Terrible 89 note 9 James, M.R. 90 Jeconiah/Jehoiakim 58; 60–61 Jeremiah, 34 note 106; 36; 58–59; 308; 343; 494 prophecy of 70 years 70–71; 212 Jerome 11; 63; 69 note 108; 70; 73 Jerusalem 59; 77; 78; 143; 153; 181; 191; 208; 212 note 512; 288 Jerusalem, New 115; 154 note 270; 185; 223 note 557 Jesus 79; 86; 172; 303 note 274 Joakim 61 John (evangelist) 134 note 185 John VI, Patriarch of Alexandria 182 John of Salisbury (Davenant) 238 Joseph (patriarch) 36; 232; 240; 247; 253–254; 256–257; 302–303

545

Josephus 30; 253–254 Judah (province) 77 Justinian 103 Ka'b 174 Kapustin, Antonin 184 note 398 Kebar (Chebar), River 163; 164; 168; 449 Kelmscott Press 55 note 52 Kingdoms q.v. History, periodisation of Klontzas, George 95 note 28; 99 note 40; 178–179 “Konon” 135; 136–137 note 193 Last Roman Emperor 149; 161; 230 note 576; Leo III 135–137; 140; 150 note 252; 161; 170; 460 Leo IV 140 Leo VI, the Wise 13 note 41; 95 note 28; 165; 166 and 166 note 326; 220; 281 Leo Tuscus 238 note 24 Levites 78; 185 Libya 124 “Little Daniel” 10 note 33; 88; 110–111; 118 note 111 Liudprand, Bishop 89–90; 166 note 326; 173; 205; 314 Longobardia 149 Macrobius 246–247; 274 note 168 Mai, Angelo Cardinal 244 note 51 Manuscripts, production 16 note 46; 173–174; 254 “Mariana” 148 Marciana, Biblioteca 90 Marcianus 102 Mark III, Patriarch of Alexandria 182 Marwàn II 173 Masudi 296 Mecca 172 Medea 67–75 passim; 212; 253 Mekhithar of Aïrivank 88 Memes 205; 227 Merlin 232; 243; 265 Messiah, 102; 119–120; 153; 165; 171–172; 185 ben David 153; 154; 185 ben Joseph 153; 154; 185 Methodius, Patriarch 150 Methodius (Pseudo-) 13 note 41; 95 note 28; 156; 220

546

indexes

Michael (angel) 153–154; 213 Michael II 150 Michael III 161; 165; 166 notes 324 and 326 Michael the Syrian 342 Mohammad (prophet) 153; 171–172; 184; 470 Mommsen, Theodor 90 Moon, Sun Myung 15 note 45 Morphosar 132; 154 note 272 Moses 12 note 39; 36; 185; 219–220; 232 note 3; 277; 309 Mosul 73 note 123 Mu'àwiya I 173 b. Mu˙ammad, Ja"far 296 al-Mu'tasim 157–158 Nebuchadnezzar 12; 14 note 43; 39–46; 53; 65–67; 70; 77; 79; 80; 215 note 528; 222; 232; 248–259 passim; 275; 278; 309 note 1 legenda 82 note 152 Nebuzaradan 58–59 Nehemiah 54 note 46 Nicaea 102 Nicomedia 102; 107 Nicophorus Phocas 178 Origen 11; 58; 63 “Orlogios” 103 Orpheus 281 Ouales 132; 154 note 272 Palatine MSS, Vatican 233 note 9 Palimpsests 244 note 51 Persia 67–75 passim; 78; 79; 212; 216 note 529; 253 Persians (mediaeval) 99; 180 Petrinon 157 Philippe I 192 Phrygia 102; 191 Pilgrimage of the Nations 115 “Pitourgos” 181 “Plakitas” 103 Pompey 207 note 488 Pontus 102 Porphyry 11 Pseudepigraphy 87–203 passim, 230–307 passim, but n.b. 217–224 Ptolemy Philadelphos 282 Ptolemy (scientist) 232; 285 note 215 Pythia 275 note 168 Qumran 167 Qur"àn 311

Raml 293–294; 307 note 284; 468 Resurrection 115; 154 Romanos I Lakapenos 166 note 326 Romanos II 178 Rome 75; 102–103; 107; 138–139; 149; 165; 166 note 326; 180; 191; 261 sack of (846) 160 Romulus 157 Russia, Byzantium and 89 note 9; 149 note 248 Saladin 181 note 384 “Salamander” 103 Salimbene de Adam 88–89; 205 Samuel 277 “Sarapidos” 181 Sarapis 181 note 385 Schechter, S. 162–164 Science, Prognostica as 231–236; 258; 298–307 Scipio 240–241; 244–246 Scythians 99 Second Coming 103; 115; 157 Septuagint, as translation 282 “Seven-Hilled City” 125; 132; 142; 148; 157; 165–166; 169–170 Seth 36 Shiloah, Pool of 77–78 Sicily 150; 157 Singara, Mount 116 Smyrna 102 Solomon 37–38; 220; 232; 240; 242; 243; 246–247; 265; 296; 470 throne of 66–67; 73; 77 Solomon of Basrah 342 Solon 138 Son of God 209 Son of Man/“One Like a Human Being” 55 note 53; 109; 181; 210; 211; 303 note 274 Sufyànì 171–172 Surkhàb 294 Susa (Shushan/Shushtar) 58; 76–77; 78; 174; 211 Susanna, ﬁgure of 12; 50 note 35; 53; 60–64 in art 81 note 152; 449 legenda 82 note 152 mediaeval poetry on 449 Syracuse 150 Syria 107; 116; 191

indexes Tatars 191 Temple, 153 Vessels 45; 66–67; 70–71; 78; 252 Terminology and Classiﬁcation of Texts 32–33; 51–54; 198; 244–245; 279–280; q.v. also Apocalypse, and prognostica; Apocalypse, as genre; Theodoret of Cyr 340 “Theodosius” 103 Theodosius I 102 note 57 Theodosius II 102; 103 Theodosius III 136–137 “Theophilos of Rome” 99 Thessalonica 191–192 Three Young Men, ﬁgures of 40; 42–43; 48 note 23, 65–66; 78; 248–249 in art 79 legenda 82 note 152 Tiberias 65; 78 Tigris, River 78; 172; 180; 213 Tikhonravov, N. 90 Tischendorf, K. von 90 Translatio imperii q.v. History, periodisation of Tullius Cicero, M. q.v. Cicero, M. Tullius

547

ˇàr 'Abdùn 290 Turks 182 “Tyrannis” 148 Tyre 165; 166 'Umar 174 'Umayyads 154; 181–183 Ulai, Canal 78; 211 Upper Beth-Horon 59 Vespasian 112 Vesuvius, Mount 115 note 100 Visigoths 100 Visions 87–230 passim Wise Men of Babylon 248–254; 274–275; 300; 302; 303 note 273; 274 Woes, eschatological 103; 109; 114–115; 120; 142; 145 note 225; 165; 172; 291–292 Zedekiah (king) 58 Zedekiah (prophet) 63 Zerubbabel 77; 154; 185 Zodiac 278–279 Zoë 89 note 11

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